scholarly journals ETHIOPATHOGENETIC ASPECTS ACUTE ODONTOGENIC INFECTION

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 19-26
Author(s):  
Said Ksembaev ◽  
Elena Nesterova ◽  
Ol'ga Torgashova ◽  
Elima Agatieva ◽  
Dinar Busheev
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Correct Diagnosis ◽  
Anaerobic Bacteria ◽  
Odontogenic Infection ◽  
Main Stage ◽  
Nonspecific Resistance ◽  
Local Immunity ◽  
Adequate Treatment ◽  
Pathogenic Factors

Subject. A review of the literature on the topical problem of dentistry — the etiology and pathogenesis of acute odontogenic purulent-inflammatory diseases is presented. The purpose of the research is to study the materials of publications. dedicated to the etiopathogenetic aspects of acute odontogenic infection. Methodology. The etiology and pathogenesis of acute odontogenic purulent-inflammatory diseases are described in detail, in the light of modern concepts. Results. The unfavorable factors influencing the increase in the frequency of acute odontogenic purulent-inflammatory diseases and the worsening of the clinical course are presented. It is noted that these diseases are explained by the effect of microbial associations, one of the frequent representatives of which are anaerobic bacteria, which significantly worsen the clinical picture of the disease. All theories of the pathogenesis of jaw osteomyelitis (vascular, allergic and neuro-trophic) are considered. At the same time, it was noted that the vascular, allergic and neuro-reflex components in the emergence and development of osteomyelitis of the jaws are realized against the background of a decrease in the level of general immunological and specific reactivity of the whole organism, as well as the failure of local immunity. Particular importance is attached to disorders of the systems of neuroregulation and microcirculation. It is noted that sensitization and neuroreflex effects on the inflammation focus are factors contributing to the transition of the reversible phase of inflammation (osteitis) to the irreversible one (osteomyelitis), and microcirculation disorders in the inflammation focus are characterized as the main stage in the chain of pathophysiological processes leading to irreversible changes. Attention is drawn to the fact that in recent years, great importance in maintaining homeostasis in acute odontogenic pyoinflammatory diseases has been given to the antioxidant system, which is directly involved in the regulation of the molecular mechanisms of nonspecific resistance of the organism to the damaging action of various pathogenic factors. Findings. The results of the review indicate that knowledge of the peculiarities of the etiology and pathogenesis of acute odontogenic pyoinflammatory diseases is necessary for correct diagnosis, timely and adequate treatment, prognosis and prevention of complications. However, it should be recognized that this problem continues to remain relevant to this day due to the complexity of its study.

scholarly journals The modern view of treatment of allergic rhinitis and it’s combination with bronchial asthma

2021 ◽  
pp. 92-98
Author(s):  
D. S. Smirnov ◽  
O. M. Kurbacheva
Keyword(s):  
Allergic Rhinitis ◽  
Bronchial Asthma ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Nasal Congestion ◽  
Combined Therapy ◽  
Correct Diagnosis ◽  
Economic Problem ◽  
Atrophic Rhinitis ◽  
Significant Treatment ◽  
Adequate Treatment

In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the prevalence of diseases of the nose and paranasal sinuses. Inflammatory diseases of the mucous membrane nasal cavities (rhinitis) are most commonly characterized as a syndrome in which the patient experiences some combination of persistent nasal symptoms, including rhinorrhea, sneezing, nasal congestion, itching and burning in the nasal cavity. Among the chronic forms of rhinitis, allergic rhinitis occupies a large place along with vasomotor, infectious, hypertrophic, catarrhal and atrophic rhinitis. Allergic rhinitis is a significant social and medico-economic problem, since it significantly reduces the quality of life of patients and requires significant treatment costs. This nosology is found in the practice of doctors of all specialties, however, the correct diagnosis and the appointment of adequate therapy can take many months and years. Currently, the concept of “common airways” is widely discussed, which demonstrates the close relationship between allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma and proves that the inflammatory response can be supported and enhanced by interrelated mechanisms. Therefore, patients with allergic rhinitis should be examined for the presence of bronchial asthma. In turn, patients with bronchial asthma need to diagnose allergic rhinitis, and treatment should be aimed at suppressing allergic inflammation in both the upper and lower respiratory tract. This article discusses modern diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to patients with these diseases, which make it possible to efficiently and timely identify allergic rhinitis and initiate appropriate adequate treatment. The article also discusses the feasibility of using combined therapy with levocetirizine and montelukast in the above nosologies.

