scholarly journals Comparison of statistical models for estimation of methane emission in dairy Simmentals based on animal recording data

Poljoprivreda ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-80
Author(s):  
Vesna Gantner ◽  
Ranko Gnatner ◽  
Goran Vučković ◽  
Maja Gregić ◽  
Krešimir Kuterovac ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Methane Emission ◽  
Statistical Models ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽  
Population Analysis ◽  
High Accuracy ◽  
Genetic Evaluation ◽  
Selection Of

In the last decades we have witnessed increasingly pronounced climate change worldwide resulting in environment transformation in various regions by making it not convenient for agricultural and livestock production. The global livestock sector contributes to anthropogenic greenhouse gas emission, but on the other hand, it can also deliver a significant share of the necessary mitigation effort. One of the most significant greenhouse gas is methane. Mitigation methods for the methane emissions in cattle can be classified as short and long term. Short-term methods imply increase of production per animal, reduction of number of animals and feeding optimization, while long-term methods imply genetic evaluation and selection based on methane emission variation. Prerequisite for genetic evaluation is selection of optimal indicators and models with high accuracy and easy applicability in routine Animal Recording. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate different models for methane emission estimation in dairy cows based on Animal Recording data. The results obtained indicate that data from regular Animal Recording could be used in estimation of methane emission of dairy Simmental cows enabling the population analysis and genetic evaluation of dairy cattle for methane emission. Given the very high variability determined in estimated methane emission values regarding the used statistical models and aiming high accuracy of genetic evaluation it is recommended to define estimation models for body weight, dry matter intake and methane emission based on parameters (type traits and test-day records) of particular dairy cattle population. The stated will enable genetic evaluation of dairy cattle for methane emission as well as selection of cows with lower methane emission intensity. Finally, this will lead to environmentally sustainable milk production.

scholarly journals Verification of greenhouse gas emission reductions: the prospect of atmospheric monitoring in polluted areas

2011 ◽  
Vol 369 (1943) ◽  
pp. 1906-1924 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingeborg Levin ◽  
Samuel Hammer ◽  
Elke Eichelmann ◽  
Felix R. Vogel
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Catchment Area ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽  
Atmospheric Transport ◽  
Atmospheric Measurements ◽  
Transport Modelling ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Atmospheric Transport Modelling

Independent verification of greenhouse gas emissions reporting is a legal requirement of the Kyoto Protocol, which has not yet been fully accomplished. Here, we show that dedicated long-term atmospheric measurements of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and methane (CH 4 ), continuously conducted at polluted sites can provide the necessary tool for this undertaking. From our measurements at the semi-polluted Heidelberg site in the upper Rhine Valley, we find that in the catchment area CH 4 emissions decreased on average by 32±6% from the second half of the 1990s until the first half of the 2000s, but the observed long-term trend of emissions is considerably smaller than that previously reported for southwest Germany. In contrast, regional fossil fuel CO 2 levels, estimated from high-precision 14 CO 2 observations, do not show any significant decreasing trend since 1986, in agreement with the reported emissions for this region. In order to provide accurate verification, these regional measurements would best be accompanied by adequate atmospheric transport modelling as required to precisely determine the relevant catchment area of the measurements. Furthermore, reliable reconciliation of reported emissions will only be possible if these are known at high spatial resolution in the catchment area of the observations. This information should principally be available in all countries that regularly report their greenhouse gas emissions to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.

scholarly journals The Relationship between Economic Complexity, Energy Consumption Structure and Greenhouse Gas Emission: Heterogeneous Panel Evidence from the EU Countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 497 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olimpia Neagu ◽  
Mircea Teodoru
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Least Squares ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽  
Gas Emission ◽  
Consumption Structure ◽  
Economic Complexity ◽  
European Economies ◽  
Heterogeneous Panel

The aim of the paper is to examine the long-term relationship between economic complexity, energy consumption structure, and greenhouse gas emission, within a panel of European Union countries and two subpanels: (i) European economies with higher economic complexity and (ii) European economies with a lower level of economic complexity. Taking into consideration the heterogeneity among European countries, the heterogeneous panel technique is used, including panel estimation through fully modified least squares (FMOLS) and dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS). The empirical findings indicate a long-term equilibrium relationship between economic complexity, energy consumption structure and greenhouse gas emission within all three panels. Economic complexity and energy consumption structure have a statistically significant impact on greenhouse gas emission within all panels, but the influence is higher within the subpanel of countries with a lower level of economic complexity, suggesting a higher risk of pollution as the economic complexity grows and as the energy balance inclines in favor of non-renewable energy consumption. Our paper suggests that the economic complexity is a variable that must be taken into consideration when national economic and energy policies are shaped. Finally, policy implications for each panel of countries are discussed.

scholarly journals Technical note: On comparing greenhouse gas emission metrics

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 4699-4708
Author(s):  
Ian Enting ◽  
Nathan Clisby
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Global Warming Potential ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽  
Technical Note ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Rates Of Change

