scholarly journals Effets De L’extrait Aqueux Du Moringa Oleifera Sur L’abondance Des Oocystes De Protozoaires Intestinaux Des , Usées D’origine Hospitalière À Yaoundé-Cameroun

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (43) ◽  
pp. 58
Author(s):  
Tsomene Namekong Pierre ◽  
AJeagah Gideon Aghaindum ◽  
Fotseu Kouam. Arnold ◽  
Asi Quiggle Atud Atud ◽  
Okoa Amougou Thérèse Nadège ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Moringa Oleifera ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Cryptosporidium Spp ◽  
Sarcocystis Spp

L’accès à l’eau potable demeure une très grande préoccupation en Afrique sub-saharienne, plus particulièrement dans les agglomérations où les populations sont confrontées à la pollution, l’insuffisance d’hygiène d’assainissement et au manque de méthodes appropriées de traitement à l’échelle familiale. De ce fait, l’intégration de procédés biologiques de traitement des eaux pourrait être une alternative durable dans l’amélioration de la qualité des eaux de boisson et des eaux déversées dans l’environnement après usage. La présente étude menée de juin 2019 à avril 2020 porte sur l’optimisation de l’efficacité des feuilles de Moringa oleifera dans le traitement des eaux usées d’origine hospitalière. Ces eaux ont été traitées avec différentes concentrations (100mg/l, 200mg/l, 300mg/l, 400mg/l, 500mg/L et 600mg/l) de l’extrait aqueux de Moringa oleifera. Le suivi des paramètres physicochimiques et parasitologiques à différents temps de décantation a permis de déterminer les conditions optimales et d’évaluer l’efficacité des traitements. Il en ressort qu’en fonction des caractéristiques des eaux, les temps de décantation compris entre 24-36 h sont apparus suffisants pour éliminer la presque totalité des matières en suspension et des colloïdes. Pour le même temps de décantation, l’abattement parasitologique était en moyenne de l’ordre de 99 % pour Isospora spp, 94 % pour Cryptosporidium spp, 98 % pour Cyclospora spp et 96 % pour les oocystes de Sarcocystis spp. Au cours du traitement, la baisse de certains paramètres physicochimiques tels que la réduction des teneurs en matières organique biodégradables exprimée par l’oxydabilité et la hausse d’autres paramètres comme le pH, la conductivité électrique et des Solide Totaux Dissout ont facilité la réduction des parasites durant le traitement. Ces résultats indiquent qu’en fonction des concentrations initiales, le traitement des eaux brutes avec l’extrait aqueux des feuillets de Moringa oleifera améliore considérablement la qualité des eaux. Access to safe drinking water remains a major concern in sub-Saharan Africa, especially in urban areas where people are confronted with pollution, poor hygiene, inadequate sanitation and lack of appropriate treatment methods at the household level. Therefore, the integration of biological water treatment processes could be a sustainable alternative in improving the quality of drinking water and water discharged into the environment after use. The present study conducted from June 2019 to April 2020 focuses on optimising the efficiency of Moringa oleifera leaves in the treatment of hospital wastewater. These waters were treated with different concentrations (100mg/l, 200mg/l, 300mg/l, 400mg/l, 500mg/L and 600mg/l) of the aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera. The monitoring of physico-chemical and parasitological parameters at different decantation times made it possible to determine the optimal conditions and to evaluate the effectiveness of the treatments. The results showed that, depending on the characteristics of the water, settling times between 24-36 hours appeared to be sufficient to eliminate almost all the suspended matter and colloids. For the same settling time, parasitological removal was on average around 99% for Isospora spp, 94% for Cryptosporidium spp, 98% for Cyclospora spp and 96% for Sarcocystis spp oocysts. During the treatment the decrease values of some physicochemical parameters such as the reduction of biodegradable organic matter content expressed by oxidability and the increase of other parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity and Total Dissolved Solids facilitated the reduction of parasites during the treatment. These results indicate that, depending on the initial concentrations, treatment of raw water with the aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera leaflets significantly improves water quality.

scholarly journals Inequalities in microbial contamination of drinking water supplies in urban areas: the case of Lilongwe, Malawi

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 851-863 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akosua Sarpong Boakye-Ansah ◽  
Giuliana Ferrero ◽  
Maria Rusca ◽  
Pieter van der Zaag
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Microbial Contamination ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Faecal Contamination ◽  
Household Level

