scholarly journals Changes in some chemical properties of saline-sodic soils over time as affected by organic residues: An incubation study

2020 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Mohsen Jalali ◽  
Maryam Saeedi Lotf ◽  
Faranak Ranjbar
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Organic Residues ◽  
Sodic Soils ◽  
Treated Soil ◽  
Incubation Study

<p>Salinization and sodification of agricultural lands in arid and semi-arid regions of the world are two limiting factors in the crop production. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of readily available agricultural residues on changing some chemical properties of saline-sodic soils. Wheat, potato, sunflower, and canola residues were separately added into three saline-sodic soils at a rate of 2% by weight and thoroughly mixed with soils. Control and treated soils were incubated for 168 days at a constant moisture and temperature. The pH, electrical conductivity (EC), soluble cations, available nitrate (NO3-) and phosphorous (P), cation exchange capacity (CEC), and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) were measured during the incubation. The EC increased in the response to the incorporation of plant residues, whereas the pH was reduced. The application of organic components in soils increased CEC and decreased ESP. The results showed that the maximum reduction in ESP was observed in the potato treatment because of the highest Ca2+ concentration. The average reduction in ESP of treated soil samples at the end of incubation followed this order: 16.1% (potato residue-treated soil) &gt;12.7% (canola residue-treated soil) &gt;11.1% (wheat residue-treated soil) &gt;9.6% (sunflwer residue-treated soil). The potato residue was the most effective amendment in changing the chemical properties of saline-sodic soils in comparison with other organic residues. The results indicated that the application of organic residues had a positive impact on reducing the soil sodicity and improving the soil fertility depending on their chemical composition.</p>

Properties of soils in the marginal upland of Sta. Rita, Samar, Philippines

2017 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Kenneth Oraiz ◽  
Victor Asio
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Ecological Problem ◽  
High Porosity ◽  
Total N ◽  
Upland Soils ◽  
Chemical Properties Of Soils ◽  
High Base

The widespread occurrence of marginal uplands is a serious agricultural and ecological problem in the Philippines. The study evaluated the morphological and physico-chemical properties of soils in the marginal upland of Sta. Rita, Samar. Three soil profiles located at different physiographic positions were examined and sampled. Findings revealed that the marginal upland soils were derived from mudstone. They were characterized by an Ap-Bt-BC horizon sequence and they were clayey with moderate to high porosity and water holding capacity values. The soils were friable in their surface horizons when moist, but plastic and sticky when wet. The soils had pH(water) values ranging from 5.20 to 6.86, indicating that soil acidity was not yet a serious problem in these soils. The soils had moderate soil organic matter contents in their surface horizons but low amounts in subsurface horizons. Total N and available P of the soils were low and a problem for crop production. However, the soils had moderate to high exchangeable bases and cation exchange capacity values. In terms of degree of soil development, the marginal upland soils was observed to be mature as reflected by their horizonation, particularly by the presence of an argillic horizon (B horizon with high clay accumulation). But they still had high base saturation, suggesting that they were not yet highly leached and thus, were classified as Typic Hapludalfs or Haplic Luvisols.

scholarly journals Rotary Plow for Organic Soybean Cultivation Technology

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-70
Author(s):  
V. V. Epifantsev ◽  
Ya. A. Osipov ◽  
Yu. A. Vaytekhovich
Keyword(s):  
Green Manure ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Content Increase ◽  
Tillage Depth ◽  
Regular Increase

The authors showed that a rotary plow deepened the arable layer and destroyed the plow bottom, simultaneously crushed plant residues, green manure crops and embedded them in the soil upper layer that was active for the cultivated plants roots and microorganisms, which allowed providing them with available nutrients, maintained fertility and increased soybeans yield.(Research purpose) To determine the soil deepener and the plow rotor agrotechnical parameters when working after different predecessors, to establish the dynamics of nutrients, soybean yield and to compare the technical indicators of various tillage implements.(Materials and methods) The authors studied rotary plow indicators when cultivating the soil after green manure, wheat and soybeans: the tillage depth and the tooth linear speed, the rotor rotational speed and depth, crumbling, hardness and ridging of the soil surface, the presence of plant residues, specific fuel consumption, productivity. They conducted a comparative field experiment, meadow-chernozem-like soil was treated with tools: discs BDT-3.0 – control; plowshare PLN-3-35 and rotary plow PRN-2.5 M.(Results and discussion) The authors determined that the tillage depth with the rotor was 0.143-0.149 meters, with the soil deepener – 0.25 meters, 25-27 percent of crop residues remained on the soil surface. It was found that the rotary plow details provided good soil cultivation, as a result of the incorporation of stubble and green manure, they contributed to a content increase of phosphorus in it by 11.8-13.3 percent, potassium – by 18-21.8, nitrogen – by 48.1-48.9 percent, which had a positive impact on the soybeans yield.(Conclusions) The authors found a regular increase in soybean yields when processing the soil with a rotary plow by 0.32 tons per hectare compared to discs and by 0.06 tons per hectare compared to a share plow. It was suggested to use a rotary plow PRN-2.5 M. for soil cultivating for soybeans in the Amur region. They calculated the economic and energy feasibility of soil cultivating with a rotary plow in organic crop production.

