scholarly journals Main factors in the transformation of regional and ethnic identity

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 144-154
Author(s):  
T. I. Gerasimenko

Aim. To identify the most important factors in the transformation of ethnocultural space and population identity through the example of a multicultural trans-border region.Materials and Methods. This research vector provides possibilities to consider this issue in line with the well-known ideas of L. N. Gumilyov regarding the adaptation of ethnic groups to landscapes, as well as to apply an analysis algorithm based on the study of various forms of interethnic contacts and ethnic processes. The author's data from field expedition research, including sociological surveys of the population (more than three thousand people on both sides of the Russian-Kazakh border), interviews, expert assessments, including observation, mapping, etc. have been used. Historical sources, as well as archival documents and existing cartographic materials from various times, have been analysed.Results. Ethno-cultural groups interact with each other and adapt to landscapes, as a result of these processes ethnic cultures acquire common features and regional specificities. These factors have been evaluated and features of interethnic interaction between migrants and the autochthonous population as well as transformation of the ethno-cultural space are revealed. The speed of transformation is influenced by historical, geopolitical, psychological and economic factors. The article is illustrated with specific examples. Geographical aspects of transformation of ethno-cultural identity as the main marker of ethnic culture in trans-border regions have been consideredConclusion. The most important factors of ethno-cultural space and regional identity transformation are adaptation in landscapes, intercultural interaction, migration, change of ethnic composition of the population and divergence as a consequence of delimitation.

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 33-39
Author(s):  
Dilshod P. Komolov ◽  

Based on the analysis of archival documents and historical sources, this article highlights such provisions as the negative impact of structural changes in the judicial system of the Uzbek SSR from 1930 to 1938, the level of professionalism of judges, ethnic composition, the economically poor state of the courts, insufficient working conditions for full-fledged activity. It also talks about violations in the judicial system and the factors that led to staff turnover.Index Terms: people’s court, district court, verdict, decision, collegium, personnel problems


Kavkazologiya ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 96-129
Author(s):  
H.B. MAMSIROV ◽  
◽  
A.A. LOOV ◽  

The problems of indigenization in the North Caucasus in domestic historiography are considered in the chronological framework of 1920-1930., although these processes really began in the imperial period. After the end of the Caucasian war, the royal government is looking for ways to adapt the mountain peoples into the Russian socio-cultural space, turning the region that absorbing huge material and human resources to the region enriching the country. The imperial experience of managing the region in the end led to awareness of the need to attract the authorities of representatives of the elite from the number of indigenous people. The Bolsheviks took into account the mistakes of their predecessors, and were able to give acceleration to the pace of integration of the Highlanders to the Soviet social and cultural space. They did not fail to take advantage of the experience of the imperial administration in terms of attracting representatives of the autochthonous population into local governments. At the same time, without becoming his class approach, the Bolsheviks opened access to the social elevators to most Highlanders, which cut off representatives of the pre-revolutionary elite. In modern Russia, against the background of strengthening the challenges of globalization, leveling ethnic cultures, individual events of the Soviet nationality are of interest so far, for example, the practice of indigenization. Kabardino-Balkaria more than once turned out to be in the forefront of the Sovietization of the North Caucasus. Part of the events, of course, found the support of the main part of the population. But, in most of them, the population participated voluntarily forcibly, as a direct refusal would be more expensive. The article is based on new archival sources identified in the Funds of the State Archives of the Russian Federation (which are submitted below in this issue), documents from other archives and the latest research on the issue. In general, this made it possible to understand the origins of the process in the imperial period, its logical continuation and national-regional features of the implementation of the indigenization policy in the Soviet Kabardino-Balkaria. Multi-valued for the purposes and objectives, methods of implementation and specific results, this policy is characterized by unprecedented efforts to strengthen state and cultural institutions by national personnel. But much less researchers talk about the shadow side of the problem, which in modern conditions it is necessary to know for accounting in practical activities both positive and negative lessons to solve the Soviet rule of tasks associated with the national issue.


Literatūra ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 30-45
Author(s):  
Velimir Mladenović

The paper discusses the personal and political relations between the French surrealist poet Paul Éluard and Serbian writers and intellectuals, first of all Marko Ristić, a theorist and one of the founders of the Serbian surrealist movement. We will show the reception of Éluard’s works in the Serbian cultural space, his visit to Yugoslavia, then Éluard’s activities in Paris related to Yugoslav politics. One significant part of the article represents, until now, unpublished archival documents that testify to the friendship between Éluard and Ristić. We will try to explain how this friendship ended after the Cominform Resolution in 1948 and what consequences it had on Serbian and French culture.


