Qualification of Chemicals/Chemical Injection Systems for Downhole Continuous Chemical Injection

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Stewart-Liddon ◽  
Neil J Goodwin ◽  
Gordon M Graham ◽  
Tore Tjomsland ◽  
Britt Marie Hustad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Best Practice ◽  
Method Development ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Laboratory Method ◽  
Chemical System ◽  
Capillary Tubing ◽  
Application Specific ◽  
Continuous Chemical ◽  
Continuous Injection ◽  
Detrimental Impact

Abstract Downhole Continuous Injection (DHCI) Systems are increasingly being installed in wells for the delivery of a range of chemicals, including application-specific formulations and multi-component chemicals. Although costly, these systems offer the advantage of controlling chemical doses, preventing interruptions to production by providing constant delivery of chemicals and can be used in place of squeeze treatments that can be costly or inappropriate if formation damage is a risk. However, such systems are not without challenges for engineering design, operation and the effective qualification required for the chemicals before use. DHCI involves chemical injection through multi-kilometre capillary tubing, as well as injection through inline filters and one or more injection valves. Failures of continuous injection systems have been linked to a variety of causes such as corrosion, particulate formation or chemical gunking, resulting in line plugging or blockage of injection valves and filters. The work described in this paper was initiated to investigate known DHCI issues within Statoil fields and to develop laboratory tests to identify characteristics of chemical formulations that result in similar behaviour, and thus allow such formulations to be de-selected prior to use. The paper describes a range of chemical qualification methods for DHCI systems, focusing on qualifying the chemical for use in a DHCI. Test methods have been developed which demonstrate the ways in which changes in physical properties can readily occur under downhole injection which can have a considerable detrimental impact on the integrity and effectiveness of the DHCI system. These methods have now been finalised into a set of chemical qualification protocols for Statoil. This paper will present the basis of these test protocols and thereby intends to present best practice for chemical/system qualification for DHCI. Results from both extensive laboratory method development studies and field case histories will be included throughout the paper to illustrate the challenges faced and the qualification solutions developed.

Qualification of Downhole Valves Used in Continuous Injection Systems

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Stewart-Liddon ◽  
Neil J Goodwin ◽  
Gordon M Graham ◽  
Tore Tjomsland ◽  
Britt Marie Hustad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Injection System ◽  
Fluid Injection ◽  
Application System ◽  
Capillary Tubing ◽  
Wellbore Pressure ◽  
Injection Line ◽  
Continuous Chemical ◽  
Continuous Injection ◽  
Gas Lift ◽  
Made In

Abstract Downhole Continuous Chemical Injection (DCI) systems, including both Downhole Continuous Injection systems (DHCI) and Gas Lift Chemical injection (GLI) are increasingly being installed in new wells for the application of a range of chemicals. These systems have one or more check valves at the point of injection to control the chemical flow into the wellbore and prevent wellbore fluids from entering the injection lines. In-line filters are included to remove particulates that may prevent the check valves from sealing. The performance of the injection valves is key to the success of continual injection systems. Valve failure would lead to uncontrolled injection into the wellbore, forming low pressure gas pockets within the injection lines which can lead to changes in the physical properties of the chemical causing issues such as corrosion or gunking. In addition, if the hydrostatic pressure within the injection line drops below wellbore pressure, then wellbore fluids can start to enter the capillary tubing. Currently, the qualification of valves is conducted using either fresh water or nitrogen. In conjunction with considerable developments made in qualification of chemicals for DHCI and GLI which were introduced in previous papers1, 2, work has been undertaken to improve the qualification of the injection system itself. This means that in addition to showing compatibility and good performance, the chemical must be suitable for the application system, and the equipment suitable for the chemical selected. Results demonstrate how different valve/chemical combinations can perform well during fluid injection but fail to hold pressure within the injection line when the flow is stopped. The paper will present results from an extensive series of valve tests conducted in a newly designed and commissioned rig capable of operating at full reservoir temperatures (up to 200 °C) and elevated line pressures (up to 5,000 psi). The results from this work are expected to form the basis of a new range of system qualification protocols to be proposed for Statoil DHCI systems.

scholarly journals Comparison of Accelerated Decay and Graveyard Test on Selected Malaysian Timber Species

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 238-241
Author(s):  
Noor Azrieda A.R ◽  
Salmiah U ◽  
Rahim S
Keyword(s):  
Service Life ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Laboratory Method ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Natural Durability ◽  
Timber Species ◽  
Ground Contact ◽  
Paper Briefly ◽  
Geographical Locations

The natural durability of timber may be defined as ‘inherent resist ance of timber to attackby wood deteriorat ion agents such as wood decay ing fungi and wood destroying insects’. In Malay sia, natural durabilit y of t imber is det ermined using a ‘gravey ard’ test . The average time taken for this test is more than 10 years. The results of this test method donot provide information on longevity (service life) either out of ground contact, or inother geographical locations. Comparison of natural durability requires the use ofstandard test method where for example in Europe, the accepted laboratory method is EN350-1. This paper briefly describes the rating of natural durability based on comparisonresults of the two test methods stated i.e the exterior graveyard test and the interior laboratory test.

