scholarly journals The Definition of Digital Criminalistics as the Origin of a Misleading Direction in Science. Part 2

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 25-33
Author(s):  
Oleg S. Kuchin ◽  
◽  
Yaroslava O. Kuchina ◽  

Purpose. To compare and analyze the trend of appearance of the pseudo-term ‘digital criminology’ in the science of criminology and prove that this is incorrect. Methodology: induction, deduction, synthesis, analysis, formal legal method, comparative legal method, logical method. Conclusions. The evolution of methods of committing crimes and instruments of crime does not always require the evolution of the science of criminology and the emergence of its varieties. You just have to assess the prospects of extrapolative ways and methods of proving the circumstances of the crimes in the era of digitalization of social relations, in terms of the provisions of modern criminal law and only criminal-legal research unit. The definition of ‘digital criminalistics’, which has recently appeared in science, actually misleads the scientific community with its novelty and originality, since such criminalistics in nature does not exist a priori. It is necessary to speak only about forensic or expert research of carriers of digital (electronic or computer) information. In criminalistics, it is logical to develop a new direction-the forensic study of electronic media of digital information and the use of computer expertise in establishing all the circumstances of the crime committed. And this is just a new section of forensic technology, studying a new subject of research for this naki. Here, the traditional forensic methodology should be applied, which will be aimed ‘atlinking’ the electronic carrier of digital information and the digital information itself to a specific crime and to a specific person. Scientific and practical significance. The research is aimed at orienting forensic theory and practice towards the study of specific objects and contributes to the fact that all these studies are further applicable to the practice of crime investigation, and not only for theoretical purposes.

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 20-29
Author(s):  
Oleg S. Kuchin ◽  
◽  
Yaroslava O. Kuchina ◽  

Purpose. To compare and analyze the trend of appearance of the pseudo-term “digital criminology” in the science of criminology and prove that this is incorrect. Methodology: induction, deduction, synthesis, analysis, formal legal method, comparative legal method, logical method. Conclusions. The evolution of methods of committing crimes and instruments of crime does not always require the evolution of the science of criminology and the emergence of its varieties. You just have to assess the prospects of extrapolative ways and methods of proving the circumstances of the crimes in the era of digitalization of social relations, in terms of the provisions of modern criminal law and only criminal-legal research unit. The definition of “digital criminalistics”, which has recently appeared in science, actually misleads the scientific community with its novelty and originality, since such criminalistics in nature does not exist a priori. It is necessary to speak only about forensic or expert research of carriers of digital (electronic or computer) information. In criminalistics, it is logical to develop a new direction-the forensic study of electronic media of digital information and the use of computer expertise in establishing all the circumstances of the crime committed. And this is just a new section of forensic technology, studying a new subject of research for this naki. Here, the traditional forensic methodology should be applied, which will be aimed “atlinking” the electronic carrier of digital information and the digital information itself to a specific crime and to a specific person. Scientific and practical significance. The research is aimed at orienting forensic theory and practice towards the study of specific objects and contributes to the fact that all these studies are further applicable to the practice of crime investigation, and not only for theoretical purposes.


Author(s):  
Liudmyla Havryliuk ◽  
Valentyna Drozd ◽  
Olena Nenia ◽  
Anatolii Kyslyi ◽  
Andrii Niebytov

The aim of the article is to analyze theoretical and methodological provisions related to the definition of directions and principles of implementation of a systematic approach to the use of optical research methods, in particular micro-objects. Subject of research is substantiation and formulation of the classification characteristics of such systematic approach, considering the requirements of forensic techniques. Methodology: The study applies such methods of scientific knowledge as dialectical method, system and structural method, logic and legal method, methods of systematic analysis, logical method. Research results: The article studies the problematic issues of a systematic approach to the choice of scientific and technical methods and means for micro-object examination. Practical consequences: The authors argue that optical methods of the micro-object examination require classifying and systematizing to provide a holistic view of their potentials, as well as the nature of the information that can be obtained about the object being examined. Value / originality: The analysis of clarified classification characteristics and requirements for examination methods in forensic science enables to propose the algorithm of the systemic approach to the creation of the open system classification of methods of micro-object examination and to make justified conclusions.


