scholarly journals Obtaining formaldehyde on a new catalytic system

Author(s):  
I. N. Shumkova ◽  
T. S. Linkova ◽  
D. N. Zemskii ◽  
O. V. Khabibrakhmanov

Formaldehyde is widely used in many fields of industry. The increase in the need for formaldehyde led to an increase in scientific research, the purpose of which is to obtain the greatest yield of the product (formaldehyde) with minimal costs for raw materials, catalyst and its regeneration, energy carriers, etc. At industrial plants for the production of formaldehyde by oxidative dehydrogenation of methanol on the silver on pumice catalyst, the process temperature is maintained at 600 ° C. The process of obtaining formaldehyde by oxidation of methanol with air oxygen at the combination of catalysts "silver" and "silver on pumice" in the temperature range of 250–450 °C is investigated. The results showed the possibility of practical application of the combined catalyst. Chemical and technological parameters of the process with the use of a new catalyst are slightly lower than production indicators, however, the temperature of the pilot process is 2 times lower - this will reduce not only the energy costs, but also increase the life of the catalyst and the cost of its regeneration.

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 1385-1393

Targeted reforestation refers to ecosystems with natural and artificial energy reserves. Additional energy reserves are spent on grow-ing and harvesting, various types of forest care, forest use, and delivery of products to consumers, including energy costs for all types of preparation. The wood to be harvested must be assessed on the energy consumption required for its production. The purpose of this work was to develop a comprehensive methodology to assess the energy effect, model the process of plantation operation considering the soil type, tree species, and technical parameters of operating machines. According to the estimation results of the trunk wood energy value, it has been established that depending on the growth rate and maturity level, the target plantations are divided into two types, which should be taken into account during planting and subsequent rotation. It is shown that with regard to the technological features of machine sys-tems and the type of plantation, it is necessary to consider dimensional characteristics of the planting scheme and the technological cycle of exploiting the forest plantation. The results of mathematical modeling following the technological parameters of operating machines and all types of costs showed that the cost of the selected target species for reforestation can provide sufficient profit when optimizing the machine system operations. The principle of modular division of machines system on power, technological, and transport modules is offered, which vary in purpose, criteria of parameters optimization, and indicators of work. The obtained mathematical model and meth-odology of target planting optimization can be applied in forestry and agricultural complexes, as well as become the basis for further research in this direction.


2019 ◽  
Vol 57 ◽  
pp. 159-164
Author(s):  
N. V. Isichenko ◽  
V. M. Litvin ◽  
G. I. Babayeva ◽  
B. T. Stegniy ◽  
O. V. Dmitriyeva ◽  
...  

