scholarly journals Source-Sink Manipulation Affects Accumulation of Zinc and Other Nutrient Elements in Wheat Grains

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lan Wang ◽  
Haiyong Xia ◽  
Xiaojing Li ◽  
Yuetong Qiao ◽  
Yanhui Xue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Quality ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Nutrient Elements ◽  
Leaf Removal ◽  
Wheat Grains ◽  
Soil Zn ◽  
Source Sink

In order to better understand the source-sink flow and relationships of Zinc (Zn) and other nutrients in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants for biofortification and improving grain nutritional quality, effects of reducing photoassimilate source (through the flag leaf removal and spike shading) or sink (through 50% spikelets removal) in the field on accumulation of Zn and other nutrients in wheat grains of two cultivars (Jimai 22 and Jimai 44) were investigated under two soil Zn application levels. The single panicle weight (SPW), kernel number per spike (KNPS), thousand kernel weight (TKW), total grain weight (TGW), concentrations and yields of various nutrient elements (Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu, N, P, K, Ca and Mg), phytate phosphorus (phytate-P), phytic acid (PA) and phytohormones (ABA: abscisic acid, and the ethylene precursor ACC: 1-aminocylopropane-1-carboxylic acid), and C/N ratios were determined. Soil Zn application significantly increased concentrations of grain Zn, N and K. Cultivars showing higher grain yields had lower grain protein and micronutrient nutritional quality. SPW, KNPS, TKW (with an exception of TKW in half spikelets removal), TGW, and nutrient yields in wheat grains were most severely reduced by half spiklets removal, secondly by spike shading, and slightly by flag leaf removal. Grain concentrations of Zn, N and Mg consistently showed negative correlations with SPW, KNPS and TGW, but positively with TKW. There were general positive correlations among grain concentrations of Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu, N and Mg, and bioavailability of Zn and Fe (estimated by molar ratios of PA/Zn, PA × Ca/Zn, PA/Fe, or PA × Ca/Fe). Although concentrations of Zn and Fe were increased and Ca was decreased in treatments of half spikelets removal and spike shading, the simultaneously increased PA limited the increase in bioavailability of Zn and Fe. In general, different nutrient elements interact with each other and are affected to different degrees by source-sink manipulations. Elevated endogenous ABA levels and ABA/ACC ratios were associated with increased TKW and grain-filling of Zn, Mn, Ca and Mg, and inhibited K in wheat grains. However, effects of ACC were diametrically opposite. These results provide basis for wheat grain biofortification to alleviate human malnutrition.

scholarly journals Source–Sink Manipulation Affects Accumulation of Zinc and Other Nutrient Elements in Wheat Grains

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 1032
Author(s):  
Lan Wang ◽  
Haiyong Xia ◽  
Xiaojing Li ◽  
Yuetong Qiao ◽  
Yanhui Xue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Quality ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Nutrient Elements ◽  
Leaf Removal ◽  
Wheat Grains ◽  
Soil Zn ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Source Sink

To better understand the source–sink flow and its relationships with zinc (Zn) and other nutrients in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants for biofortification and improving grain nutritional quality, the effects of reducing the photoassimilate source (through the flag leaf removal and spike shading) or sink (through the removal of all spikelets from one side of the spike, i.e., 50% spikelets removal) in the field of the accumulation of Zn and other nutrients in grains of two wheat cultivars (Jimai 22 and Jimai 44) were investigated at two soil Zn application levels. The kernel number per spike (KNPS), single panicle weight (SPW), thousand kernel weight (TKW), total grain weight (TGW) sampled, concentrations and yields of various nutrient elements including Zn, iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg), phytate phosphorus (phytate-P), phytic acid (PA) and phytohormones (ABA: abscisic acid, and the ethylene precursor ACC: 1-aminocylopropane-1-carboxylic acid), and carbon/N ratios were determined. Soil Zn application significantly increased the concentrations of grain Zn, N and K. Cultivars showing higher grain yields had lower grain protein and micronutrient nutritional quality. SPW, KNPS, TKW (with the exception of TKW in the removal of half of the spikelets), TGW, and nutrient yields in wheat grains were most severely reduced by half spikelet removal, secondly by spike shading, and slightly by flag leaf removal. Grain concentrations of Zn, N and Mg consistently showed negative correlations with SPW, KNPS and TGW, but positive correlations with TKW. There were general positive correlations among grain concentrations of Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu, N and Mg, and the bioavailability of Zn and Fe (estimated by molar ratios of PA/Zn, PA/Fe, PA × Ca/Zn, or PA × Ca/Fe). Although Zn and Fe concentrations were increased and Ca was decreased in treatments of half spikelet removal and spike shading, the treatments simultaneously increased PA and limited the increase in bioavailability of Zn and Fe. In general, different nutrient elements interact with each other and are affected to different degrees by source–sink manipulation. Elevated endogenous ABA levels and ABA/ACC ratios were associated with increased TKW and grain-filling of Zn, Mn, Ca and Mg, and inhibited K in wheat grains. However, the effects of ACC were diametrically opposite. These results provide a basis for wheat grain biofortification to alleviate human malnutrition.