Natural Products for Regulating Macrophages M2 Polarization

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. 559-569 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhen Chang ◽  
Youhan Wang ◽  
Chang Liu ◽  
Wanli Smith ◽  
Lingbo Kong
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Pharmacological Activities ◽  
Current Review ◽  
M2 Polarization ◽  
Macrophages Polarization ◽  
Herbal Plants

Macrophages M2 polarization have been taken as an anti-inflammatory progression during inflammation. Natural plant-derived products, with potential therapeutic and preventive activities against inflammatory diseases, have received increasing attention in recent years because of their whole regulative effects and specific pharmacological activities. However, the molecular mechanisms about how different kinds of natural compounds regulate macrophages polarization still unclear. Therefore, in the current review, we summarized the detailed research progress on the active compounds derived from herbal plants with regulating effects on macrophages, especially M2 polarization. These natural occurring compounds including flavonoids, terpenoids, glycosides, lignans, coumarins, alkaloids, polyphenols and quinones. In addition, we extensively discussed the cellular mechanisms underlying the M2 polarization for each compound, which could provide potential therapeutic strategies aiming macrophages M2 polarization.

scholarly journals The CONFINE (Comorbidities and Outcome iN patients with chronic heart Failure: a study in INternal mEdicine units) study: a new epidemiologic observational study on heart failure in the internal medicine departments in Italy

2013 ◽  
pp. 57-64
Author(s):  
P. Biagi
Keyword(s):  
Internal Medicine ◽  
Heart Failure ◽  
Observational Study ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Correct Diagnosis ◽  
Cognitive Disorders ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Chronic Kidney Failure ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Quality Life

BACKGROUND The burden of heart failure (HF) is enormous and its prevalence increases sharply with age. It has been estimated that heart failure affects up to 3% of the general population and 10% of the elderly. It contributes to hospital admission for most of them, mainly elder adults (admitted in internal medicine units) with more than one comorbidity, cognitive disorders, impairment and so on. Despite the increasing prevalence of heart failure, its exact incidence and prevalence remain largely unknown and probably underestimated due to a lack of accurate epidemiological data and difficulties associated with comorbidities and correct diagnosis: over 40% of recurrent hospitalization causes, either cardiac or extracardiac, cannot be determined due to the lack of data. AIM OF THE STUDY The objective of this study estimated the prevalence and the primary care burden associated with comorbidities in internal medicine units. METHOD The design: a longitudinal multicentric observational study using spot analysis three data sheets were filled in during the hospital stay according to three crucial moments: enrolment (“the index day”), admission and discharge. Will be analyzed the following primary outcomes: total and cardiovascular mortality, intensive unit care admission, recurrent cardiovascular disorders, length of stay, hospital readmission, changes in activities of daily living, need for care. Second outcomes: clinical, therapeutic, instrumental and laboratory changes during the admission process. Deep analysis of the following comorbidities will be also taken into account: acute and chronic kidney failure, anaemia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, muscle loss, nutritional status, cirrhosis of the liver, neoplasms, blood cell disorders, chronic inflammatory diseases. Further evalutation items: cognitive impairment, self-sufficiency and perception of quality life.

scholarly journals Molecular Mechanisms of ZC3H12C/Reg-3 Biological Activity and Its Involvement in Psoriasis Pathology

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (14) ◽  
pp. 7311
Author(s):  
Mateusz Wawro ◽  
Jakub Kochan ◽  
Weronika Sowinska ◽  
Aleksandra Solecka ◽  
Karolina Wawro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Family Member ◽  
Cellular Localization ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
Psoriasis Patient ◽  
Genome Wide Association Studies ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Transcript Levels

The members of the ZC3H12/MCPIP/Regnase family of RNases have emerged as important regulators of inflammation. In contrast to Regnase-1, -2 and -4, a thorough characterization of Regnase-3 (Reg-3) has not yet been explored. Here we demonstrate that Reg-3 differs from other family members in terms of NYN/PIN domain features, cellular localization pattern and substrate specificity. Together with Reg-1, the most comprehensively characterized family member, Reg-3 shared IL-6, IER-3 and Reg-1 mRNAs, but not IL-1β mRNA, as substrates. In addition, Reg-3 was found to be the only family member which regulates transcript levels of TNF, a cytokine implicated in chronic inflammatory diseases including psoriasis. Previous meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies revealed Reg-3 to be among new psoriasis susceptibility loci. Here we demonstrate that Reg-3 transcript levels are increased in psoriasis patient skin tissue and in an experimental model of psoriasis, supporting the immunomodulatory role of Reg-3 in psoriasis, possibly through degradation of mRNA for TNF and other factors such as Reg-1. On the other hand, Reg-1 was found to destabilize Reg-3 transcripts, suggesting reciprocal regulation between Reg-3 and Reg-1 in the skin. We found that either Reg-1 or Reg-3 were expressed in human keratinocytes in vitro. However, in contrast to robustly upregulated Reg-1 mRNA levels, Reg-3 expression was not affected in the epidermis of psoriasis patients. Taken together, these data suggest that epidermal levels of Reg-3 are negatively regulated by Reg-1 in psoriasis, and that Reg-1 and Reg-3 are both involved in psoriasis pathophysiology through controlling, at least in part different transcripts.