The purpose of the research is to investigate the ability to heat the parthenogenesis of new breeds silkworm T–1, T–2, D–1 silkworm breeds and to establish the reproductive, biological and technological parameters of the T–1clone, T–2clone and D–1clone created on their basis. Materials and methods of research. The research was conducted on the basis of the laboratory of silkworm and technical entomology of the National Scientific Center "Institute of Experimental and Clinical Veterinary Medicine" during 2016–2018. For the study of the ability of new breeds of silkworm D–1, T–1, T–2 to the thermal parthenogenesis, the females of the aforementioned silkworms were used. Activation of the gravel to ameiotic parthenogenesis (complete thermal pathogenesis) was carried out using the method B. L. Astaurov The reproductive parameters of parthenoclon were studied: the ability to parthenogenesis (%), the total number of eggs (pieces), the weight of one egg (mg), the output of caterpillars from eggs (%). The economic-valuable and technological indicators of the created clones were investigated: viability of caterpillars (%), cocoon yields of 1 g of caterpillars (kg), silkworm cocoons (%), cocoon mass (g), length of filaments (m), length of continuous- unwound thread (m), raw silk output (%). The main results obtained. It is established that the new clones of silkworm silk created by the ability to parthenogenesis are at the control level. In terms of the viability of caterpillars in 2018, they are somewhat inferior to Ukr.28, but according to the results of three years of research, this indicator is at a level, and T–2clone even exceeds control by 4.84% (p < 0,05). Similar results are obtained on the basis of the weight of the cocoon. By the cocoon yield, the new Parthenoclon exceeds control in 2018 by an average of 0.44 kg and for three years of research – by 0.50 kg. The indicator of silk worminess of cocoons in T–1clones and D–1clones was at the level of the indicator Ukr.28clones, at T–2clone – was higher than the parameters of part-clones and control at 0.83–2.73%. The length of the thread, the length of the continuously unwound yarn and the output of raw silk is dominated by T–2clone – its values exceed the similar indicators of T–1clone and D–1clone, dominated by control indicators – Ukr.28clones. Thus, the new clones of silkworm, adapted to the changed climate in Ukraine, were introduced and evaluated. They can be components for the creation of new clone-breed hybrids with high biological and technological performance. The stands of silkworm hybrids will provide domestic branches of production of organic raw materials for the production of modern products. This will allow import substitution of organic goods for everyday use to our country's inhabitants. Domestic production of organic products in the form of clothing, medical and cosmetic products will provide the work of thousands of compatriots and reduce the cost of goods in comparison with imported ones. Prospects for further scientific research are the creation of new clone-breed hybrids with high biological and technological indices for Ukraine. Conclusions. 1. Three new high-yield silkworm clones with the optimal combination of silk productivity and ability to ameiotic parthenogenesis, characterized by the following biological indices, are derived: T–1clone – caterpillar livelihood 84.13%, cocoon yield 3.76 kg, cocoon mass 2.30 g, silkiness 21.62%; T–2clone – caterpillars' survivability 88.94%, cocoon yield 4.23 kg, cocoon mass 2.53 g, silicone 24.25%; D–1clone. – The viability of the caterpillars is 85.52%, the cocoons are 4.08 kg, the cocoon mass is 2.41 g, and the silicone content is 21.62%. The estimation of reproductive indices of created T–1clone, T–2clone and D–1clone clones was made and their ability to heat parthenogenesis was determined. The highest ability to ameiotic parthenogenesis has D–1clone – 72.73%. Parthenoclones T–1clone, T–2clone and D–1clone for reproductive characteristics are at the level of the control clone Ukr.28clones and are promising for clone- breed hybridization. The technological parameters of the new clones are established: the T–2clone is the leader in the length of the filament (1432m), the length of the continuous unwound yarn (734 m) and the output of raw silk (46.3%) – its parameters exceed the similar indicators in T–1clone and D–1clone at 2.5% and prevail over control indicators – Ukr.28clones – by 5.5%.


2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 3644 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fidel Toldrá-Reig ◽  
Leticia Mora ◽  
Fidel Toldrá

The agro-food industry generates large amounts of waste that contribute to environmental contamination. Animal fat waste constitutes some of the most relevant waste and the treatment of such waste is quite costly because environmental regulations are quite strict. Part of such costs might be reduced through the generation of bioenergy. Biodiesel constitutes a valid renewable source of energy because it is biodegradable, non-toxic and has a good combustion emission profile and can be blended up to 20% with fossil diesel for its use in many countries. Furthermore, up to 70% of the total cost of biodiesel majorly depends on the cost of the raw materials used, which can be reduced using animal fat waste because they are cheaper than vegetable oil waste. In fact, 6% of total feedstock corresponded to animal fat in 2019. Transesterification with alkaline catalysis is still preferred at industrial plants producing biodiesel. Recent developments in heterogeneous catalysts that can be easily recovered, regenerated and reused, as well as immobilized lipases with increased stability and resistance to alcohol denaturation, are promising for future industrial use. This manuscript reviews the available processes and recent advances for biodiesel generation from animal fat waste.


Author(s):  
Николай Хольшев ◽  
Nikolai Khol'shev ◽  
Виктор Мухин ◽  
Viktor Mukhin ◽  
Светлана Петрова ◽  
...  