2020 ◽  
pp. 95-102
Author(s):  
О.В. Гончарук ◽  
Ю.Е. Путихин

В статье с позиций общего методологического анализа понятия «устойчивость» обоснована теоретическая и практическая значимость использования понятия «устойчивость финансовой системы региона», проанализированы подходы к раскрытию особенностей понятий финансовой устойчивости нефинансовых организаций, банков и страховых компаний, проанализированы подходы к определению понятия финансовой системы страны/ региона и ее структуры. В качестве основополагающего для целей анализа устойчивости финансовой системы региона выбран подход, в рамках которого финансовая система региона рассматривается как совокупность взаимодействующих и взаимосвязанных между собой таких секторов как сектор государственных и муниципальных финансов, финансовый сектор региона, региональный сектор корпоративных и личных финансов. Показана неравномерность развития отдельных институтов финансового сектора Российской Федерации и проанализированы основные показатели развития секторов финансовой системы страны за период 2016-2020 гг. Изложены методические подходы Банка России к исследованию финансовой стабильности. Предложено авторское определение «устойчивость финансовой системы региона» и совокупность параметров и показателей для оценки устойчивости секторов финансовой системы региона. The article substantiates the theoretical and practical significance of using the concept of "stability of the financial system of the region" from the standpoint of a general methodological analysis of the concept of "stability", analyzes approaches to revealing the features of the concepts of financial stability of non-financial organizations, banks and insurance companies, analyzes approaches to defining the concept of the financial system of a country / region and its structure; as a fundamental approach for the purposes of analyzing the stability of the financial system of the region, the approach is chosen in which the financial system of the region is considered as a set of interacting and interconnected sectors: the sector of state and municipal finance, the financial sector of the region, the regional sector of corporate and personal finance. The uneven development of individual institutions of the financial sector of the Russian Federation is shown and the main indicators of the development of the country's financial system sectors for the period 2016-2020 are analyzed. The methodological approaches of the Bank of Russia to the study of financial stability are described. The author's definition of "stability of the financial system of the region" and a set of parameters and indicators for assessing the stability of the financial system sectors of the region are proposed.


Retos ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 131-137
Author(s):  
Evgen Kharytonov ◽  
Olena Kharytonova ◽  
Anatoliy Kostruba ◽  
Maxym Tkalych ◽  
Yuliia Tolmachevska

Sport is a unique area of social relations, which is officially autonomous and ruled not only and not so much by national law, but to a greater extent – by the rules of sports organizations. Due to the fact that sport has an autonomous character, which, in particular, is characterized by the presence of various regulatory sources that comprehensively affect the relevant social relations, the concept of a unique "sports legal order" is now beginning to take shape. The study aims to analyze social relations in the field of sport and the peculiarities of their regulation. Moreover, the research methodology includes a set of methods of scientific cognition, among which are the methods of analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, formal-logical method, historical method and comparative legal method. Regulation of relations in the field of sports is significantly different from the regulation of other social relations. The presence of such features gives grounds for sports officials to declare the special status of the field of sports and the need to remove it from the general legal order. As a result of the study, the authors of the article came to the conclusion that modern sport has an autonomous status and is a special area of legal and non-legal regulation, which has the characteristics of an independent legal order. At the same time, it is too early to claim the existence of a full-fledged “sports legal order”. Resumen. El deporte es un área única de las relaciones sociales, que es oficialmente autónoma y se rige no solo y no tanto por la legislación nacional, sino en mayor medida, por las reglas de las organizaciones deportivas. Debido a que el deporte tiene un carácter autónomo, que, en particular, se caracteriza por la presencia de diversas fuentes regulatorias que inciden de manera integral en las relaciones sociales relevantes, comienza a tomar forma el concepto de un “orden jurídico deportivo” único. El estudio tiene como objetivo analizar las relaciones sociales en el ámbito del deporte y las peculiaridades de su regulación. Además, la metodología de investigación incluye un conjunto de métodos de cognición científica, entre los que se encuentran los métodos de análisis, síntesis, inducción, deducción, método lógico-formal, método histórico y método jurídico comparado. La regulación de las relaciones en el campo del deporte es significativamente diferente de la regulación de otras relaciones sociales. La presencia de tales características da motivos para que los oficiales deportivos declaren el estatus especial del campo de los deportes y la necesidad de eliminarlo del orden legal general. Como resultado del estudio, los autores del artículo llegaron a la conclusión de que el deporte moderno tiene un estatus autónomo y es un área especial de regulación legal y no legal, que tiene las características de un orden legal independiente. Al mismo tiempo, es demasiado pronto para afirmar la existencia de un “orden jurídico deportivo” en toda regla.