Abstract. Many metrics for comparing greenhouse gas emissions can be expressed as an instantaneous global warming potential multiplied by the ratio of airborne fractions calculated in various ways. The forcing equivalent index (FEI) provides a specification for equal radiative forcing at all times at the expense of generally precluding point-by-point equivalence over time. The FEI can be expressed in terms of asymptotic airborne fractions for exponentially growing emissions. This provides a reference against which other metrics can be compared. Four other equivalence metrics are evaluated in terms of how closely they match the timescale dependence of FEI, with methane referenced to carbon dioxide used as an example. The 100-year global warming potential overestimates the long-term role of methane, while metrics based on rates of change overestimate the short-term contribution. A recently proposed metric based on differences between methane emissions 20 years apart provides a good compromise. Analysis of the timescale dependence of metrics expressed as Laplace transforms leads to an alternative metric that gives closer agreement with FEI at the expense of considering methane over longer time periods. The short-term behaviour, which is important when metrics are used for emissions trading, is illustrated with simple examples for the four metrics.

scholarly journals A Case Study on the Electricity Generation Using a Micro Gas Turbine Fuelled by Biogas from a Sewage Treatment Plant

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 2424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chia-Chi Chang ◽  
Manh Van Do ◽  
Wei-Li Hsu ◽  
Bo-Liang Liu ◽  
Ching-Yuan Chang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Electricity Generation ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Sewage Treatment Plant ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Micro Gas Turbine ◽  
Power Load

Combined heat and power production from biogas is now playing an important role in energy and resource utilization as well as pollution control in waste water treatment. This research used biogas from the Bali Sewage Treatment Plant in New Taipei City, Taiwan, as a major source of fuel for the electricity generation. A micro gas turbine electricity generator, Capstone CR-30, which possesses a maximum rated power load (PWL) of 30 kW, was equipped to convert biogas into electricity. The biogas is mainly composed of CH4 (56.1 ± 8.0 vol.%), CO2 (25.5 ± 9.8 vol.%), H2 (0.5 vol.%), and H2S (0.99 ± 0.07 ppmv). During the test operation period of the generator, it was found that the thermal efficiency increases from 19.8% to 23.4% kWhe/kWhth, while the electricity generation efficiency (ηEB) also rises from 0.93 to 1.09 kWhe/m3 biogas as the PWL increases from 10 kW to 30 kW. The results indicated that the generator has a better performance with higher PWL. At PWL = 30 kW, the average adjusted concentrations of CO and NOx (adjusted to 15 vol.% O2) emitted from the generator are 86 ppmv and 17 ppmv, respectively. Both are much lower than the emission standards of stationary sources in Taiwan of 2000 ppmv and 150 ppmv, respectively. Thus, PWL of 30 kW was selected in cooperation with biogas inflow = 0.412 m3/min and air/fuel ratio (i.e., air/biogas ratio) = 76.0 vol./vol. for the long-term regular operation. At the above setting conditions for long-term operation, the generator continuously consumed the biogas and provided stable electricity generation at a rate of 19.64 kWhe/h for a 2-year running period. Moreover, the greenhouse gas can be cut off with a rate of 10.78 kg CO2e/h when using biogas as fuel for electricity generation. Overall, this research proves that the application of a micro gas turbine electricity generator not only has promising performance for using biogas but also gives a significant reduction of greenhouse gas emission, which fits the concepts of the circular economy and environmental protection.

GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION FROM COMBUSTION OF ASSOCIATED PETROLEUM GAS IN RUSSIA

2021 ◽  
pp. 54-61
Author(s):  
N. V. Popov ◽  
◽  
I. L. Govor ◽  
M. L. Gitarskii ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽  
Component Composition ◽  
Emission Factors ◽  
Gas Emission ◽  
Associated Petroleum Gas ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

The average weighted long-term component composition of associated petroleum gas burned at the fields in Russia is obtained, where the volume fractions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) make up 0.8 and 66.4%, respectively. Based on it, the national emission factors of greenhouse gases from the flaring of associated petroleum gas are developed: the values are equal to 2.76 103 t CO2 and 0.0155 103 t CH4 per 1 106 m3 of the gas burnt. The calculations based on the emission factors led to the 37% increase in total equivalent emission of CO2 and CH4 as compared to the calculations based on the IPCC emission factors. The use of the national emission factors increases the reliability of the estimates of greenhouse gas emissions and the evaluation of their impact on climate.