scholarly journals Dynamics of agricultural land and the risk to food insecurity in the Niayes region of Diamniadio, West Senegal

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mateugue Diack ◽  
Macoumba Loum ◽  
Abdoulaye Guisse ◽  
Mamadou B. Sane
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Agricultural Lands ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Quantitative And Qualitative Research

Food security is a serious challenge facing West African countries because most croplands are being degraded. Consequently, agricultural production is being exceeded by rapid population growth. This study relates the dynamics of agricultural lands to the level of capacity building for resilience in response to low productivity and hence to food insecurity in the Niayes region, Senegal, where lands are presumably suitable for crop production. Factors influencing changes in surface areas, soil quality and level of resilience were examined using quantitative and qualitative research methods. Findings showed strong relationships between a significant decrease (65.25% – 35.54%) in productive agricultural lands with a range of soil physical and chemical properties (clay to loamy soil texture; soil pH: 7.0–8.0; soil organic carbon [SOC]: 5.0 g kg−1 – 25.0 g kg−1; effective cations exchangeable capacity [ECEC]: 4.5 Cmol kg−1 – 39.0 Cmol kg−1; cation exchange capacity [CEC]: 8.0 Cmol kg−1 – 34.0 Cmol kg−1) and food insecurity levels. In the last 5 years, urbanisation and industrialisation processes have reduced the farmlands by about 26.51% through uncontrolled construction of buildings and companies, leading to a disappearance of lands. Such dynamics raises the issue of a risk to food security in a region that usually provides more than 70% of fruits and vegetables demand for consumption. These results underline a need for a greater understanding of resilience for a better management design with a risk prevention plan to ensure food security.

Land application technique for the treatment and disposal of sewage sludge

2002 ◽  
Vol 46 (9) ◽  
pp. 303-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.M. Zain ◽  
H. Basri ◽  
F. Suja' ◽  
O. Jaafar
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Potential Effect ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Land Application ◽  
Treated Soil

Some of the major concerns when applying sewage sludge to land include the potential effect on pH and cation exchange capacity; the mobility and the accumulation of heavy metals in sludge treated soil; the potential of applying too much nutrients and the problems associated with odors and insects. The main objective of this study is to identify the effects of sewage sludge application on the physical and chemical properties of sludge treated soil. Sewage sludge was applied to soil at various rates ranging from 0 L/m2 to 341 L/m2. In order to simulate the natural environment, the study was carried out at a pilot treatment site (5.2 m × 6.7 m) in an open area, covered with transparent roofing material to allow natural sunlight to pass through. Simulated rain was applied by means of a sprinkler system. Data obtained from sludge treated soil showed that the pH values decreased when the application rates were increased and the application period prolonged. The effect of sewage sludge on cation exchange capacity was not so clear; the values obtained for every application rate of sewage sludge did not indicate any consistent behaviour. The mobility of heavy metals in soils treated with sludge were described by observing the changes in the concentration of the heavy metals. The study showed that Cd has the highest mobility in sludge treated soil followed by Cu, Cr, Zn, Ni and Pb.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Effects of New Environmental Additives Compared to Mineral Fertilizers on the Leaching Characteristics of Some Anions and Cations under Greenhouse Plant Growth of Saline-Sodic Soils

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 246-256
Author(s):  
Mohamed Hafez ◽  
Alexander I. Popov ◽  
Mohamed Rashad
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Organic Additives ◽  
Sodic Soils ◽  
Organic Cultivation ◽  
Leaching Characteristics ◽  
Spent Grain ◽  
Anions And Cations

