scholarly journals Concept freiheit in German language chronicles of the XV–XVI centuries (on the material of town chronicles of Bern and Worms)

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 152-159
Author(s):  
A. E. Dunaev
Keyword(s):  
Turning Point ◽  
Written Language ◽  
German Language ◽  
Legal Entity ◽  
The Core ◽  
Research Material ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Town

In the history of the German written language, the XVXVI centuries became a turning point: in the sphere of both administrative writing and informative literature, new genres and types of texts are developing, and relations within the genre system are being rebuilt. Chronicle texts, including town chronicles, become one of the most popular textotypes. According to researchers, their primary function is legitimization of the respective town as a political and legal entity. This legitimation was based primarily on the rights and privileges granted to the town by its former or current lord. Accordingly, the semiotic space of chronicle texts is organized around the concept of freiheit meaning privilege, right, freedom. The purpose of the article is to analyze the nominative field of the concept freiheit and to conclude on the semantics and functioning of lexical units in the text that verbalize this concept. Over hundred text examples extracted from the chronicles of Bern (the first third of the XV century) and Worms (the second half of the XVI century) were used as the research material. The core of the concept freiheit, its nominate is built by the homonymic lexeme, whereby the lexeme recht also belongs to the nuclear part of the field. Based on the analysis of text examples, five components of meaning of freiheit were identified, which form the slots of the corresponding concept. The largest number of concept nominations is concentrated in the slot right, privilege: these are the lexemes gerechtigkeit the right to adjudicate, herrlichkeit with a similar meaning, obrigkeit the right of possession, indult temporary privilege, erlaubung permission. On the periphery of the concept freiheit lie the lexemes herkommen and gewohnheit in the meaning of legal customs. The analysis of material allows us to conclude that in the view of chroniclers, urban legal customs were as important for the legitimization of town as its privileges. It is worth saying that the lexeme freiheit is often used as a collective one, without specifying the content of a specific right or privilege. Obviously, for the chroniclers, the very existence of rights in their totality was of paramount importance, since this determined the status and power of their town.

scholarly journals CHANGES OF THE CONCEPT “ARBEIT” AT THE BACKGROUND OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY PHRASE FORMATION PROCESSES

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (10(78)) ◽  
pp. 30-33
Author(s):  
Nataliia Makhonina ◽  
Dmytro Sokolov ◽  
Olena Sokolova
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Conceptual Metaphor ◽  
Structural Transformations ◽  
German Language ◽  
Formation Processes ◽  
Main Research ◽  
The Core ◽  
Research Material ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cognitive Semantic

This article belongs to the area of cognitive researches. It covers the verbalization of the idea of labour in the German worldview and the changes in this idea observed during the 20th century. The main research material are the phraseological units with the core lexeme “Arbeit” which originated due to primary and secondary phrase formation processes. In the article special attention is paid to the phraseological units which emerged as a result of semantic and semantic-structural transformations accompanied by complex modification of meaning. Among the changes observed in phraseological meaning the author focuses on cognitive-semantic alterations which can be explained through the reconstruction of conceptual metaphor or metonymy forming the basis of a phraseological unit. While studying the history of changes in Germans’ attitude to labour the author involves historical and sociological data, identifies the prevailing trends in these changes, explains how they brought to life various phrase formation processes, both primary and secondary. The author arrives at a conclusion about a relation between the emotivity modification caused by semantic-structural transformations of phraseological units and the historical changes in the phraseological stock of German language. The article expands the ideas of extralingual factors which determine semantic and semantic-structural transformations of phraseological units and their influence on the changes in the phraseological stock.

scholarly journals Przywilej lokacyjny Lublina z 1317 r. Siedemset lat nadania praw miejskich

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (4 (1)) ◽  
pp. 39-50
Author(s):  
Jerzy Nikołajew
Keyword(s):  
The Status ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Town

The Municipal Charter granted to Lublin in 1317 by Prince Władysław the Short was the then state power’s acknowledgement for the urban aspirations of the town which at that time gained the status of a metropolis of the eastern Poland. The powers of the mayor and the burgesses of Lublin were the re-enactment of the provisions contained in other charters of that period, which resulted from the adoption of the German town law. The founding document of Lublin failed to include certain specific provisions (e.g. the right to timber, the right of storage, the right of fair days). However, other privileges concerning common town-related decisions (e.g. the right to land, own judiciary, share in income from rents) were typical of charters granted under the Magdeburg Law.

scholarly journals Reorientasi Gerakan Feminisme Islam; Sebuah Upaya Membangun Kesetaraan Perempuan

FIKROTUNA ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
ABD WARITS
Keyword(s):  
Skin Color ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The World ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right ◽  
Arbitrary Action