The purpose of the study – is the equipment improvement for dry mixing of crumbled feed with substantiation of de-sign and operating parameters. The use of complete feed mixtures is possible only with the use of special techno-logical equipment – feed mixers, producing mixture homogeneity meeting livestock requirements. The costs of pur-chasing, operating and maintaining mixers ultimately affect the cost of livestock production. Accordingly, it is neces-sary to aim efforts at the reduction of these costs. This can be achieved by reducing the specific energy costs for the mixing process, which largely depend on the mixer design, its working parts operation and the efficiency of the mix-ing process and power consumption needed for mixing process. No method of power consumption estimation of mixers with combined working parts according to theoretical studies obtained, having alternating in regard to exe-cution and purpose areas. Power consumption needed for the mixing process is one of the main components of the operating costs for the mixing equipment, ultimately determining the specific energy costs for the mixing process – is one of the important specification of any mixer. The research methodology provided a theoretical basis for the relationship of the mixer parameters on the power consumption during mixing process. Equations for determining the power consumption for the parts were submitted in regard to auger conveyor, the first and the second transport-ing and throwing blades. The expression for determination of power consumption for mixing process from the an-gle of installation mixing and transporting blades, the filling ratio of the mixer and the frequency of rotation of the working parts have been received. The obtained and given expressions allow to determine the power values for the mixing process with an error of no more than 5%, with the values of the studied parameters of the mixer within the boundaries of the experiment.


Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 851
Author(s):  
Tatiana Aleksandrova ◽  
Nadezhda Nikolaeva ◽  
Anastasia Afanasova ◽  
Artyem Romashev ◽  
Valentin Kuznetsov

Deterioration of mineralogical and physical characteristics of mineral raw materials results in the formation of the primary task for the comminution processes—reduction in the size of ore to obtain a material with a certain granulometric composition, which in turn is achieved by overgrinding of raw materials and, consequently, an increase in energy costs. The work aimed to justify the possibility of selective disintegration of mineral assemblages of polymetallic ores of various genesis at the stage of crushing based on in-depth investigation and revealing of interrelation and mutual influence of mineralogical-geochemical features, textural-structural and technological properties. Structural and textural features have been studied by the methods of computed X-ray microtomography. Experimental and theoretical investigations of mineralogical and technological parameters of raw materials, as well as research on crushing using different types of crushers, made it possible to substantiate the possibility of selective disintegration for polymetallic ores.


Author(s):  
А.Ю. ШАЗЗО ◽  
Е.В. СОЛОВЬЁВА ◽  
В.А. МАКИЯН ◽  
Е.А. СТЕПАНОВА

Исследовано влияние подготовки зернового сырья на качество получаемого комбикорма. Объектом исследования было зерно пшеницы фуражной, кукурузы, сои, ячменя. Для получения комбикорма зерно измельчали на плющильном станке Neuero (Германия), на котором в зависимости от технологических свойств перерабатываемого зерна можно измельчать его или получать плющеные продукты. Установлено, что при измельчении зерна пшеницы фуражной, кукурузы, сои, ячменя влажностью до 12 полученные частицы зерна разных культур значительно различаются по величине и образуется до 25 мелкодисперсной фракции, что ухудшает в дальнейшем процесс смешивания, а также увеличивает потери продукта. При плющении зерна пшеницы фуражной, кукурузы, сои, ячменя после его увлажнения до 13,513,9 и отволаживания в течение двух часов количество мелкодисперсной фракции в полученном продукте уменьшается в 34 раза, частицы плющеного зерна разных культур незначительно отличаются по величине, а показатель модуля крупности увеличивается в 1,33 раза в зависимости от культуры, поэтому полученные плющеные продукты из зерна разных культур легко смешиваются. Производство комбикорма с использованием плющильного станка Neuero по предложенной схеме подготовки зернового сырья на животноводческих предприятиях и в личных подсобных хозяйствах экономически выгодно, поскольку сократит транспортные и энергетические расходы, что, в свою очередь, существенно снизит себестоимость животноводческой продукции. Influence of preparation of grain raw materials on quality of the obtained compound feed is investigated. Grain of fodder wheat, corn, soybeans, barley was the object of research. To obtain feed grain was processed on the flattening machine Neuro (Germany), which, depending on the technological properties of the processed grain can grind it or obtain flattened products. It was found that when grinding grain of feed wheat, corn, soybeans, barley with humidity up to 12, the obtained grain particles of different cultures differ significantly in size and up to 25 of the fine product is formed, which further worsens the mixing process, and also increases product losses. With the flattening of wheat forage, corn, soybeans, barley after the moisture up to 13,513,9 and binning within two hours the amount of fine fraction in the resulting product is reduced in 34 times, particles flattened grain different cultures differ slightly in size, and an indicator module size increases are 1,33 times, depending on the culture, so the resulting flattened products of grain of different cultures are mixed easily. The production of compound feed using flattening machine Neuro on the proposed scheme of preparation of grain raw materials for livestock enterprises and household farms cost-effective, as it will reduce transport and energy costs, which in turn will significantly reduce the cost of livestock production.