2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 200
Author(s):  
Eliesér Toretta Zen ◽  
Douglas Christian Ferrari de Mello

Objetivamos analisar, a partir de estudos bibliográficos, as relações sociais capitalistas, Estado ampliado e formação humana a partir do pensamento de Antonio Gramsci. Fizemos um estudo bibliográfico a partir do referencial teórico de Gramsci e de seus principais intérpretes. O estudo revelou, que para Gramsci, o Estado não é visto como algo monolítico, sem contradições internas. As frações do bloco no poder estão presentes no Estado, nos seus aparelhos e órgãos e na definição de políticas. As contradições que os acompanham também se apresentam no Estado. Assim, o Estado é um campo de disputas entre as classes fundamentais pela conquista da hegemonia. A escola unitária, promovendo a formação humana onilateral é fundamental para as classes subalternas na construção da nova hegemonia e, por sua vez, de um projeto alternativo de sociedade e de educação. Na escola unitária se realizará a união entre trabalho intelectual e manual, teoria e prática, formação profissional e formação geral, o especialista e o político, preparando as classes subalternas para as funções de direção, de governante, de especialista e de direção política, colocando-as em condições de dispor do Estado a serviço do bem comum.Palavras-chave: Gramsci. Estado ampliado. Formação humana. A proposal of human formation as a field of dispute for the enlarged state within the capitalist system: gramscian notes.ABSTRACTWe aim to analyze, from bibliographical studies, the capitalist social relations, expanded State and human formation based on the thought of Antonio Gramsci. We outlined a bibliographical study based on Gramsci’s theoretical background and his main interprets. The study disclosed that, for Gramsci, the State is not seen as something monolithic, without any internal contradictions, the fractions of the block in power are present in the State, in its apparatuses, organs and in the definition of policies. The contradictions that follow them also appear in the State. Thus, the State is a fi eld of disputes between the fundamental classes for the conquest of hegemony. The unitary school, promoting the unilateral human formation, is fundamental for the subaltern classes in the construction of the new hegemony and, on the other hand, an alternative project of society and education. In the unitary school will happen the union between intellectual and manual labor, theory and practice, professional and general formation, the specialist and the political, preparing the subaltern classes for the functions of management, of governor, of specialist and of political direction, placing them in conditions of disposing the State and in order to common good.Keywords: Gramsci. Expanded state. Human formation. Una propuesta de formación humana como campo de disputa por el estado ampliado dentro del sistema capitalista: apuntes gramscianos. RESUMENObjetivamos analizar, a partir de estudios bibliográficos, las relaciones sociales capitalistas, Estado ampliado y formación humana a partir del pensamiento de Antonio Gramsci. Hemos hecho un estudio bibliográfico a partir del referencial teórico de Gramsci y de sus principales intérpretes. El estudio reveló, que para Gramsci, el Estado no es visto como algo monolítico, sin contradicciones internas. Las fracciones del bloque en el poder están presentes en el Estado, en sus aparatos y órganos y en la definición de políticas. Las contradicciones que los acompañan también se presentan en el Estado. Así, el Estado es un campo de disputas entre las clases fundamentales por la conquista de la hegemonía. La escuela unitaria, promoviendo la formación humana omnilateral es fundamental para las clases subalternas en la construcción de la nueva hegemonía y, a su vez, de un proyecto alternativo de sociedad y de educación. En la escuela unitaria se realizará la unión entre trabajo intelectual y manual, teoría y práctica, formación profesional y formación general, el especialista y el político, preparando las clases subalternas para las funciones de dirección, de gobernante, de especialista y de dirección política, colocando-las en condiciones de disponer del Estado al servicio del bien común.Palabras clave: Gramsci. Estado ampliado. Formación humana.