In the history of women's life, the woman has never cracked from the wild cry of helplessness. Woman always become victim of men’s egoism, marginalized, hurt, unfettered, fooled and never appreciated the presence and role. This situation troubles many intellectual Muslims who have perspective that Islam teaches equality, equality for all human beings in the world. The difference in skin color, race, tribe and nation, as well as gender does not cause them to get the status of the different rights and obligations. The potential and the right to life of every human being and the obligation to serve the Lord Almighty is the same. Indeed, all human beings, as caliph in the world, have the same obligation, namely to prosperity of life in the world. No one is allowed to act arbitrarily, destroying, or hurt among others. They are required to live side by side, united, and harmonious, help each other and respect each other. However, that "demand" never becomes a reality. The differences among human identities become a barrier and the cause of divisions. For them, those who are outside environment, different identities are "others" who rightly do not need them "know". The difference of identity has become a reason to allow "hurt" each other. Several intellectual Muslims who recognize the wrong (discrimination against women), and then they attempt to formulate a movement for women's liberation. All the efforts have been done on the basis of awareness that arbitrary action by any person can never be justified. They also realize, that the backwardness of women are "stumbling block" that will lead to the resignation of a civilization. However, this struggle found a lot of challenges; including the consideration of "insubordination" to conquer the power of men, despite it had done by using many strategies. Starting from the writing of scientific book and countless fiction themed women has been published in order to give awareness of equality between men and women. This paper seeks to reexamine the process of the empowerment struggle to give a brand new concept, so that the struggle of women empowerment is not as insubordination and curiosity process in an attempt to conquer the male. Through approach of literature review and observations on the relationship between men and women, the writer finally concluded that the movement of Islamic feminism is not a movement to seize the power of men, but an attempt to liberate women from oppression so that they get the rights of their social role, giving freedom for women to pursue a career as wide as possible like a man, without forgetting a main duty as a mother: to conceive, give birth and breastfeed their children.

scholarly journals From Francis Coralie Mullin to Swaraj Abhiyan: Adding Multidimensionality to the Conditional Social Right to Food

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-40
Author(s):  
Saurabh Bhattacharjee
Keyword(s):  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Right To Food ◽  
The Core ◽  
Explicit Mention ◽  
State Obligations ◽  
History Of ◽  
Constitutional Right ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Made In

Global hunger is widely seen as one of the foremost threats to humanity. The Constitutionality of the Right to Food has been a long-standing debate within the Indian Subcontinent as there is no explicit mention of the said right. Through various judicial pronouncements over a relatively long period of time, the right to food has been construed to be constitutionally ingrained. This paper explores the history of the right to food as a fundamental right in India, as per the Constitution. It analyses landmark cases on the right to food and examines the fundamental right to food, in terms of state obligations. Is the impact of the entrenchment of the right to food as a fundamental right, limited only to its symbolic meaning? Or has such right substantively shaped the contours of governmental policies too? What are the remedial interventions that the judiciary has made in view of the constitutional right to food? These are questions that the paper will explore. In this process, the paper will parse various judicial orders on the right to food and identify whether there are justiciable entitlements that presumptively constitute the core of the right. Further, the paper shall also highlight the multidimensionality of the right to food and illustrate that starting with Francis Mullin in the 1980s, to Laxmi Mandal and Swaraj Abhiyan in this decade. The courts have, through the above mentioned judgments, underscored the interrelatedness between the rights to food, health, shelter and right to work.

scholarly journals Linguistic features of Middle German business prose

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Development Trend ◽  
Written Language ◽  
National Language ◽  
German Language ◽  
Linguistic Features ◽  
Linguistic Differences ◽  
History Of ◽  
German People ◽  
The Development Trend ◽  
The City

This article discusses business papers XII-XIII century from the city of Augsburg, which is located in the south of Germany. The norm of the modern German language went through several stages of formation before acquiring a unified standard and becoming the so-called Standardsprache. The city of Augsburg belongs to the East Bavarian dialect region and is located on the border of Bavaria and Swabia. Analysis of the written language of documents of the XII-XIII century provided information on the interaction of the features of both dialects (Bavarian and Swabian). In this study, 5 documents related to various taxes were considered, which indicate that they were written in Augsburg, as well as 3 documents in the Augsburg monastery. It is important that for the documents considered there is no characteristic sequence in writing, that is, we are talking about the absence of a spelling norm. Confirmation of this fact is also given in the article with examples from the materials studied. The study showed the presence of similar characteristics in all studied, which indicates their undoubted linguistic kinship. Despite this, there are also features that are characteristic exclusively for the southwestern part of Germany and separately for the southeast. An analysis of the German southern dialects makes it possible to trace the development trend of the German language in its holy language in a period that is closely connected with the history of the German people. The processes of synergy between dialects within the framework of one language are considered, which draws attention to the beginning of the formation of the first national language, and subsequently the national one. The study revealed that Augsburg became a kind of conductor of the Bavarian dialect in the eastern part of the Swabian dialect. The isoglosses studied (phonetic, morphological, lexical) showed that these dialects can be combined linguistically as southern and considered a feature of the Germanic (Yerminon) range. Despite some linguistic differences, a relative unity of linguistic traditions is noted, indicating a sufficient proximity of the dialects of the southwestern and southeastern parts of Germany in the XII-XIII centuries.

