scholarly journals Impact of Economic Downturn on Child Labor in Vietnam

Lentera Hukum ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 447
Author(s):  
Nguyen Thanh Huyen
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Child Labor ◽  
Social Insurance ◽  
Economic Recession ◽  
Security Policies ◽  
Forced Labor ◽  
Economic Downturn ◽  
Legal Analysis ◽  
Poor Households ◽  
The Government

The economic recession led to the economic downturn, loss of jobs and income, and the risk of falling back into the poverty of near-poor and poor households. This recession caused an increase in child labor. This study aimed to analyze the concept of child and child labor under a regulatory framework and assess how the economic downturn affects child labor in Vietnam. This study used analytical research methods through synthesis, comparison, and legal analysis, emphasizing literary research based on secondary research data. This study showed that the economic downturn increased the proportion of child labor because the parents and the family's breadwinner are unemployed or cut down on their income. Children were out of school to help household businesses or look for work for extra income. The economic downturn increased the number of children working in unsafe working conditions. It increased the risk of children being forced into illegal jobs prohibited and exposing children to labor to risk forced labor. It resulted in difficulties preventing and eliminating child labor, especially in a developing country like Vietnam, due to the high number of employees working in the informal sector, who were often unsupported by social security policies such as unemployment insurance and social insurance. This study suggested that the Government should establish policies to promote sustainable economic development and promulgate appropriate social security policies to promptly support workers and their families out of difficulties caused by job loss. Also, it should organize the effective implementation of regulations on eliminating child labor and raise social awareness in preventing and eliminating child labor. KEYWORDS: Economic Downturn, Child Labor, COVID-19 Pandemic.

scholarly journals COVID-19 pandemic and economic crisis: the Nigerian experience and structural causes

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Peterson K. Ozili
Keyword(s):  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
National Health System ◽  
Safety Net ◽  
Economic Downturn ◽  
Economic Implication ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Poor Households ◽  
The Government

PurposeThis paper analyses the COVID-19 situation in Nigeria, its effect on the economy and the structural causes that worsened the coronavirus (COVID-19) crisis.Design/methodology/approachThis paper uses simple descriptive analysis to examine the COVID-19 situation in Nigeria.FindingsThe findings reveal that the economic downturn in Nigeria was triggered by a combination of declining oil price and spillovers from the COVID-19 outbreak, which not only led to a fall in the demand for oil products but also stopped economic activities from taking place when social distancing policies were enforced. The government responded to the crisis by providing financial assistance to businesses and a small number of households that were affected by the coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak. The monetary authority adopted accommodative monetary policies and offered a targeted 3.5 trillion loan support to some sectors. These efforts should have prevented the economic crisis from occurring but it did not. Economic agents could not freely engage in economic activities for fear of contracting the COVID-19 disease that was spreading very fast at the time.Practical implicationsThe implication of the study is that policymakers should pay attention to three areas of the economy for economic and structural reform. One, policymakers should introduce economic reforms to diversify the economy and reduce Nigeria's dependence on revenue from crude oil export. Two, policymakers in Nigeria should invest in healthcare infrastructure to improve the ability of the national health system to withstand the outbreak of contagious diseases. Three, there is also a need to build appropriate digital infrastructure to facilitate the transition from “face-to-face” business activities to a “digital or online” business activities, which can help to grow the digital economy. Also, policymakers should use legislation to create a robust social welfare safety net for all citizens particularly for unemployed citizens and poor households.Originality/valueThis is the first paper that looks at the economic implication of COVID-19 in a West African country.

scholarly journals Legal Issues in The Implementation of National Social Security System on Labour in Indonesia

2018 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 03019
Author(s):  
Tedi Sudrajat ◽  
Siti Kunarti ◽  
Abdul Aziz Nasihuddin
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Social Insurance ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Social Security System ◽  
Security System ◽  
Safety Assurance ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Government ◽  
Social Security Benefits

The Social Security System in Indonesia has been regulated by the government, and the program is managed by an agency called Social Insurance Administration Organization (BPJS). Associated with the existence of social security functions for workers, its practice presents a gap between what is expected and what is regulated. For this reason, it is therefore necessary to examine, firstly, what kind of legal protection of workers is covered by this national social security system managed in BPJS program and, secondly, what constraints are encountered in its implementation. This research is Juridical Normative one, with normative qualitative data analysis. The research finds that the social security is correlated not only with the welfare of employees who are assessed by the level of wages provided by the organization, rather it is also correlated with other factors in the form of health and safety assurance. In the broader context, social welfare is measured not only when the person is at work and gets social security benefits, rather the measure of his welfare is also applicable when the worker is not working and/or when they retire. On the basis of these, the social security program is an integral aspect of social security to which the government should give a legal protection.