Author(s):  
S.V. Leleka ◽  
A.Ya. Karvatskii ◽  
I.O. Mikulionok ◽  
V.M. Vytvytskyi ◽  
O.M. Glukhov ◽  
...  

An analysis is made of the traditional energy-intensive process of calcining carbon-containing raw materials, in particular petroleum coke, in rotary kilns, which assumes continuous burning of natural gas in these furnaces. A new method for producing calcined petroleum coke is proposed, which minimizes the cost of natural gas as fuel, and therefore reduces the energy intensity of the calcination process and the cost of the obtained calcined coke. In the proposed method, at the beginning of the process, flue gases are obtained by burning natural gas in a rotary kiln, after the calcined coke reaches the required temperature, the consumption of natural gas is reduced or stopped altogether, and the required temperature of the calcined coke is maintained by the corresponding ratio of the flow rate of ambient air and synthetic gas obtained by cooling the material in a rotary kiln or in a cooler drum. To implement the method, a scheme of air supply to the calcination zone of a rotary kiln with the installation of air blowers directly on the casing of a rotary kiln is justified. The fundamental possibility of implementing the proposed method on a rotary kiln diameter 2x40 m with a capacity of 10 t/h for the finished product is shown. In particular, the calculation of its main structural and technological parameters has been performed. Compared with the known method, the proposed technical solution allows to reduce the energy intensity and, accordingly, the cost of the obtained calcined coke. Bibl. 14, Fig. 7.


2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (443) ◽  
pp. 6-13
Author(s):  
Akmalaiuly K., ◽  
◽  
Fayzullayev N., ◽  
◽  
◽  
...  

For the catalytic hydro chlorination of acetylene in the vapor phase based on local raw materials for the Zola-gel technology, we selected an active and high-performance catalyst (ZnCl2)x*(FeCl3)y*(CuCl2)z and also under the influence of various factors (partial pressure, temperature, ratio of reagent properties, contact time, catalyst concentration) the yield and reaction rate were studied with the participation of the selected catalyst. Based on the results obtained, a kinetic equation was proposed that satisfies the reaction, its adequacy is estimated, and a scheme of the reaction mechanism and the basis on the kinetic model are proposed. Because of studying the influence of the mass transfer coefficient on the process productivity and the influence of other factors, the technological parameters of the catalytic flocculants of vinyl chloride and the chloroprene extraction reactor of acetylene were calculated and the main indicators of the compatibility of technological capabilities of environmental and economic factors were substantiated. The successful development of the production of VC from ethylene was associated with the search for a cheaper hydrocarbon feed than acetylene. Analysis of the structure of the cost price of VC obtained by various methods shows that the acetylene method gives the highest cost, with acetylene accounting for about 90%. However, the world hydrocarbon price environment is constantly changing. In the future, it is possible to increase prices for oil and gas raw materials, the convergence of prices for acetylene and ethylene, and the latter may lose its main advantage in this regard.