2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-26
Author(s):  
Sergey Bardash ◽  
Tatiana Osadcha

Urgency of the research is due to the fact that social control is an integral and comprehensive component of any society. The development of theoretical, methodological and practical foundations of social control and the application of its cognitive tools in the transformation of consciousness and participation in the development of a democratic society on the basis of sustainability is of paramount importance. The research activity of scientists in studying philosophical, social, legal, economic, educational and other aspects of control as a complex polymorphic phenomenon is due to the fact that social relations are certainly an important component of the economy at all levels. However, the social mechanism for regulating economic systems at various levels remains ineffective. The purpose and the objective of the research are to prove the importance of social control in the sphere of economic management and to determine its theoretical foundations. The research methodology consists in the dialectical method of understanding the essence of social control and assessing its importance in the sphere of economic management; general scientific methods of analysis, abstraction, induction and deduction, synthesis and generalization are used to substantiate the basic theoretical provisions, the formation of the conceptual framework of social control in the sphere of economic management, the formulation of conclusions. The most significant scientific results are as follows: proving the importance of public control in the sphere of economic management, recognizing it as an indispensable element of the social mechanism for the development of economic systems at all levels of the economy; defining its theoretical foundations: the scope of application, object, matter, subject, forms and results. The practical significance of the research is to determine the vector of control development in the sphere of economic management – compliance with standards that affect the economic interest and determine economic behaviour. Value/originality. The results obtained can be considered as forming the concept of behavioural control in the sphere of economic management and create new grounds for developing the theory and practice of social audit as well as reviewing the paradigm of economic management control.


Legal Concept ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 33-42
Author(s):  
Denis Appazov ◽  
Yulia Tymchuk

Introduction: the paper analyzes the prospects for creating a regulatory framework for the digital platforms in Russia. The paper examines the existing approaches to the definition of “digital platform” in the legislation and legal doctrine, determines their role in the implementation of the state policy on building a digital economy, as well as the factors that led to their accelerated implementation in public administration. A critical analysis of the actions planned in the National plan that ensure the restoration of employment and income of the population, economic growth and long-term structural changes in the economy associated with digital platformization is carried out. The paper reveals the existing problems in the domestic law enforcement practice related to the functioning of the digital platforms in the context of legal uncertainty. The paper examines the foreign experience of the legislative regulation of digital platforms. Methods: in the study, the authors used both the general scientific methods (dialectical method of cognition, analysis, synthesis, formal logical method, prognostic method, etc.) and the specific scientific methods (formal legal method, method of legal interpretation, etc.). Results: the need to create a regulatory framework for the digital platforms in order to eliminate the identified problems of the law enforcement practice is justified. Conclusions: based on the results of the study and taking into account the analysis of the positive foreign experience, the authors’ definition of the concept of digital (online) platform is formulated, and the main directions for improving the domestic legislation regulating the activities of the digital platforms in Russia are determined.


2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 100-122
Author(s):  
Yuriy Truntsevsky ◽  
Vyacheslav Sevalnev