Medical Care under Social Security in France

1971 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 331-341
Author(s):  
R. F. Bridgman
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Medical Care ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Social Insurance ◽  
Medical Profession ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Payment System ◽  
Public Hospitals ◽  
Health Institutions ◽  
The Government

Social insurance was initiated in France on a national scale in 1930 and now covers about 98.5 per cent of the population. The coverage expanded the limits of traditional sickness insurance for curative medicine and had a growing impact on overall health and social policy. French social insurance is a public service run by organizations which retain the voluntary status of the old mutual funds. The social security budget is independent of that of the government, which contributes less than 20 per cent of the overall social budget of the nation. The relationships between the medical profession, private and public hospitals, preventive care organizations, social insurance funds, and central and local governments have become very complex. The huge social security organization has acquired competence in planning and in technical organizational matters and consequently has had a great influence on medical care patterns. Social security adopted the direct payment system in its relationships with the medical profession; therefore the latter has retained its independent status. But, for public and private hospitals, the payment system is indirect. A special branch was created in 1945 to deal with capital investments in hospitals and health institutions concerned with preventive medicine. Social insurance contributed greatly to facilitating access of patients to all kinds of medical care, either public or private, curative or preventive, and helped the government by participating in the construction of a complex network of health institutions for the benefit of the whole population. This task is not yet achieved, and greater coordination and additional resources are necessary. But there is no doubt that social insurance was and still is a powerful factor in the continuing improvement of the nation's health and living conditions.

scholarly journals ASPEK HUKUM KARTU INDONESIA SEHAT

Yuridika ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 499
Author(s):  
Zahry Vandawati ◽  
Hilda Yunita Sabrie ◽  
Widhayani Dian Pawestri ◽  
Rizki Amalia
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Social Security ◽  
Financial Planning ◽  
Social Insurance ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Security System ◽  
The Other ◽  
Political Dynamics ◽  
The Government

Assurance is an important element in financial planning, but because of the low public awareness and myths that circulate in society around the insurance makes people reluctant to buy insurance products. Insurance is also known only for the upper middle class. On the other hand the realization of a prosperous society, one of which is assessed from the level of good public health. For that the government issued a compulsory social insurance in which the entire community on the mandate of the law shall be a participant of the program. Since 2011, the government has issued a regulation related to the National Social Security System and implemented through Badan Penyelenggara Jaminan Sosial (BPJS) in 2014. However, in the event it was due to political dynamics, the government under Jokowi leadership reissued Kartu Indonesia Sehat (KIS) A presidential regulation that functions the same as the existence of BPJS. This is what needs to be studied more deeply, because it is feared there will be overlapping roles and functions between BPJS and KIS them.

scholarly journals COVID-19 economic response measures and entrepreneurial activities: a study of micro-enterprises in Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (2) ◽  
pp. 140-156
Author(s):  
Obi Chinazor Franca
Keyword(s):  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Economic Recession ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Economic Downturn ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Start Up ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Micro Enterprises

Nigeria witnessed an economic downturn in 2009 due to the global financial crisis and in 2016 as a result of the global oil price crash. The Nigerian economy was resuscitating from the economic recession before the emergency of the COVID-19 pandemic and its curtail measures. Most private and government firms laid-off their workers, while others had their staff salaries. The sustaining business operations in this era may be extremely difficult due to lack of funds for self-employment, start-up ventures, innovations or new market opportunities. With the help of the Central Bank the government rowed out some monetary and fiscal measures referred to in the study as Economic Responses Measures (ERM). The aim of the study is to examine the relationship between COVID-19 ERM and the Entrepreneurial Activity (EA) of micro business. It has been stated that COVID-19 ERM provide innovations, self-employment, start-up and new market creation activities of micro-enterprises in Nigeria. An exploratory survey was done on 294 randomly selected samples from micro-enterprises (retail, ICT, manufacturing and artisans) across the six geopolitical zones in Nigeria. The result proves empirically that COVID-19 ERM does not have a significantly positive relationship with the EA of micro-businesses in Nigeria. The implication of this finding therefore suggests that many micro-businesses may not have accessed these ERM or do not embark in EA. There is highlighted the importance of government support to micro-businesses and also provided new dimensions for the measures of micro-business EA.