scholarly journals Effect of Heat Stress on Inter-relationship of Physiological and Biochemical Traits with Grain Yield in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

2020 ◽  
pp. 19-29
Author(s):  
Amrita Kumari ◽  
R. D. Ranjan ◽  
Chandan Roy ◽  
Awadesh Kumar Pal ◽  
S. Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Seedling Stage ◽  
Biochemical Traits ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Complex Phenomena ◽  
Physiological And Biochemical

Heat stress, particularly the stress appears at the time of flowering to grain filling stages causing severe yield loss in wheat. Heat tolerance is complex phenomena that include adjustment in morphological, physiological and biochemical traits of the crop. Present investigation was carried out to understand the effect of terminal heat stress on different traits of wheat. The experiment was conducted in three dates of sowing as timely sown, late sown and very late sown to expose the crop to heat stress at later stages of the crop growth. Significant genetic variations for all the traits evaluated under three conditions indicated the presence of variability for the traits. Trait association analysis revealed that flag leaf chlorophyll content and MSI at seedling stage; MDA at reproductive stage had direct relationship with grain yield. While under very late sown condition MDA and RWC at seedling stages were found to be highly correlated with grain yield. It indicates that MDA, RWC at seedling stage and days to booting, days to milking plays important role in very late sown condition that can be used as selection criteria in breeding programme.

scholarly journals Expected genetic gains from mono trait and indexbased selection in advanced bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) populations

2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 9131-9141
Author(s):  
Zine El Abidine Fellahi ◽  
Abderrahmane Hannachi ◽  
Hamenna Bouzerzour
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Bread Wheat ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Research Unit ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Wheat Lines ◽  
Selection Of

This study aimed at evaluating the expected gains from selection obtained based upon direct, indirect, and index-based selection in a set of 599 bread wheat lines. The experiment was carried out at the experimental field of INRAA institute, Setif research unit (Algeria), in a Federer augmented block design including three controls. A wide range of genetic variability was observed among lines for the eleven traits assessed. The results indicated that index-based selection and selection based on grain yield expressed higher expected genetic gain than direct and indirect mono-trait-based selection. The best 15 selected lines exhibited higher grain yield than the control varieties, and they were clustered in three groups that contrasted mainly for the flag-leaf area, thousand-kernel weight, biomass, and harvest index. The index-based selection appears as a useful tool for the rapid selection of early filial generations, enriching selected breeding materials with desirable alleles and reducing the number of years required to combine these traits in elite varieties.

THE INFLUENCE OF WATER AVAILABILITY ON WINTER WHEAT YIELDS

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 831-838 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. JOHNSON ◽  
E. T. KANEMASU
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Additional Treatment ◽  
Treatment Regimes ◽  
Influence Of Water ◽  
Soil Water Conditions

Field experiments were conducted comparing yield and yield components of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown under different soil water conditions. Soil water was controlled by excluding precipitation from a 150-m2 plot area with an automatic rain shelter. Treatment regimes were described according to their relative preanthesis/postanthesis soil water content as high/high (H/H), high/low (H/L), and low/high (L/H) in 1978–1979; an additional treatment, low/low (L/L) was added in 1979–1980. A neutron probe was used to periodically monitor soil water to the 150-cm depth in each regime. Plot yields ranged from 559 g/m2 in regime H/H (1978–1979) to 267 g/m2 in L/L (1979–1980) and were positively correlated with head number per square metre (r = 0.70) and kernel number per head (r = 0.79). Low preanthesis soil water reduced head number per square metre in both years. Regimes L/H and L/L in 1979–1980, which averaged the lowest preanthesis soil water of all regimes both years, had reduced kernels per spikelet compared to regimes with high preanthesis soil water. Increased kernel weight. associated with postanthesis irrigations, generally was not enough to compensate fully for fewer kernels per square metre associated with low preanthesis soil water. The results indicate that, if drought develops before grain filling in the spring, improved tiller survival and/or floret fertility could increase yields, even if some stress continued through grain filling. Under nonstress conditions, yield appears limited most by the amount of assimilate required to fill a high number of kernels per square metre.

scholarly journals Soil drying and rewatering applied at three grain developmental stages affect differentially growth and grain protein deposition in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