2021 ◽  
pp. 767-778
Author(s):  
Andrey A. Avdashkin ◽  

The article draws on the documents from the United State Archive of Chelyabinsk Region and the State Archive of the Russian Federation to examine forced migration from the former Soviet republics to the South Urals in 1991-2002. The choice of chronological framework is due to the fact that this period saw the peak of forced migration caused by the outflow from the military conflicts zones and due to the difficulties of post-socialist transit in the states of Central Asia. The 2002 Population Census allows the author to draw the balance of these processes and to identify the number of the region’s residents who arrived from the former Soviet Union republics between 1989 and 2002. The Chelyabinsk region is a part of the Russian-Kazakh frontier. After the collapse of the USSR and the reformatting of state borders, this borderland was an extended settlement area of the Russian-speaking population, mostly leaning towards moving from Kazakhstan. Due to a sufficiently high level of development, transport accessibility and low start-up opportunities for migrants, these border regions became one of the main places for receiving forced displacements from the Central Asian states, mostly Kazakhstan. In the current historiographical situation, a holistic reconstruction and detailing of these large-scale migrations requires a reliance on new historical sources. Archival documents of regional migration services contain valuable data on the number of forced migrants, their main areas of origin, socio-demographic characteristics, and other important parameters. The documents revealed in the fonds of the OGACHO and the GARF have showed that, at the initial stage, the backbone of migration flows was the Russian-speaking population from neighboring Kazakhstan, able-bodied, with a sufficiently high level of skills. This compensated for demographic losses due catastrophic growth of mortality and decline in birth rate. Thus, according to the migration service of the region, migration compensated for more than half of the total population loss, without any significant impact on its ethnic composition. At the same time, migrants encountered numerous difficulties in integrating into Russian society, which were rarely reflected in the specific documentation of state institutions. Many of the arrived, for various reasons, were not included in the forced migrants and refugees statistics due to numerous bureaucratic difficulties and an objective lack of resources for helping such a large number of people.


Author(s):  
В.И. Казаренков ◽  
В. Бовэнь

В статье раскрыты целесообразность и прогностическая ценность изучения проблемы доверия в межкультурном взаимодействии. На основе анализа теоретических концепций обосновывается, что уровень выраженности доверия к представителям иных культурных групп выступает предиктором социально-перцептивных процессов в общении и опосредует выбор субъектом соответствующей стратегии межличностного взаимодействия в процессах межкультурной коммуникации. Представлены результаты эмпирического исследования, в котором выявляется содержание критериев доверия и недоверия студентов китайской, африканской и латиноамериканской общностей к сверстникам — представителям иных культурных групп. Эмпирически подтверждается предположение о существовании связей между доверием, недоверием и стратегиями взаимодействия иностранных студентов со сверстниками — представителями других культур. Анализируются обнаруженные корреляционные взаимосвязи между содержательными критериями доверия (недоверия) и манипулятивной, альтероцентрической, конформной, диалогической, индифферентной, авторитарной стратегиями интеракций во взаимоотношениях студентов с ровесниками — представителями других культурных групп. Полученные результаты косвенно свидетельствуют о том, что механизмы аттракции, выражающиеся в приязни, симпатии, дружелюбии, а также механизмы идентификации и рефлексии выступают в качестве предикторов отношений иностранных студентов к представителям иных культур, помогают преодолевать межгрупповые предубеждения и служат профилактикой манипулирования друг другом. Результаты исследования углубляют научные представления о проблеме доверия — недоверия в межэтнических отношениях, представляют практическую ценность для социальных психологов, специалистов в области кросс-культурной психологии при разработке профилактических и коррекционных мероприятий, направленных на повышение эффективности и коммуникативной культуры взаимодействия представителей разных социальных общностей. The article focuses on the feasibility and prognostic value of the investigation of interpersonal interaction. The analysis of theoretical concepts enables the authors to prove that the level of trust between people from different cultural groups can function as a predictor of social perception and can influence people’s choice of strategies of interpersonal interaction in situations of intercultural communication. The article presents the results of empirical research aimed at the investigation of criteria of trust and mistrust between students of Chinese, African and Latin-American communities and their peers belonging to other cultural groups. The empirical study proves that there is a correlation between trust, mistrust and the strategies of interaction foreign students use when communicating with their peers from different cultures. The article analyses the correlation between the criteria of trust (mistrust) and manipulative, alterocentric, conformal, dialogical, indifferent, and authoritarian interaction strategies employed by students for intercultural communication with their peers. The results indirectly demonstrate that the mechanisms of attraction expressed through friendliness, empathy and affection, as well as the mechanisms of identification and reflection serve as predictors of foreign students’ attitude to representatives of other cultures, help to overcome prejudices in intercultural communication, help to prevent interpersonal manipulation. The results of the research extend scholarly understanding of the issue of trust and mistrust in interethnic interaction and have a high practical value for social psychologists, specialists in the sphere of cross-cultural psychology, for specialists developing preventive and corrective measures aimed at the enhancement of the efficiency of interpersonal interaction between representatives of different social groups.