scholarly journals Transformation of Social Insurance as an Instrument of Social Security

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-120
Author(s):  
Olga Miller ◽  
Elena Morozova
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Social Insurance ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Insurance Industry ◽  
Federal District ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Siberian Federal District ◽  
The Social ◽  
Security Funds ◽  
The Government

he development of social insurance is a highly researched issue. However, its place and role in the system of social protection remains understudied, as well as its current transformations under the changing socio-economic conditions. The research objective was to analyze the development of social insurance as an instrument of social security in Russia and in the Siberian Federal District. The study featured the theoretical and practical aspects of the application of social insurance in the changing system of social security. The research was based on a systematic approach to social security and social insurance as one of its most important mechanisms. The article introduces a review of domestic and foreign researches. It also focuses on an analysis of related regulations and statistic data. The methods and materials made it possible to conduct a thorough analysis of the development of the compulsory social insurance in Russia as a governmental instrument. The authors also described the legal framework in the field of social insurance. The government supports the Social Security Funds. In the Siberian Federal District, the budget of the Social Security Funds increased due to the growing number of insurance premiums, e.g. taxes and penalties, as well as due to the state participation. The research revealed some changes processes in the sphere of social security in the Russian Federation. The changes proved to affect social insurance and the whole insurance industry.

scholarly journals Financial support of state social guarantees in Ukraine

2020 ◽  
pp. 206-217
Author(s):  
Yuliia Nakonechna ◽  
Anastasia Rybalka
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Financial Support ◽  
Social Insurance ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
The State ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Insurance Fund ◽  
Social Insurance Fund ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Government

Relevance of the research topic. The development and improvement of the financial system of Ukraine is hindered by the low social responsibility of the state, society, and business. The modern transformation of principles and approaches to the determination of socially important social standards and the sources of their financing requires a deep theoretical understanding of the problems of social security of the population, therefore, the study of the issue of financing social guarantees by the state is timely and relevant. Formulation of the problem. Social guarantees are those essential elements in the functioning of the state, determine the stability of society and its security, and affect the implementation of the social and economic policies of the government. It is this element that should ensure the guarantee of a decent standard and quality of life for every citizen, and, consequently, a high level of well-being of the population as a whole. Analysis of recent research and publications. The role and essence of social guarantees in the fulfillment of the social function of the state has been thoroughly investigated in many scientific works of modern economists. A separate issue of financial support of social guarantees is the work of О. D. Vasilik,S. H. Batazhok, V. M. Grineva, V. P. Gorina, D. I. Sukhovиy, N. D. Hlazko, L. V. Lysyak, V. M. Oparin, V. B. Tropinа, V. M. Fedosov and others. Highlighting unexplored parts of a common problem. The question of ways to overcome the contradiction between the real needs of citizens receiving social support of the state and those financial opportunities (resources) of the state with which it can provide these needs of the population remains insufficiently studied. Setting goals, research objectives. The purpose of the article is to identify contemporary problems of financing state social guarantees in Ukraine. The goal determines the need to solve the following tasks: to analyze the nature, types of social guarantees, evaluate budget indicators of social security of citizens, identify obstacles and necessary steps towards the implementation of a full-fledged mechanism of financial guarantees of social protection of the population. Method or methodology of the study. When writing the article, a set of scientific research methods was used: general scientific and special methods, in particular, system-structural analysis and synthesis, the method of statistical analysis, comparison, generalization, as well as graphical and tabular methods to clearly illustrate the phenomena studied and the like. Statement of the main material (results of work). The article reveals the essence of state social guarantees as a system of financial support of an adequate standard of living of an individual. Priority tasks for ensuring the functioning in Ukraine of an effective financial mechanism for providing social guarantees to the population are highlighted. The article states that most of the financing of social guarantees is based on the expenses of the state budget and local budgets. The basic standard on the basis of which the calculation of the volume of social guarantees and benefits aimed at social protection and social security is carried out is the cost of living. An important source of financial support for social guarantees are social non-budget funds, which include the Pension Fund of Ukraine, the Social Insurance Fund and the Compulsory State Social Insurance Fund for Unemployment. The financial resources accumulated in them are directed to the material support of a significant part of the citizens of the state who are participants in the system of national pension and social insurance and are designed to overcome the consequences of social insurance events. Scope of the results. The theoretical provisions, conclusions and suggestions presented in the article, developed on the basis of the analysis of indicators of state financial support of social guarantees, develop the theory and practice of the policy of financing social guarantees in the country, allow us to identify ways and directions for improving it to achieve social protection and increase the welfare of the population. Conclusions and results can be used in planning social expenditures of the government, in socio-economic research of scientific analytical centers, in the educational process of economic faculties of higher educational institutions. Conclusions are consistent with the article. State social guarantees play an important role in the functioning of the state, because through the system of social guarantees the state affects the redistribution of GDP, under their influence indicators of financing various social programs are formed, which determines the directions and priorities of state policy. Based on the results of the study, it was concluded that it is necessary to draw up and publish a “social” budget - a product of public dialogue between state and non-state financial institutions, employers, independent authoritative economists, and public organizations, which will contribute to the development of civil society in a socially oriented country.