The purpose of the present article is to gain an understanding of the opportunities and difficulties created by the introduction and development of the practice of network (smart) contracts. Our research methodology is based on a holistic set of principles and methods of scholarly analysis employed by modern legal science. It uses a dialectical method involving both general approaches (structural system method, formal logical method, analysis and synthesis of individual elements, individual features of concepts, abstraction, generalization, etc.) and particular methods (legal technical, systematic, comparative, historical, and grammatical methods, method of the unity of theory and practice, etc.). We analyze the views of lawyers and other specialists from Russia and abroad, legislative innovations in the field of digital technologies, the practice of blockchain-based smart contracts, and the main risks (whether legal, technological, operational, or criminogenic) of smart contracts for economic activities with a study of their causes. In the present-day situation, it is necessary to move from the legal definition of the smart contract and its legal and technological characteristics, advantages and disadvantages to the implementation of startups in a wide range of areas, especially business, public regulation, and social relations. Scholarly and information support for such processes will contribute to the development of industry, public administration and digital technology applications to improve the life of individual citizens and society as a whole. The introduction of smart contracts does not require the adoption of new laws or regulations. Instead, one should adapt and, possibly, modify existing legal principles at the legislative and judicial levels to pave the way for the use of smart contracts and other new technologies. The system of contract law provides a sufficient framework for regulating transactions without the introduction of any new legal categories. We propose approaches to the legal definition of the smart contract and identify a set of problems that must be solved at the legislative and technical legal levels in order to implement smart contracts effectively in different spheres of life.


Author(s):  
Станіслав Сібаров

The article reveals the need for a systematic study of the origin of the author's school in the context of socio-cultural, economic, and integration changes taking place in Ukraine. The study showed that in recent decades there has been a need to clarify the general principles of approach to the definition of such a concept as “author's school”. There was also the question of developing methods of systematic and holistic analysis of those processes that are characteristic of the development of pedagogical teaching, namely the problems that arise in the interpretation of certain definitions. The study of sources confirmed that the current stage of education development in Ukraine is characterized by an intensive search for new in the theory and practice of learning based on creativity. This is due to the fact that the general education system no longer meets the requirements of today in the post-industrial civilization, it cannot eliminate the contradiction between the focus on learning a significant amount of knowledge and the rapidly growing flow of new information, total unification, and standardization of the educational system. Education that requires new approaches, the organization of new author's schools. Thus, having built research as a system of clearly subordinated categories, concepts and provisions, we can, taking into account all the methodological problems of modern pedagogy, succeed and get the scientific novelty of the work of its scientific component (theory and practice). Analysis of the current situation regarding the formation of the terminological system of the concept of “author's school” showed that a clear categorical-conceptual apparatus makes it possible to clearly present the results of scientific research, use them appropriately, and justify their theoretical and practical significance.


Author(s):  
M.M. Voronov

The article highlights the conceptual vision of the role and place of the headman in the system of local self-government in Ukraine, provides a comprehensive description of its formal and material criteria. The idea of ​​allocating two stages of legislative regulation of this institute is substantiated. The first stage: February 2015 - July 2020. The second stage: July 2020 - to the present. It is emphasized that in the current municipal legislation of Ukraine there are low legal gaps that do not allow to establish a transparent procedure for selection of candidates for the post of mayor, as well as a clear procedure for approval of the mayor at the session of the council. Attention is drawn to the fact that during this period the procedure for appointment to the position of headman has changed significantly - from direct elections to local elections to approval at a session of the local council on the proposals of the relevant chairman. Some dynamics of legal regulation of social relations of the institute of headmеn is due to attempts to find the optimal format of such an institution in the system of checks and balances in the quadrangle: villagers, settlements - council - the corresponding chairman - the headman. It is noted that the headman should be a true representative of the interests of residents in relations with the relevant chairman and representative body of local government. At the same time, among the topical issues of the legal status of the head should be the definition of his place in the structure of executive bodies of local self-government (I believe that it is necessary to leave a guaranteed place in the executive committee of the local council). Attention is drawn to the need to establish a clear and transparent procedure for selecting candidates for the post of headman. Clear criteria must be developed and approved for the objective selection of candidates and their public discussion before approval. Proposals are made that qualitative and quantitative criteria for the formation of headmеn`s districts should be enshrined in the current legislation of Ukraine. It is noted that special attention should be paid to the professional and personal qualities of headman, the process of its training and retraining, advanced training of headman as an effective representative of the interests of residents. Addressing such issues will contribute to the formation of a balanced system of local self-government in the village, town and city.


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