Author(s):  
Sharafetdin Magaramov ◽  
◽  
Elena Inozemtseva ◽  
Nikolay Chekulaev ◽  
◽  
...  

Introduction. The paper deals with one of the aspects of the economic policy of the Russian Empire in its Peri-Caspian provinces, annexed as a result of the Persian campaign of Peter the Great. The aim of the study is to analyze the main income items of the imperial treasury based on the materials of the Derbent garrison of the Lower Corps, to establish the share of income received in Derbent in the structure of all income of the Lower Corps. Tasks: to characterize all income sources of the Derbent garrison, to show the activities of commandants and other military leaders in streamlining the income structure, in replenishing the imperial treasury, to consider the interaction of the Russian authorities of Derbent with foreign merchants and domestic salesmen, to describe the daily life of the garrison in Derbent. Methods and materials. The study is based on the archival documents from the Central State Archive of the Republic of Dagestan, mainly from fond 18 “Derbent commandant”, most of which are introduced for the first time. Additionally, the modern achievements of historical science on the subject have also been considered. The methods of the study are the following: the principles of historicism and objectivity, an integrated approach, a systematic method, methods of criticizing historical sources. Based on the analysis of the documentary material, it was possible to restore the picture characterizing the everyday life of the military personnel in the Derbent garrison of the imperial army. Analysis. The fiscal activity inside the Derbend garrison was controlled by the commandant, whose duties, in addition to military-political ones, included collecting taxes and fees, reporting on them to the central imperial authorities and administration. The amount of incomes for the reporting periods are described in detail, the role of Derbent customs in replenishing the Russian treasury and the trade of the Derbent administration with foreign merchants are shown. Considerable emphasis is put to the activities of the military leadership of the Lower Corps and the Derbent Garrison, directly aimed at increasing financial revenues of the imperial treasury. Results. As a result of the study, valuable archival documents were introduced into the scientific circulation, reconstructing the daily life of the Derbent garrison, the main sources of income in this garrison were identified. It was established that the revenues of the imperial treasury in the Derbent garrison were clearly differentiated and structured. Customs duties accounted for more than half of the revenue in Derbent, while the other part was collected from the sale of wine, vegetables, oil, and court fines. The “Persian” incomes were spent on salaries and remuneration to the Caucasian political elite loyal to the Russians, to keep the amanates (hostages) from Caucasian rulers, to pay wages to masters for the repair and reconstruction of fortresses, to maintain postal communications, etc. Despite the emperor’s ambitious plans for the economic development of the “newly conquered” former Persian provinces, many of the projects he started were not completed and scraped after his death. A pressing example of it would be the abandonment of the construction of the Derbent port enclosed from sea storms.


Author(s):  
Berik Dulatov

Introduction. The subject of this study is the organization of the repatriation process of former prisoners of war of the Austro-Hungarian and German armies from the regions of Siberia and the Volga region. Methods and materials. The methodological basis of this work consists of such basic principles of scientific and historical knowledge as objectivity and historicism, systematic and specific presentation of the material, as well as the value approach used in scientific research. The historical sources are theoretical scientific works of European and Russian scientists concerning various aspects of the history of prisoners of war in Russia. Analysis. The author explores the issues related to the return to the historical homeland mainly of the Czechs and Slovaks, however, due to the peculiarities of the archival documents that have been preserved, there is information about Austrians, Germans, Hungarians and representatives of other nationalities. The author establishes some personal data of citizens of foreign countries who lived in the territory of Tsaritsyn and Tobolsk provinces in the early 1920s, who had the desire to go to their historic homeland. In addition, on the basis of circulars and orders of the relevant authorities (Plenbezh, evacuation services), the author analyzes how the process of sending home Czechs, Slovaks, Hungarians, etc. was organized. In addition, there is information about how the process of registration of foreign subjects of the near and far abroad took place. The author makes an attempt to provide informative data on the life and activities of former citizens of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, their ethnicity, family status, professional employment, circumstances of arrival in Russia, previous residence at home and the actual address of residence in the region. Results. The process of repatriation of former prisoners of war of the Austro-Hungarian and German empires was delayed until 1924. It should also be noted that a certain percentage of these citizens remained in the new Soviet state. The difficulty in the process of returning to their historic homeland was the general confusion caused by the war and the change of the government, poor registration of prisoners of war, as well as the interest of state bodies in using this category of people as labor force in country’s industrial and agricultural enterprises.