2006 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 341-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Beltrano ◽  
Marta Guillermina Ronco ◽  
María Cecilia Arango
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Protein Patterns ◽  
Grain Number Per Spike ◽  
Ripe Stage

Water deficits cause large yield losses in wheat. Although anthesis is generally considered the most vulnerable period, water deficit during grain filling can also cause yield losses. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of water stress and rewatering, at three different grain developmental stages, on physiological and grain filling parameters and on yield components. Wheat plants were subjected to water deficit and rewatering at the watery ripe, milk and soft dough stages. In the flag leaf, water stress decreased the relative water content, the chlorophyll and protein content and increased the leakage of solutes, at all three studied grain filling stages. Water stress at the watery ripe and milk stages reduced the final grain dry mass by 47 % and 20 %, respectively. This reduction was due to a decrease in the grain filling period and to a significant reduction in the maximum rate of grain-fill. Water stress imposed at the watery ripe stage reduced not only the linear growth phase but also its slope; grain number per spike and the 1000-kernel weight were also significantly reduced. SDS-PAGE patterns of grain proteins at the watery ripe stage did not differ between the controls, stressed or rewatered treatments. Protein patterns at the milk stage changed substantially with water stress, mainly for the high molecular weight glutenin subunits and gliadins. Three new bands were observed with apparent molecular weights of 108.5 kDa, 84.8 kDa and 63 kDa. Rewatering reverted water stress effects when it was imposed at the milk stage. Water deficit at the soft dough stage did not have any effect on protein grain patterns.

A tiller inhibitor gene in wheat and its effect on plant growth

1988 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 749 ◽  
Author(s):  
RA Richards
Keyword(s):  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Recessive Gene ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Stem Density ◽  
Kernel Number ◽  
Reduced Height ◽  
Made In

A recessive gene that inhibits tillering was identified in a wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) from Israel. The locus for tiller inhibition, designated Tin, is linked to the locus for hairy glume (10 � 3 map units apart) and black awns, and hence is presumed to be on the distal end of chromosome IAS. Such a gene has been proposed as desirable for wheat in both low and high input environments. Serial sowings were made every 21 days between autumn and spring in buckets outdoors with lines differing in tillering. At a harvest at the 4.5 leaf stage, tillering was less in the low tillering lines than in the conventional lines in all sowings, but leaf area and weight per plant were unexpectedly higher. Stunting, which is a characteristic of low tillering lines when temperatures are low and daylength long, became apparent in one of the low tillering lines in sowings made in late winter and spring at a time when daylength was 11.5 h and increasing. In four populations segregating for the tillering trait, low tiller number was associated with a higher harvest index, reduced height, an increased duration of the flag leaf life and of grain filling, a lower leaf to stem weight ratio at maturity, higher specific leaf weight, higher stem density and a higher kernel number per unit stem weight. Traits likely to severely limit crop yield other than stunting were not found.

scholarly journals Improving Grain Yield via Promotion of Kernel Weight in High Yielding Winter Wheat Genotypes

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 42
Author(s):  
Cong Zhang ◽  
Bangyou Zheng ◽  
Yong He
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Leaf Photosynthesis ◽  
Wheat Genotypes ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Grain Filling Stage

Improving plant net photosynthetic rates and accelerating water-soluble carbohydrate accumulation play an important role in increasing the carbon sources for yield formation of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Understanding and quantify the contribution of these traits to grain yield can provide a pathway towards increasing the yield potential of wheat. The objective of this study was to identify kernel weight gap for improving grain yield in 15 winter wheat genotypes grown in Shandong Province, China. A cluster analysis was conducted to classify the 15 wheat genotypes into high yielding (HY) and low yielding (LY) groups based on their performance in grain yield, harvest index, photosynthetic rate, kernels per square meter, and spikes per square meter from two years of field testing. While the grain yield was significantly higher in the HY group, its thousand kernel weight (TKW) was 8.8% lower than that of the LY group (p < 0.05). A structural equation model revealed that 83% of the total variation in grain yield for the HY group could be mainly explained by TKW, the flag leaf photosynthesis rate at the grain filling stage (Pn75), and flag leaf water-soluble carbohydrate content (WSC) at grain filling stage. Their effect values on yield were 0.579, 0.759, and 0.444, respectively. Our results suggest that increase of flag leaf photosynthesis and WSC could improve the TKW, and thus benefit for developing high yielding wheat cultivars.

scholarly journals GENETIC DIVERSITY FOR HEAT TOLERANCE TRAITS IN SPRING WHEAT (Triticum aestivum L.)