scholarly journals Expression and function of Smad7 in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiping Hu ◽  
Juan He ◽  
Lianhua He ◽  
Bihua Xu ◽  
Qingwen Wang
Keyword(s):  
Posttranscriptional Regulation ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Kidney Diseases ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor Β ◽  
Negative Regulator ◽  
Signaling Mechanism ◽  
And Function

AbstractTransforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) plays a critical role in the pathological processes of various diseases. However, the signaling mechanism of TGF-β in the pathological response remains largely unclear. In this review, we discuss advances in research of Smad7, a member of the I-Smads family and a negative regulator of TGF-β signaling, and mainly review the expression and its function in diseases. Smad7 inhibits the activation of the NF-κB and TGF-β signaling pathways and plays a pivotal role in the prevention and treatment of various diseases. Specifically, Smad7 can not only attenuate growth inhibition, fibrosis, apoptosis, inflammation, and inflammatory T cell differentiation, but also promotes epithelial cells migration or disease development. In this review, we aim to summarize the various biological functions of Smad7 in autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases, cancers, and kidney diseases, focusing on the molecular mechanisms of the transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of Smad7.

scholarly journals Elucidation of the Molecular Pathways Involved in the Protective Effects of AUY-922 in LPS-Induced Inflammation in Mouse Lungs

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 522
Author(s):  
Mohammad S. Akhter ◽  
Mohammad A. Uddin ◽  
Khadeja-Tul Kubra ◽  
Nektarios Barabutis
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Intratracheal Instillation ◽  
Hsp90 Inhibitor ◽  
Molecular Pathways ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Inflammatory Pathways ◽  
Cytokines And Chemokines ◽  
The Unfolded Protein Response ◽  
Mouse Lungs

Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) cause thousands of deaths every year and are associated with high mortality rates (~40%) due to the lack of efficient therapies. Understanding the molecular mechanisms associated with those diseases will most probably lead to novel therapeutics. In the present study, we investigated the effects of the Hsp90 inhibitor AUY-922 in the major inflammatory pathways of mouse lungs. Mice were treated with LPS (1.6 mg/kg) via intratracheal instillation for 24 h and were then post-treated intraperitoneally with AUY-922 (10 mg/kg). The animals were examined 48 h after AUY-922 injection. LPS activated the TLR4-mediated signaling pathways, which in turn induced the release of different inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. AUY-922 suppressed the LPS-induced inflammation by inhibiting major pro-inflammatory pathways (e.g., JAK2/STAT3, MAPKs), and downregulated the IL-1β, IL-6, MCP-1 and TNFα. The expression levels of the redox regulator APE1/Ref1, as well as the DNA-damage inducible kinases ATM and ATR, were also increased after LPS treatment. Those effects were counteracted by AUY-922. Interestingly, this Hsp90 inhibitor abolished the LPS-induced pIRE1α suppression, a major component of the unfolded protein response. Our study elucidates the molecular pathways involved in the progression of murine inflammation and supports our efforts on the development of new therapeutics against lung inflammatory diseases and sepsis.

scholarly journals An Exon-Based Comparative Variant Analysis Pipeline to Study the Scale and Role of Frameshift and Nonsense Mutation in the Human-Chimpanzee Divergence

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
GongXin Yu
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Cell Lineage ◽  
Nonsense Mutations ◽  
Less Is More ◽  
Sequencing Errors ◽  
Evolutionary Force ◽  
Variant Analysis ◽  
Species Specific

Chimpanzees and humans are closely related but differ in many deadly human diseases and other characteristics in physiology, anatomy, and pathology. In spite of decades of extensive research, crucial questions about the molecular mechanisms behind the differences are yet to be understood. Here I reportExonVar, a novel computational pipeline forExon-based human-chimpanzee comparativeVariant analysis. The objective is to comparatively analyze mutations specifically those that caused the frameshift and nonsense mutations and to assess their scale and potential impacts on human-chimpanzee divergence. Genomewide analysis of human and chimpanzee exons withExonVaridentified a number of species-specific, exon-disrupting mutations in chimpanzees but much fewer in humans. Many were found on genes involved in important biological processes such as T cell lineage development, the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases, and antigen induced cell death. A “less-is-more” model was previously established to illustrate the role of the gene inactivation and disruptions during human evolution. Here this analysis suggested a different model where the chimpanzee-specific exon-disrupting mutations may act as additional evolutionary force that drove the human-chimpanzee divergence. Finally, the analysis revealed a number of sequencing errors in the chimpanzee and human genome sequences and further illustrated that they could be corrected without resequencing.