Over past decades strategies for improving access to drinking water in cities of the Global South have mainly focused on increasing coverage, while water quality has often been overlooked. This paper focuses on drinking water quality in the centralized water supply network of Lilongwe, the capital of Malawi. It shows how microbial contamination of drinking water is unequally distributed to consumers in low-income (unplanned areas) and higher-income neighbourhoods (planned areas). Microbial contamination and residual disinfectant concentration were measured in 170 water samples collected from in-house taps in high-income areas and from kiosks and water storage facilities in low-income areas between November 2014 and January 2015. Faecal contamination (Escherichia coli) was detected in 10% of the 40 samples collected from planned areas, in 59% of the 64 samples collected from kiosks in the unplanned areas and in 75% of the 32 samples of water stored at household level. Differences in water quality in planned and unplanned areas were found to be statistically significant at p < 0.05. Finally, the paper shows how the inequalities in microbial contamination of drinking water are produced by decisions both on the development of the water supply infrastructure and on how this is operated and maintained.

scholarly journals Study of acute diarrhoea among preschool children from below poverty line families of Lucknow district, North India

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (9) ◽  
pp. 4012
Author(s):  
Khalid Mohammad ◽  
Pratibha Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Preschool Children ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
Acute Diarrhoea ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
North India ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Diarrheal Illness

Background: Acute diarrheal illness remains one of the major causes of childhood morbidity and mortality especially among children under five in developing countries. Many of the risk factors for contracting diarrheal illnesses are associated with poverty, such as lacking access to safe water and sanitation, poor hygiene practices and unsafe human waste disposal. Objective of the study was to know the prevalence of acute diarrhoea and find out certain associated risk factors among preschool children from below poverty line family of Lucknow district.Methods: A community based cross sectional study was conducted using multistage sampling in rural and urban areas of Lucknow district from August, 2012 to July, 2013. Total 352 children aged 12-47 months from Below Poverty Line families were enrolled in this study. Mothers were interviewed after taking informed consent on pretested predesigned questionnaire.Results: A total of 352 children were participated in this study, of which 75 were suffering from acute diarrhea, thus giving a two-week prevalence of 21.3%. The main risk factors for acute diarrheal illness were found to be Unimproved/no toilet facility, unsafe disposal of children stool, having piped water supply, storage of drinking water at household level, not received complimentary feeding within specified period and no vitamin A supplementation.Conclusions: Approximately one-fifth of the children included in the study reported diarrheal disease. Building toilets and providing safe drinking water at the household level, interventions through effective health education of the community regarding appropriate complimentary feeding and immunization practices may reduce the burden of diarrhoea among these children.

scholarly journals POTENTIAL HEALTH IMPACT OF DRINKING WATER SOURCES: CASE STUDY FROM SERBIA

2021 ◽  
pp. 011
Author(s):  
Vesna Lazarević ◽  
Miodrag Đorđević ◽  
Nataša Đorđević ◽  
Nikola Igić ◽  
Ana Stojković ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Potassium Permanganate ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Supply Systems

Drinking water quality has a direct impact on the health of the population and is the main indicator of environmental sanitation and hygienic living conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the quality of drinking water from three water supply systems in Serbia.The retrospective descriptive study was done covering the period between 2011 and 2015. We collected data from control water supply systems in three towns and tested the samples as required by the Regulation on the Hygienic Acceptability of Potable Water. The following indicators of water security were analyzed: ammonia, nitrates, nitrites, consumption of potassium permanganate, organic matter content, pH and electroconductivity. The microbiological quality was determined by analyzing the indicators of fecal contamination, Escherichia coli, Enterococci and Salmonellae, using the membrane filtration method.The most frequent parameters of physical-chemical insecurity of water were a high concentration of ammonia, lower pH levels, and increased consumption of potassium permanganate. The most common detected microbes were aerobic mesophilic bacteria which are not significant from the aspect of human health.These results showed that drinking water could pose a potential risk to local consumers. 

scholarly journals Effectiveness of Vermicomposting in Management of Organic Wastes using Eisenia foetida and Perionyx favatus in Central Zoo Jawalakhel, Nepal

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 92-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meghnath Dhimal ◽  
Ishan Gautam ◽  
Reshma Tuladhar
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Organic Waste ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Eisenia Foetida ◽  
Huge Amount ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Microbiological Parameters ◽  
Short Time

Management of Zoo wastes has been increasing problem in urban areas. The major part of the Zoo waste is organic material contributing from animal dungs, garbage and litter which can be converted into fertile compost. We used the vermicomposting techniques for converting the elephant dung, rhino dung, garbage and litter into compost in relatively short time compared to traditional method of composting. The physico-chemical and microbiological parameters of thus prepared compost were tested adopting standard scientific methods. The analysis showed that pH, organic matter content, moisture content, nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium and (Carbon:Nitrogen) C: N value are appropriate for utilizing in the farming. Thus vermicomposting is one of the viable options for converting huge amount of organic waste into high quality compost effectively. J. Nat. Hist. Mus. Vol. 27, 2013: 92-106