scholarly journals Tax lien as a way to ensure the fulfillment of the constitutional obligation to pay taxes and fees

2020 ◽  
pp. 89-92
Author(s):  
Svitlana Hretsa
Keyword(s):  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
Legal Regime ◽  
Important Place ◽  
The Status ◽  
Protection Of Human Rights ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Right ◽  
Legal Mechanism

The article highlights the legal aspects of using the tax lien as a means to ensure the constitutional obligation to pay taxes andfees. The focus is on the importance of proper implementation of constitutional obligations for the protection of human rights and theperformance of state functions. An important place for tax liability in the system of constitutional obligations has been identified. Themain ways of ensuring the fulfillment of the tax obligation have been revealed and the key role of such a way as tax lien has beenemphasized. The concept of tax lien is defined and the history of formation of this institution in the legislation of Ukraine is revealed.The grounds for the emergence of the right of tax lien, the peculiarities of its documentation (registration) is presented. The status andpowers of the tax manager about the description of the property in the tax lien, checks of its condition, etc. are determined. The articledescribes the legal consequences of non-compliance with the legal requirements of the tax manager, in particular the suspension in courtof expenditure transactions on bank accounts, and in some cases - the use of administrative seizure of property. The author disclosesthe legal regime of property that is in tax lien, the scope of taxpayers’ rights to use it, the content of legislative restrictions on the possibilityof disposing of such property, the procedure for coordinating transactions with mortgage assets. The legal grounds for terminationof the right of tax lien are indicated. The legal mechanism of realization of the right of the tax pledge, the order and sequence ofthe address of collecting on the pledged property is described. The author revealed the shortcomings of the legislation, in particular thelong nature of the recovery in court. Proposals have been made to improve the legal regulation of the tax lien to increase the effectivenessof this instrument to ensure proper implementation of the constitutional obligation to pay taxes. In particular, it is proposed to providethe possibility of extrajudicial recovery of property that is in tax lien when the taxpayer has given written consent.

scholarly journals Lost in Translation – Typographic variation in loanword surrounded punctuation positions

2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 325-343
Author(s):  
Paul Rössler
Keyword(s):  
Turning Point ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Corpus Analysis ◽  
Punctuation Mark ◽  
Specific Manner ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
Lost In Translation ◽  
Early 18Th Century

Abstract In German printings of the early 18th century, the shift from the hitherto dominant sentence-dividing punctuation mark, the virgule, to the comma, takes place astonishingly rapidly. It is also astonishing that until recently, research has barely devoted itself to this phenomenon, even though it is at least a turning point in the history of the highest-frequency punctuation mark in German writing. The paper examines to what extent the transition from the use of the virgule to the comma is carried out in a phase-specific manner. Previous samples have indicated the influence of the font choice on the choice of punctuation: Printers or typesetters in the early 18th century set the comma especially in the environment of the Antiqua script, which is used to graphically label non-native words or syntagms. Is this a kind of “gateway” to the comma? By means of a corpus analysis in micro-diachronic sections, the status of the virgule/comma variation will be associated with the typographic variation in terms of the use of Latin Antiqua type and the German type.

scholarly journals CREATING TARAS SHEVCHENKO’S CULT ON THE TERRITORY OFTHE SUMY REGION DURING THE PERIOD OF THE UKRAINIAN REVOLUTION (1917-1921)

2020 ◽  
pp. 38-57
Author(s):  
V. O. Artiukh
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Landscape ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
Image Interpretation ◽  
Book Publishing ◽  
Symbolic Action ◽  
Cultural Objects ◽  
Symbolic Space ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Town