Pathogenetic molecular mechanisms of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps associated with asthma

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-19
Author(s):  
O. M. Kurbacheva ◽  
M. E. Dyneva ◽  
I. P. Shilovskiy ◽  
E. L. Savlevich ◽  
V. I. Kovchina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Rhinosinusitis ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Nasal Polyps ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Compensatory Mechanism ◽  
Local Immunity ◽  
Polyp Tissue ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

The combination of bronchial asthma (BA) and chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is currently considered a separate phenotype wit1 dysregulation of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines as one of t1e leading causes of inflammation. The aim of this study was to investigate the local and systemic inflammatory process in patients with BA associated with CRSwNP. Methods. The study enrolled 96 volunteers divided into 4 groups: the 1st was healthy control (Normal); the 2nd had allergic BA associated with CRSwNP; the 3rd had nonallergic BA associated with CRSwNP; the 4th had CRSwNP without BA. All participants of the study underwent clinical, laboratory, instrumental, and histological examinations. The expression of il-1β, il-4, il-,5 il-6, il-13, il-37, il-17f, ifn-γ, tnf-α and tgf-β genes was assessed in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells - PBMC and in the polyp tissue using RT-PCR. We also estimated the expression of tslp, il-25 and il-33 in the polyp tissue and expression of GATA3 and RORgt transcription factors in PBMC. Results. The pathogenesis of BA associated with CRSwNP is characterized by the dys-regulation of the local pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines of the Th1-, Th2-, Th17- immune response. Moreover, the high expression of il-37 gene in patients with BA associated with CRSwNP, and especially in patients with not-allergic BA associated with CRSwNP, probably indicates the «inclusion» of the compensatory mechanism. In addition, BA associated with CRSwNP is characterized by severe course of both diseases. A nonallergic BA associated with CRSwNP is characterized by more pronounced eosinophilic inflammation, which is an unfavorable prognostic factor. Conclusion. Thus, a comparison of the levels of local and systemic cytokine expression in patients with BA associated with CRSwNP led to the conclusion that CRSwNP affects the local immunity more than systemic immunity. However, the latter is affected to some extent in the long-term as well.

INFECTIOUS AND INFLAMMATORY COMPLICATIONSIN OPHTHALMOLOGYAMID COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 40-44
Author(s):  
Khalidjan Kamilov ◽  
◽  
Munirakhon Kasimova ◽  
Gavkhar Khamraeva ◽  
Manzurakhon Rizaeva
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Sinus Thrombosis ◽  
Correct Diagnosis ◽  
Secondary Glaucoma ◽  
Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis ◽  
Optic Nerve Atrophy ◽  
Ocular Complications ◽  
Adequate Treatment ◽  
Infectious Disease Specialists ◽  
Corneal Penetration

Inflammatory complications of the organ of vision in the time of COVID-19 can be manifested as conjunctivitis, scleritis, episcleritis, keratitis, uveitis and optic neuritis. It is essential to collect anamnesis, examine the blood for the presence of COVID 19 and treat these patients with the help of infectious disease specialists. Correct diagnosis of inflammatory ocular complications in the presence of COVID 19 makes it possible to prevent ocular complications, such as: ulcers and corneal penetration; fusion and overgrowth of the pupil,which leadto secondary glaucoma; endoophthalmitis, panophthalmitis and optic nerve atrophy. Timely intensive medical care and adequate treatment of these complications lead to a decrease in disability in this category of patients.Keywords:Ophthalmology, COVID-19,complications, ulcers, endoophthalmitis, panophthalmitis, gastrointestinal tract, cavernous sinus thrombosis

Iron deficiency anaemia due to constitutional menorrhagia as a risk factor of infectious and inflammatory diseases and use of phytotherapeutic medicines for its treatment

2020 ◽  
pp. 51-59
Author(s):  
Yulia Ivanovna Кorshikova
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Iron Deficiency Anaemia ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Women Of Childbearing Age ◽  
Childbearing Age ◽  
Nonspecific Resistance ◽  
Deficiency Anaemia ◽  
Prophylactic Agent ◽  
Clinical Observations

The article presents clinical observations proving the importance of constitutional menorrhagia in the iron-deficiency anaemia genesis and a decrease in nonspecific resistance in women of childbearing age, as well as relevant use of phytotherapy method as a therapeutic and prophylactic agent.

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