scholarly journals The Dark Side of Tobacco Industry's CSR: A Socio-Legal Analysis of the Indonesian Corporate Hegemony Campaign

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Auditya Firza Saputra
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Control ◽  
Smoking Behavior ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Dark Side ◽  
Economic Downturn ◽  
Common Belief ◽  
Legal Analysis ◽  
Social Reputation ◽  
The Government ◽  
Corporate Hegemony

This paper aims to seek the legal substance's core problem to reveal how the hegemony latently operates. By doing so, it deconstructs the established dogma about the industry's misperceived social reputation that frequently serves as justifications favoring the industry. As the only country in the Asia-Pacific region that has not yet accessed the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), Indonesia faces an alarming smoking prevalence rate. The situation has worsened during the COVID-19 outbreak because excessive tobacco smoking behavior increases people’s health vulnerability. Despite the destructive impact, most Indonesian citizens share a common belief about the tobacco industry's importance to the economy. Narratives on economic contribution and the industry’s philanthropic campaigns display the industry as the protagonist sector and play a significant role in creating a false public opinion on the tobacco industry's reputation. Using a qualitative socio-legal approach, this paper critically describes how the industry uses the hegemonic methods manifested in CSR campaigns, which contradict the ethical principle to secure its market dominance. As a result, the partial legal approach to tobacco control regarding CSR encountered minimalist market interventions from the government, which emerges as the main causes of such an anomaly. As the tobacco control challenge predictably gets more difficult on the verge of an economic downturn, the urgency of accessing the FCTC is highly crucial to saving us from the upcoming demographic calamity. KEYWORDS: Tobacco Industry, Business & Human Rights, Corporate Hegemony.

‘The common aim of the Allied Powers’: social policy and international legitimacy in wartime China, 1940–47

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 254-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tehyun Ma
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Social Insurance ◽  
Professional Advancement ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Social Agenda ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Security Act ◽  
The Common ◽  
Anglo American ◽  
The Government

AbstractThis article examines why Western programmes of social security became a topic of interest for Chinese Nationalist (Guomindang) policy-makers during the early 1940s. It traces a generation of sociologists and civil servants, often trained abroad, who used wartime exigencies to make the case for New Deal-style reforms. While offering a route to professional advancement, social insurance was primarily intended to serve the needs of the government. Embedded in, and dependent on, the Anglo-American alliance, Nationalist party planners embraced the internationalist social agenda of the Atlantic Charter – advanced by institutions such as the International Labour Organization and the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration – to solidify their nation's status as an aspiring great power, and to legitimize to foreign sponsors their hold on the state. In this regard, fascination with the likes of the Beveridge Report and the Social Security Act was a performance, intended to show how China was in keeping with the spirit of the age.

China's economic future hinges on pensions overhaul

2015 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Social Insurance ◽  
Pension System ◽  
Insurance Coverage ◽  
Retirement Age ◽  
Social Security Reform ◽  
Registration System ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Government

Subject Social security reform in China. Significance China's social security system is targeted for reform. Premier Li Keqiang's 'work report' to the National People's Congress (NPC) on March 5 pledged to increase the basic pension, lower premiums for unemployment insurance and centralise the country's fragmented urban pension system. Several days later, human resources minister Yin Weimin said, on the sidelines of the NPC, that the government intends to introduce a plan in 2017 to raise the country's statutory retirement age. Impacts Lower employers' and employees' contribution rates would encourage compliance, and thus coverage, by making contribution more affordable. Statutory retirement ages will have to be raised, in the face of strong public opposition. Increasing the statutory retirement age will have to be accompanied by more job opportunities for middle-aged and elderly workers. The competing interests of different provinces and regions could hamper social security reform. Further relaxation of the household registration system will be needed to expand social insurance coverage.

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