Author(s):  
Sergei I. Zhuk

This paper explores the connections between cultural consumption, ideology, and identity formation in one particular city of the Soviet Ukraine during the Brezhnev era before perestroika. This industrial city, Dniepropetrovsk, was closed to foreigner visits by the KGB in 1959 because it became the location for one of the biggest missile factories in the Soviet Union. Given its closed, sheltered existence, Dniepropetrovsk became a unique Soviet social and cultural laboratory in which various patterns of late socialism collided with the new Western cultural infl uences. Using archival documents, periodicals, personal diaries and interviews as historical sources, this paper focuses on how various aspects of cultural consumption (reading books, listening and dancing to Western music) among the youth of the Soviet “closed city” contributed to various forms of cultural identifi cation, which eventually became elements of post-Soviet Ukrainian national identity.


Author(s):  
В.Д. Дзидзоев

В статье рассматриваются некоторые дискуссионные вопросы возникновения, развития и распада Горской АССР. Создана уже целая истори- ография, посвященная различным аспектам Горской АССР. Хотя многие иссле- дователи не приходят к единой точке зрения, как по вопросам ее возникновения, так и по причинам ее распада в 1924 г. Автор предлагает свое видение соот- ветствующих процессов на основе всестороннего анализа архивных докумен- тов и исторических источников по этим проблемам. The article discusses certain controversial issues of the origin, development and disintegration of the Mountainous ASSR. An entire historiography devoted to various aspects of the Mountainous ASSR has already been created. Although many researchers do not come to a single point of view, both on the issues of its occurrence and on the reasons of its collapse in 1924. The author makes his explanations on the basis of a comprehensive analysis of archival documents and historical sources on these problems.


Author(s):  
Tatiana V. Grebeniuk ◽  
Yuliya E. Shustova

Printed Blank Forms are poorly studied historical sources. They were published in almost every printing house, often in large editions; however, due to the specifics of the purpose, they were poorly preserved. Many of the printed editions have not reached our days. You can learn about their existence from archival documents. A number of editions are known in a single copy. The Research Department of Rare Books (Book Museum) of the Russian State Library has two Printed Blank Forms. These are the Certificates of Ordination from the Bishop of Pinsk and Turov, George Bulgak. These are the only known copies of the editions. They were issued to priest Vasily Shemetil on July 15, 1759 in Pinsk and stamped with the Episcopal seal. They came from the Vilnius Public Library. Due to the small number of complex studies of such sources, the article provides the detailed description of them, reveals the content at the level of the edition (printed blank form) and the copy (handwritten text); for the first time there is undertaken publication of the texts of the certificates. Moreover, the authors consider the actual problems of the bibliographic description of these publications: different bibliographers (F.N. Dobryansky, A.I. Milovidov, G.Y. Golenchenko, Y.A. Labyntsev) described and attributed these editions differently (Mogilev and Suprasl were mentioned as the place of publication). Being unique sources, they attracted attention of bibliographers, but were not used at all by historians and other researchers of book culture. The authors come to the conclusion that the attribution of the publication of letters in the printing house of the Annunciation Monastery in Suprasl, proposed by Y.A. Labyntsev, looks the most convincing today. The study emphasizes the importance of the considered documents that are the only known examples of printed Greek Catholic Certificates of Ordination of the 18th century. Since the life and activity of Georgy Bulgak himself, who became the Archimandrite of the Annunciation Monastery in Suprasl, remains practically unexplored in Russian historiography, the article presents his biography, focuses on this period of his activity and his great contribution to the development of book publishing in the monastery printing house, which printed books in Slavic, Polish and Latin languages.


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