Improving modelling estimations of soil organic carbon sequestration in manure-amended croplands

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis Durnin-Vermette ◽  
Paul Voroney ◽  
Adam Gillespie
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Sequestration ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Manure Application ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration ◽  
Organic Carbon Sequestration

<p>Carbon sequestration reduces GHG emissions while improving soil fertility. In order for carbon sequestration through agriculture to be viable, however, accurate estimations of sequestration values are crucial in order to guide policy-making. Currently, Ontario’s provincial Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (OMAFRA) uses sequestration values from the federal government’s farm-level greenhouse gas emission model (Holos), however these estimates fall short in one respect: a 2018 analysis demonstrated that manure application is not completely considered in the government’s estimates, which is a critical gap.</p> <p>The main purposes of our study were 1) to assess the accuracy of soil organic carbon estimations of process-based soil carbon models (Century and RothC) which were calibrated with data from long-term manure addition experiments in Ontario, and 2) to modify these models such that they were able to fully take manure application into account when estimating carbon sequestration in Ontario’s croplands, and determine whether this substantially increases model accuracy.</p> <p>The models’ estimations for soil organic carbon sequestration were respectively calibrated and validated using data from two long-term manure addition experiments in Ottawa and Harrow. By calibrating multiple models using multiple datasets, model-specific and site-specific biases were minimized. The statistical analyses consisted of a suite of tests that assess the modelling accuracy compared to baseline measured data: the coefficient of determination (R2), root mean square error (RMSE), average relative error (ARE), and the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency statistic (NSE).</p> <p>As a result of these improved provincial estimates, Canadians will be better-informed about the greenhouse gas mitigation potential of long-term manure addition to croplands, which will help guide decisions made by policymakers as well as farmers. These improved provincial estimates will also be reported to Canada’s national greenhouse gas inventory, and will be ultimately disclosed to the UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in their global GHG summary report.</p>

scholarly journals A Practical Approach to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Open Dumps through Infrastructure Restructuring: A Case Study in Nanjing City, China

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 2804 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Ma ◽  
Zhanbin Luo ◽  
Fu Chen ◽  
Qianlin Zhu ◽  
Shaoliang Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽  
Technical Process ◽  
Nanjing City ◽  
Landfill Management

A new environmental ban has forced the restructure of open dumps in China since 1 July 2011. A technical process was established in this study that is feasible for the upgrade of open dumps through restructuring. The feasibility of restructuring and the benefit of greenhouse gas emission reductions were assessed according to field surveys of five landfills and four dumps in Nanjing. The results showed that the daily processing capacities of the existing landfills have been unable to meet the growth of municipal solid waste (MSW), making restructuring of the landfills imperative. According to an assessment of the technical process, only four sites in Nanjing were suitable for upgrading. Restructuring the Jiaozishan landfill effectively reduced the leachate generation rate by 5.84% under its scale when expanded by 60.7% in 2015. CO2 emissions were reduced by approximately 55,000–86,000 tons per year, in which biogas power generation replaced fossil fuels Fossil fuels accounted for the largest proportion, up to 45,000–60,000 tons. Photovoltaic power generation on the overlying land has not only reduced CO2 emissions to 26,000–30,000 tons per year but has also brought in continuing income from the sale of electricity. The funds are essential for developing countries such as China, which lack long-term financial support for landfill management after closure.

scholarly journals Future Predictions of Rainfall and Temperature Using GCM and ANN for Arid Regions: A Case Study for the Qassim Region, Saudi Arabia

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khalid Alotaibi ◽  
Abdul Ghumman ◽  
Husnain Haider ◽  
Yousry Ghazaw ◽  
Md. Shafiquzzaman
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽  
Data Driven ◽  
Emission Scenarios ◽  
Gas Emission ◽  
The Future ◽  
Emissions Scenarios ◽  
The Impact

Future predictions of rainfall patterns in water-scarce regions are highly important for effective water resource management. Global circulation models (GCMs) are commonly used to make such predictions, but these models are highly complex and expensive. Furthermore, their results are associated with uncertainties and variations for different GCMs for various greenhouse gas emission scenarios. Data-driven models including artificial neural networks (ANNs) and adaptive neuro fuzzy inference systems (ANFISs) can be used to predict long-term future changes in rainfall and temperature, which is a challenging task and has limitations including the impact of greenhouse gas emission scenarios. Therefore, in this research, results from various GCMs and data-driven models were investigated to study the changes in temperature and rainfall of the Qassim region in Saudi Arabia. Thirty years of monthly climatic data were used for trend analysis using Mann–Kendall test and simulating the changes in temperature and rainfall using three GCMs (namely, HADCM3, INCM3, and MPEH5) for the A1B, A2, and B1 emissions scenarios as well as two data-driven models (ANN: feed-forward-multilayer, perceptron and ANFIS) without the impact of any emissions scenario. The results of the GCM were downscaled for the Qassim region using the Long Ashton Research Station’s Weather Generator 5.5. The coefficient of determination (R2) and Akaike’s information criterion (AIC) were used to compare the performance of the models. Results showed that the ANNs could outperform the ANFIS for predicting long-term future temperature and rainfall with acceptable accuracy. All nine GCM predictions (three models with three emissions scenarios) differed significantly from one another. Overall, the future predictions showed that the temperatures of the Qassim region will increase with a specified pattern from 2011 to 2099, whereas the changes in rainfall will differ over various spans of the future.

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