Author(s):  
И.В. Семенов ◽  
Ю.А. Шапошников

В рамках данной работы проанализированы общие принципы реализации процесса приготовления травяной витаминизированной муки. Объектом данного исследования является технологический процесс приготовления данного концентрированного сухого корма, в частности такие операции, как измельчение, сушка и помол растительного сырья. Предметом данного исследования является снижение затрат энергии на выполнение перечисленных операций. Регулярный спрос на данный продукт и недефицитность сырья, делает актуальной задачу по снижению общей себестоимости продукции путем снижения затрачиваемых мощностей. Цель проводимого исследования заключается в поиске способа снижения затрат энергии для приготовления травяной муки. Исследование проводилось путем анализа принципов работы существующей аппаратуры и перспективных разработок, выявлялись преимущества и недостатки технических решений, а также основные противоречия, препятствующие увеличению эффективности при изменении параметров работы. По итогам анализа сформулирована основная концепция развития технологического процесса, описаны противоречия, препятствующие ее реализации. Результаты работы применимы в дальнейших прикладных научно-исследовательских работах и опытно-конструкторских разработках по созданию аппаратуры для приготовления травяной муки и аналогичных сухих кормов, перевооружению и реорганизации данных производств. В результате проведенной работы выяснено, что только изменение принципа работы аппаратуры позволит добиться увеличения эффективности технологического процесса производства. Изменение режимов работы существующей аппаратуры не позволяет поднять эффективность процесса в целом, так как возрастает потребность в энергии у процессов, сопутствующих основному. This work is aimed at analyzing the general principles of the implementation of the process of preparing herbal vitaminized flour. The object of this study is the technological process of preparing this concentrated dry feed, in particular, such operations as grinding, drying and milling plant materials. The subject of this study is the reduction of energy consumption for the performance of the listed operations. The demand for this product and the abundance of raw materials makes the task of reducing the cost of production and energy costs actual. The aim of this research is to find a way to reduce energy costs for making herbal flour. The study was carried out by analyzing the principles of operation of the existing equipment and promising developments; the advantages and disadvantages of technical solutions, as well as the main contradictions that hinder the increase in efficiency when changing the operating parameters, were revealed. Based on the analysis results, the main concept of the technological process development was formulated, the contradictions that hinder its implementation were described. The results of the work are applicable in further applied research and development work on the creation of equipment for the preparation of grass meal and similar dry fodder, re-equipment and reorganization of these industries. As a result of the work carried out, it was found that only a change in the principle of operation of the equipment will increase the efficiency of the production process. Changing the operating modes of the existing equipment does not allow to increase the efficiency of the process as a whole, since the demand for energy in the processes accompanying the main one increases.


Author(s):  
O. Yu. Kichigina

At production of stainless steel expensive alloying elements, containing nickel, are used. To decrease the steel cost, substitution of nickel during steel alloying process by its oxides is an actual task. Results of analysis of thermodynamic and experimental studies of nickel reducing from its oxide presented, as well as methods of nickel oxide obtaining at manganese bearing complex raw materials enrichment and practice of its application during steel alloying. Technology of comprehensive processing of complex manganese-containing raw materials considered, including leaching and selective extraction out of the solution valuable components: manganese, nickel, iron, cobalt and copper. Based on theoretical and experiment studies, a possibility of substitution of metal nickel by concentrates, obtained as a result of hydrometallurgical enrichment, was confirmed. Optimal technological parameters, ensuring high degree of nickel recovery out of the initial raw materials were determined. It was established, that for direct steel alloying it is reasonable to add into the charge pellets, consisting of nickel concentrate and coke fines, that enables to reach the through nickel recovery at a level of 90%. The proposed method of alloying steel by nickel gives a possibility to decrease considerably steel cost at the expense of application of nickel concentrate, obtained out of tails of hydrometallurgical enrichment of manganese-bearing raw materials, which is much cheaper comparing with the metal nickel.


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