Within the article, an attempt is made to trace the process of creating quasi-religious Taras Shevchenko’s cult on the territory of the Sumy region at the turning point of history for the Ukrainian nation - national liberation struggle during 1917-1921. The fact is admitted that within Taras Shevchenko’s cult the ways of the reality mythical perception manifest distinctly. Its main methods of functioning are identified: celebrating holidays and holding demonstrations, erecting the monuments, naming natural and cultural objects after the Kobzar, using his image in book publishing. Shevchenko’s holiday phenomenon is reconstructed on the example of celebrations in the towns of Sumy and Konotop, also in the villages of Perekopivka and Vedmezhe (Romny county). The point is stressed that erecting the monuments (busts) to Shevchenko and performing sacred rituals of worshipping nearby constitute a symbolic action of forming the sense of collective unity of Ukrainians. As an example, the history of creating the monument to the Kobzar in the town of Romny and the bust in the township of Voronizh is considered. The attention is paid to the precedents of naming after Shevchenko numerous new points of the cultural landscape during the period of reconstructing the symbolic space at the time of the Revolution on the territory of the Sumy region. Specific examples in the sphere of toponymy are cited. The role of “Prosvita” fellowship centres is emphasized. They played the part of either organizers or participants of the majority of commemorative practices for honoring the figure of Shevchenko. Some facts of establishing the book publishing by “Prosvita” fellowship centers in the Sumy region are given. The Kobzar’s figure and creative heritage were often popularized by means of those books and brochures (Konotop, Okhtyrka, and Pidlypne). The specificities of Shevchenko’s image interpretation within the Bolshevik ideology are covered in the article. Unlike Ukrainians, who paid more attention to the national character of Shevchenko’s creative heritage, the Bolsheviks underscored its class and revolutionary features. The absence of antagonistic differences and the presence of numerous points of agreement in Kobzar’s image interpretation by “nationalists” and communists should also be emphasized. The conclusion is drawn about the importance of Shevchenko’s cult on the territory of the present-day Sumy region for spreading Ukrainian national and Socialist ideologies in broad masses’ consciousness. Keywords: Taras Shevchenko, cult, the Sumy region, national identity

scholarly journals Zomorphic images of Ukrainian folklore: demiurge birds in the Ukrainian winter calendar ritual poetry

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (86) ◽  
pp. 142-146
Author(s):  
O.S. Shutak ◽  
N.A. Konoplenko ◽  
M.V. Podoliak
Keyword(s):  
World View ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
World Order ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Living Things ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Right ◽  
Folk Poetry ◽  
Coherent Picture

The world-view system of Ukrainians is one of the richest and symbolically-filled models of knowledge of the surrounding world, which fully represented itself in various forms of art and, above all, in folklore. It is the oral folk art that most fully preserved the representation of the ancient Ukrainians about the establishment of the world, the appearance of the first plants and animals, the emergence of elements, human, etc. At that time, when there was no written language yet (prehistoric period), our ancestors broadcasted their understanding of life processes by means of verbal literature, encrypting it in a figurative system. The article examines the history of the study of zoomorphic images in Ukrainian folklore from the 1930s to the present, points to the diversity of interpretation of animal symbols in different genres of oral folk poetry, and focuses on the symbols of demiurgeous birds. It is in the poetry of the winter calendar ritual cycle, as the oldest stratum of Ukrainian folklore, that we find the image of the birds-founders of our world, which forms a coherent picture of the mythological notions of our ancestors about its beginning. In carols and shcherdivkas, in particular cosmogonic, ornithopes are a prominent place. The connection between the image of the bird and the two most ancient ideas-symbols – the true and the world tree-the most archaic models of the world order – is analyzed. At a time when in folk poetry of other genres, ornithomorphic images carry a diverse semantic load, then in cosmogonic carols they symbolize only the process of creation, where the act of diving, immersion in the right is a symbol of the «conception» of the world, the penetration and degeneration of one life-giving energy into another (the idea of fertility).It was in the images of the falcon and the pigeon, pure and good beings, that our ancestors saw the founders of all living things, they considered their primary source and life-giving energy.

Global Finance

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Linarelli ◽  
Margot E Salomon ◽  
Muthucumaraswamy Sornarajah
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Sovereign Debt ◽  
International Level ◽  
Global Finance ◽  
Financial Architecture ◽  
The Core ◽  
Regulation And Supervision ◽  
History Of ◽  
International Legal System ◽  
The Right

This chapter explores how financial globalization of today fails to deliver enough of the right sort of finance necessary to promote development and productive investment in societies. The contemporary global financial architecture serves primarily to enrich affluent investors and major financial institutions while putting societies and their people at grave risk of harm, including from global financial crises. The chapter explores these issues by first examining the history of the global financial architecture from the nineteenth century to the present. It moves on to critique current institutions of law mainly on grounds of justice. The chapter addresses problems associated with the regulation and supervision of banks, at the international level a form of soft law forming the core of the global financial architecture. It also explores how the power of global finance makes real reform at either the domestic or international level very difficult. Finally, the chapter exposes injustices associated with the resolution of sovereign debt crises, with a focus on the recent crisis for Greece. It considers serious shortcomings of the international legal system in this area, including how the contract approach of international law sought to resolve the crises in a manner in which the less advantaged are made much worse off.

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