Aims: The aim of this study was to determine and monitor the influences of organic and biological additives compared to mineral fertilizers on leaching characteristics of anions and cations, also to know more about the ability of these additives to make complexes with dissolved and toxic salts to decrease soil salinity. Background: Salt-affected soils comprise of saline and sodic soils which differ in origin, physico-chemical properties and the constraints to plant growth. Due to the presence of excess soluble salts (e.g. sodium (Na+) and chlorides (Cl-)). Methods: Ten treatments were established, including two levels of spent grain (environmental organic wastes from the beer industry), S1(10 g of spent grain / kg soil) and S2 ( 20 g of spent grain / kg soil); two levels of compost M1(10 g of compost / kg soil) and M2 ( 20 g of compost / kg soil); mixed M1 with S1 (M1S1); inoculation of Azospirillum brasilense (A1); inoculation A1 with S2 (A1S1); inoculation A1 with M1 (A1M1); 20:20:20 of N, P, and K fertilizers (NPK), and control (CK, without any additives). All treatments were mixed with 30 kg soil pots under greenhouse conditions, corn (Zea mayz L.) seeds were sown in the soil pots. The most relevant nitrogen and salt in soil leachates were collected and analysed every 20 days for 100 days. The soil leachates were collected under plant growth from pots by closed system. Results: The result revealed that organic additives such as A1 and S2 treatments effectively decreased soil pH, soil EC, and reduced NaCl concentration in soil leachates. The Ca2+ and K+ cations in the soil leachates were not stable at high levels of organic additives. Soluble NO3- and NH4+ were significantly lower in A1, S2, and A1S1 treatments than in NPK, M2, and CK treatments. Soil treatment with A1 and S2 significantly improved the soil chemical environment by increasing the Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) and soluble and exchangeable-K+ and thus limited entry of Na+ into the exchange complex in soil and consists complex with soluble Na+ as sodium humate form. Conclusion: In the final, the highest nitrogen use efficiency with the least NO3- and NH4+ losses in saline-sodic soil was also found in S2 and A1 treatments. Moreover, under this bio-organic fertilization way, NO3- concentrations in soil leachates was outside of danger of damaging the environment. Thus, spent grain with Azospirillum were suggested to be the optimal fertilizer with the lowest nitrogen leaching losses, best yield, quality, and the least groundwater environmental risk under corn (Zea mays L.) organic and bio-organic cultivation comparing with chemical cultivation.

scholarly journals Effect of Straw Biochar on Soil Acidity and Phosphorus Nutrition in Wheat

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
M. N. Rangaswami ◽  
G. C. Banik ◽  
S. Rakesh ◽  
K. T. Uma
Keyword(s):  
Phosphorus Uptake ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Greenhouse Experiment ◽  
Acidic Soil ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Exchangeable Acidity ◽  
Comparison Results ◽  
Incubation Study

Two biochars were produced from the rice and wheat residues by slow pyrolysis (at 400°C) in muffle furnace with an aim to study the effect of their application on some chemical properties of acidic soil such as pH, exchangeable acidity and cation exchange capacity (CEC) as well as their effect on phosphorus uptake by wheat in a greenhouse experiment. The incubation study was conducted incubating acidic soil (Typic Fluvaquent, pH 5.07) with assorted doses of biochars (0, 10, 20 and 60 g kg-1) for 120 days. A dose of lime at half or the lime requirement was also added separately for comparison. Results indicated that incubation period (F, 84.81; Pr>F, <.0001) and application rate (F, 281.05; Pr>F, <.0001) had significant effects (p < 0.05) on the pH of soil. Both the biochars had significant effects on exchangeable acidity and CEC. Application of biochar derived from wheat residues showed relatively greater increase of soil pH. Graded doses (0, 5, 10 and 20 g kg-1) of both biochar addition significantly increased the phosphorus uptake by different plant parts as well as yield of wheat in greenhouse experiment.

scholarly journals Impact of Iron and Aluminum on the Aggregate Stability of Some Latosols in Central and Southern Liberia (West Africa)

2021 ◽  
pp. 11-18
Author(s):  
Georges Martial Ndzana ◽  
Louise Marie Bondje Bidjeck ◽  
Primus Azinwi Tamfuh ◽  
Alex Dortie Kolleh ◽  
Damien Henri Odigui Ahanda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Aggregate Stability ◽  
Soil Aggregate ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Stability Parameters ◽  
Composite Surface ◽  
Soil Aggregate Stability ◽  
Water Dispersible ◽  
The Impact