NOM increase in drinking water reservoirs - relevance for drinking water production

2004 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 55-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Korth ◽  
C. Fiebiger ◽  
K. Bornmann ◽  
W. Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Humic Substances ◽  
Elimination Rate ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Water Reservoirs ◽  
Treated Water ◽  
Drinking Water Production ◽  
The Impact

In the last 10–15 years in some German drinking water reservoirs an increase in the NOM (natural organic matter) content has occurred. The impact of such a change on the drinking water quality was almost unknown. A research project was carried out at several drinking water reservoirs and water works concerning the change in the NOM quality and the nutrient situation. The results indicate that the NOM increase in the reservoir is predominately caused by an increasing input of high and intermediate molecular weight humic substances from the catchment area into the reservoir. The fractions of the polysaccharides and the high molecular weight humic substances are significantly reduced in the treatment process. In contrast, the elimination rate for the substances with an intermediate and low molecular weight was low. Due to the low elimination rate particularly of the intermediate humic fraction, the NOM content of the treated water increased with the change in the raw water. Furthermore, the BDOC of the treated water increased with the NOM content. For the AOC of the treated water no relationship was found with the NOM content. However, the change of this parameter was affected by the snowmelt and the circulation in the reservoir.

scholarly journals Análise Geoquímica dos Sedimentos de Fundo do Arroio do Salso, Porto Alegre - RS - Brasil

2004 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 39 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARIA CRISTINA CERVEIRA SOARES ◽  
ANA MARIA PIMENTEL MIZUSAKI ◽  
TERESINHA GUERRA ◽  
MARIA LÍDIA VIGNOL
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Contamination Factor ◽  
Mineralogical Composition ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Minor Amount ◽  
Bed Load ◽  
Porto Alegre ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Al Content

This paper presents the results of a study performed on bedload samples from the Salso Creek in the Porto Alegre City (Rio Grande do Sul State) rural area where agricultural and pastoral activities are carried out within urban areas. Sediment sampling took place on the 16th September 2001 (winter) and 21th January 2002 (summer), at five sites along the Salso Creek. The Salso Creek bed load changes from granules and pebbles (upstream reaches), through coarse- to medium-grained sand (mid reaches) to fine-to very fine-grained sand in the Salso Creek mouth region. Organic matter content increases throughout the summer low discharge due to the accumulation of the suspended load on the creek bed surface. Grains larger then 0.062 mm feature the following estimated mineralogical composition: feldspar (55-50%), quartz (30-40%), opaque (5-10%) and acessory (5-10%) minerals. Among the finegrained sediments (< 0.062 mm) kaolinite dominates being followed by a minor amount of muscovite/illite as well as quartz, feldspar and smectite traces. The chemical composition of the fine-grained sediments reveals that, among the major (Al, Fe, Mn, Ca, Mg, Na and K) and trace (Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) analyzed elements, the Al content is high, probably a result of the kaolinite-rich (Al4(Si4O10)(OH)8) composition of the fine-grained fraction. GeoAccumulation Index calculation shows no significant accumulation of any of the analyzed elements within the finegrained fraction, hence indicating slightly to moderately polluted sediments. On the other hand Contamination Factor computation for the sediments fine-grained fraction pointed out a Cu, Ni and Zn enrichment, indicating considerable to high contamination, especially for those places directly under domestic sewerage influence. These elements are probably being concentrated in the fine-grained fraction of the bed load.

scholarly journals Compuestos Fenólicos obtenidos del subproducto de Persea americana Mill. para la reducción de Materia Orgánica del efluente de una industria de curtido de Tayassu pecari

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 7163-7181
Author(s):  
Carmen Sonia Moreno Roque ◽  
Teresa Cano De Terrones
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Total Phenolic Content ◽  
Phenolic Content ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Persea Americana ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Tayassu Pecari ◽  
Freeze Dried