2012 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 15-23
Author(s):  
A. A. Khan ◽  
M. Mahbubur Rahman ◽  
M. F. Amin ◽  
M. K. Alam ◽  
M. A. Alam
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Heat Tolerance ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Genetic Divergence ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Cluster Distance ◽  
Heat Tolerant ◽  
Late Sowing

The present investigation was undertaken with the objective to identify the extent of genetic diversity for traits related to heat tolerance among 25 currently available spring wheat genotypes under late sowing condition during the cropping season 2009-2010. All genotypes were distributed into five clusters showing considerable genetic divergence for most of the heat tolerant traits under study. The role of grain filling rate and biomass production in both the vectors had the highest contribution to genetic divergence. The positive values of both the vectors for flag leaf senescence, ground coverage, spikes number, 1000-grain weight, grain yield (g m-2) and harvest index indicating high contribution of these traits towards the divergence among 25 genotypes of wheat. Three pair of clusters, viz. I & II, I & III and I & V can be considered for obtaining more heterotic progeny as the genetic distance between these clusters were larger. Considering yield performances, cluster distance and cluster mean the genotype G-22 from cluster I and genotype G-14 from cluster IV may be considered better parents for further breeding of heat tolerance as they showed maximum divergence and high degree of tolerance to heat under late sowing condition. Moreover, the genotype G-22 could be exploited for direct release as a heat tolerant variety after testing under wider range of environments.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjpbg.v25i2.18663

scholarly journals Interaksi Genetik x Lingkungan dan Variabilitas Genetik Galur Gandum Introduksi (Triticum aestivum L.) di Agroekosistem Tropika

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amin Nur ◽  
Muh. Azrai ◽  
Trikoesoemaningtyas Trikoesoemaningtyas
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Yield Component ◽  
Plant Weight ◽  
Seed Head ◽  
High Heritability ◽  
Wheat Lines

<p>The<br />focus of wheat research in Indonesia is to obtained new<br />potential wheat lines that are adapted to low-mid elevation<br />and heat tolerant. This study was aimed to obtain<br />information on the effect of interaction of season x line x<br />location and genetic variability of wheat lines in tropical<br />agroecosystem. This study was conducted at the Seameo-<br />Biotrop (&lt;400 masl) and Indonesian Ornamental Crops<br />Research Institute-Cipanas (&gt;1,000 masl) experimental field<br />for two seasons. The results showed that there was an effect<br />of interaction of season x line x location on plant height,<br />days to flowering, number of spikelet and floret, seed/head<br />weight, rate of grain filling, yield, flag leaf width, stomata<br />density, chlorophyll b, and leaf greenness. Meanwhile<br />several characters were only influenced by the interaction of<br />line x location, they were yield component characters, ie.<br />empty floret percentage, number of seed/ head, 1,000 seed<br />weight, number of head/m2 and seed/plant weight. Seven<br />characters were not influenced by interaction of neither<br />season x line x environment nor line x location, they were<br />number of productive tillers, head length, number of<br />seed/head, chlorophyll a, ratio of chlorophyll a/b, total<br />chlorophyll, and leaf thickness. The characters that have<br />high heritability and wide genetic variability for the two<br />analysis models were the number of spikelet.</p>

scholarly journals Agronomic, physiological and molecular characterization of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) accessions for drought tolerance

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-38
Author(s):  
Muhammad Qadir Ahmad ◽  
Muhammad Farooq Naseer ◽  
Abdul Qayyum ◽  
Sami Ul-Allah ◽  
Waqas Malik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Molecular Characterization ◽  
Genetic Association ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Phenotypic Diversity ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Chlorophyll Contents

A comprehensive study was conducted to investigate (i) the effect of drought stress on genetic association among various yield traits and (ii) molecular and phenotypic diversity in the selected spring wheat accessions. A panel of 24 spring wheat accessions was evaluated under normal irrigation and drought stress. Data were collected for chlorophyll contents, canopy temperature, days to heading, grain filling period, relative water content, plant height, peduncle length, number of kernels per spike, 1000-kernel weight and grain yield. Analysis of variance depicted significant differences for genotypes (G), effect of treatment (T) and interaction between T and G. Correlation analysis revealed that genetic association among various traits was stronger in normal treatment than water stressed. The Biplot analysis grouped the genotypes into tolerant and susceptible groups. Molecular characterization of tolerant and susceptible genotypes was done with 14 ISSR markers. ISSR primers revealed a mean of 0.63 genetic similarities among genotypes. Polymorphism information content (PIC) values varied from 0.24 to 0.49. The genetic diversity in selected germplasm can be used to develop drought tolerant lines considering the changing pattern of traits association under drought stress.

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