Problem: Latosols of Liberia are marked by intense surface leaching, strong acidity, low soil organic matter (SOM) content, and low nutrients status, caused by low aggregate stability, which are limiting factors to crop production. Aim: to evaluate the effect of soil organic carbon (SOC) different forms of Fe and Al on the aggregate stability of latosols. Methodology: Composite surface (0-20 cm depth) samples of four latosols at different localities in Liberia (Lat1, Phebe; Lat2, Felela; Lat3, Salala; Lat4, Todee) were collected and analyzed for aggregate stability parameters and factors by standard laboratory methods. Results: the studied soils are sandy clayey, very acidic and poor in SOC. The cation exchange capacity (CEC) ranges from 10.28 to 14.80 mmol.kg−1. Dominant forms of Al and Fe are free Fe (Fed) and Al [1], followed by amorphous Fe (Feo) and Al (Alo) and chelated Fe (Fep) and Al (Alp). The highest levels of water dispersible clay (WDC) and clay dispersible index (CDI) in Lat1 and Lat2 implied that these two soils are less stable compared to Lat3 and Lat4. The Fe and Al in all forms seem to contribute to soil aggregate stability. The SOC, although very low, also contributes to soil aggregate stability. SOC correlated positively with WDC, CDI and ASC, indicating the impact of SOC both as an aggregating agent and as a dispersing agent, in contrast to previous studies. Conclusion: The study reveals that Fe, Al and SOC are cementing materials which impact the aggregate stability in Latosols.

scholarly journals Effect of different Slums on Selected Soil Properties in Abakaliki Southeastern Nigeria

2018 ◽  
pp. 62-65
Author(s):  
Njoku C. ◽  
Okoro G.C.
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Aggregate Stability ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
Southeastern Nigeria ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
Dispersion Ratio

A study was conducted at Abakaliki to determine the effect of slums on soil physicochem- ical properties. Four replicate samples were collected from the four slum locations and control using auger and core for disturbed and undisturbed soil samples, respectively. The soil samples collected were taken to laboratory and analysed for bulk density, total porosi- ty, mean weight diameter, aggregate stability, dispersion ratio, pH, available phosphorus, total nitrogen, organic carbon, C/N ratio, total exchangeable bases, exchangeable acidity, effective cation exchange capacity, base saturation and heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Pb and Sn). The data obtained were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) based on CRD and difference between treatment means were dictated using F-LSD. Except for dispersion ratio which is non-significant, all the parameters studied showed significant (p < 0.05) changes with respect to the different locations studied. The result showed lower improve- ment in soil physical and chemical properties in slums than control. On the other hand Cd, Cu, Pb, and Sn were higher in slums than control. Similarly, these heavy metals observed were higher than the usual range in soils. Thus, the study suggests that slum soils should not be used for crop production since they are associated with heavy metal pollutions and also lack the essential nutrients required by crop for performance

scholarly journals How Can We Realize Sustainable Development Goals in Rocky Desertified Regions by Enhancing Crop Yield with Reduction of Environmental Risks?

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1614
Author(s):  
Boyi Liang ◽  
Timothy A. Quine ◽  
Hongyan Liu ◽  
Elizabeth L. Cressey ◽  
Ian Bateman
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Sustainable Development Goals ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Guizhou Province ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Development Goals

To meet the sustainable development goals in rocky desertified regions like Guizhou Province in China, we should maximize the crop yield with minimal environmental costs. In this study, we first calculated the yield gap for 6 main crop species in Guizhou Province and evaluated the quantitative relationships between crop yield and influencing variables utilizing ensembled artificial neural networks. We also tested the influence of adjusting the quantity of local fertilization and irrigation on crop production in Guizhou Province. Results showed that the total yield of the selected crops had, on average, reached over 72.5% of the theoretical maximum yield. Increasing irrigation tended to be more consistently effective at increasing crop yield than additional fertilization. Conversely, appropriate reduction of fertilization may even benefit crop yield in some regions, simultaneously resulting in significantly higher fertilization efficiency with lower residuals in the environment. The total positive impact of continuous intensification of irrigation and fertilization on most crop species was limited. Therefore, local stakeholders are advised to consider other agricultural management measures to improve crop yield in this region.

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