Se evaluó la acción de los compuestos fenólicos para la remoción de materia orgánica en efluentes de una curtiembre. El estudio se llevo a cabo utilizando aguas residuales, generadas durante el curtido de la piel de Tayassu pecari (huangana) de una curtiembre ubicada en el Parque Industrial de Arequipa-Perú. Para los experimentos se utilizo los extractos liofilizados obtenidos, de las semillas de Persea americana c. v. Zutano (palta). Las semillas, se obtuvieron de frutos maduros de (Persea americana Mill.) c. v., Zutano (materia seca de 27 %), extraídas con metanol al 70 %, etanol al 70 % acetona al 70 % y agua; en proporción de 1:4 y empleando temperaturas de 25 °C y 45 °C. Fueron concentrados a presiones reducidas, liofilizados y almacenados a 4 °C, hasta su aplicación. Todas las extracciones se realizaron por triplicado. El contenido fenólico total, fue determinado por el método de Folin Ciocalteau. Los mayores valores corresponden al extracto acetónico y acuoso liofilizado con un contenido fenólico total de 291,53 ±11,54 mg EAG/g y de 284,76±86,17mg EAG/g respectivamente. El material liofilizado del extracto acuoso redujo el contenido de materia orgánica en un 56,7% y el acetónico, en 56,9% expresado como mg de O2/L (Demanda Química de oxígeno DQO) en las condiciones ensayadas, siendo el pH y el tipo de extracto significativos estadísticamente en el tratamiento experimental. Las condiciones óptimas para la reducción de materia orgánica, dadas por el modelo ajustado permiten estimar porcentajes de remoción de 53,4 % y 60,9 % para cuando se aplique el extracto acuoso y acetónico respectivamente. Los resultados ponen de manifiesto, el uso potencial de los extractos fenólicos presentes en las semillas de palta (aguacate), para ser empleadas con éxito en el tratamiento de efluentes con elevado contenido de materia orgánica, siendo el extracto acuoso, el que presenta mayores ventajas debido a la baja dosis empleado y al pH.   The action of phenolic compounds for the removal of organic matter in tannery effluents was evaluated. The study was carried out using wastewater generated during the tanning of the skin of Tayassu pecari (huangana) from a tannery located in the Industrial Park of Arequipa-Peru. Freeze-dried extracts obtained from the seeds of Persea americana c. v. Zutano (avocado) were used for the experiments. The seeds were obtained from ripe fruits of (Persea americana Mill.) c. v., Zutano (27 % dry matter), extracted with 70 % methanol, 70 % ethanol, 70 % acetone and water; in a ratio of 1:4 and using temperatures of 25 °C and 45 °C. They were concentrated at reduced pressures, lyophilized and stored at 4 °C, until their application. All extractions were performed in triplicate. The total phenolic content was determined by the Folin Ciocalteau method. The highest values correspond to the acetone and lyophilized aqueous extract with a total phenolic content of 291.53 ±11.54 mg AGE/g and 284.76±86.17 mg AGE/g respectively. The lyophilized aqueous extract material reduced the organic matter content by 56.7% and the acetone content by 56.9% expressed as mg O2/L (Chemical Oxygen Demand COD) under the tested conditions, with pH and type of extract being statistically significant in the experimental treatment. The optimal conditions for organic matter reduction, given by the adjusted model, allow estimating removal percentages of 53.4 % and 60.9 % for when the aqueous and acetonic extracts are applied, respectively. The results show the potential use of phenolic extracts present in avocado seeds to be successfully used in the treatment of effluents with high organic matter content, being the aqueous extract the one that presents the greatest advantages due to the low dose used and the pH.

Effect of bulking materials and mixing ratios on concentration of nutrients during composting of raw faecal sludge from peri-urban areas

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 234-242
Author(s):  
Eugene Appiah-Effah ◽  
Kwabena Biritwum Nyarko ◽  
Eric Ofosu Antwi ◽  
Esi Awuah
Keyword(s):  
Urban Communities ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Mixing Ratios ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium ◽  
Faecal Sludge

Composting of raw faecal sludge (FS) poses many difficulties due to its high moisture content (MC), high wet bulk density and low carbon to nitrogen ratio. The aim of this study were to (1) examine the suitability of bulking materials (BMs) and (2) investigate the effect of bulking material and mixing ratio on concentration of nutrients during composting of raw FS compost. Raw FS and BMs (wood chips and maize cobs) were sampled from three peri-urban communities. The raw FS showed an initial high MC (73%) which was greater than that required to start a compost process (55–65%). The results showed that the total carbon and nitrogen contents of all the experiments decreased at the end of the composting process. Composted materials at the end of the experiment showed lower concentrations of available phosphorus and potassium in all the experiments than the initial substrate materials. Experimental trial, Maize cob (1:2) is the most preferred due to the fact that it contained more nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and also carbon which are essential nutrients for plant growth and for improving on the soil organic matter content.

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