Load Cell Ringing in High Rate Compression Tests

2004 ◽  
Vol 1-2 ◽  
pp. 205-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryan Roebuck ◽  
M. Brooks ◽  
M.G. Gee
Keyword(s):  
Best Practice ◽  
Mechanical Test ◽  
Software Tool ◽  
Careful Analysis ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Test Material ◽  
Test Machine ◽  
Compression Tests ◽  
Rate Processes

Mechanical test machines play an important role in providing simulation data to underpin careful analysis of high rate processes. In many cases elements of the test frame or testpiece can vibrate when subjected to a high rate force. The transducers attached to the machine frequently register this vibration superimposed on the true signal and thus may mask the signal required for analysis [1-4]. At impact all the parts of the test machine oscillate at their natural frequency (dependent on stiffness and mass). Ringing in test machines is determined by the rate at which the testpiece is deformed, the elastic characteristics of test material and resonances in components of load train anvils in compression. In the current work high rate hot compression tests are being developed to underpin best practice measurement guides on test methods for studying the dependence of strength on deformation rate and temperature, [5-7]. At higher rates of deformation ringing is observed in the transducer signals for load and displacement and this measurement note summarises the results of systematic tests to investigate this issue. A purpose built software tool was developed for analysing the time dependence of the transducer signals.

scholarly journals Sample Preparation Techniques for the Analysis of Microplastics in Soil—A Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (21) ◽  
pp. 9074 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Thomas ◽  
Berit Schütze ◽  
Wiebke Mareile Heinze ◽  
Zacharias Steinmetz
Keyword(s):  
Sample Preparation ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Method Development ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Fenton Reagent ◽  
Plastic Pollution ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Practice Methods ◽  
Preparation Techniques ◽  
Soil Constituents

Although most plastic pollution originates on land, current research largely remains focused on aquatic ecosystems. Studies pioneering terrestrial microplastic research have adapted analytical methods from aquatic research without acknowledging the complex nature of soil. Meanwhile, novel methods have been developed and further refined. However, methodical inconsistencies still challenge a comprehensive understanding of microplastic occurrence and fate in and on soil. This review aims to disentangle the variety of state-of-the-art sample preparation techniques for heterogeneous solid matrices to identify and discuss best-practice methods for soil-focused microplastic analyses. We show that soil sampling, homogenization, and aggregate dispersion are often neglected or incompletely documented. Microplastic preconcentration is typically performed by separating inorganic soil constituents with high-density salt solutions. Not yet standardized but currently most used separation setups involve overflowing beakers to retrieve supernatant plastics, although closed-design separation funnels probably reduce the risk of contamination. Fenton reagent may be particularly useful to digest soil organic matter if suspected to interfere with subsequent microplastic quantification. A promising new approach is extraction of target polymers with organic solvents. However, insufficiently characterized soils still impede an informed decision on optimal sample preparation. Further research and method development thus requires thorough validation and quality control with well-characterized matrices to enable robust routine analyses for terrestrial microplastics.

A Review on Analytical Methods for estimation of Apremelast in Bulk, Pharmaceutical Formulation and in Biological Samples

2021 ◽  
pp. 142-146
Author(s):  
Akash Shelke ◽  
Someshwar Mankar ◽  
Mahesh Kolhe
Keyword(s):  
Biological Samples ◽  
Analytical Methods ◽  
Method Development ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Standard Test ◽  
Phosphodiesterase 4 ◽  
Hyphenated Technique ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Phthalimide Derivative

Apremilast is approved by USFDA in 2014. It is used in treatment of psoriatic arthritis and other conditions like atopic dermatitis and plaque psoriasis. It is act as an anti-inflammatory agent. It is phthalimide derivative and belongs to class 4 category of BCS system. It is a phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE-4) inhibitor. Analytical methods plays an important role to describe physico-chemical properties of drug. Due to low solubility and low permeability analytical method development and formulation becomes challenging. Till date, there are no standard test methods available to analyze Apremilast. So, a review of the analytical methods for apremilast is carried out. Here we discussed latest analytical methods for estimation of apremilast in bulk, Pharmaceuticals dosage form and in biological samples. In that we study methods like HPLC, UV-Visible spectroscopy, HPTLC, UPLC and mostly used hyphenated technique LC-MS. This review will be helpful for the researcher who is working on apremilast.

Restoring Technical Potential of Deep-Water Well Impaired by Hydrate Plug Embedded with Wax Deposit with Improved Characterization and Innovative Chemistry

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anwarudin Saidu Mohamed ◽  
Syafiq Effendi Jalis ◽  
Intiran Raman ◽  
Kumanan Sanmugam ◽  
Dhanaraj Turunawarasu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Melting Point ◽  
Deep Water ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Chemical System ◽  
Positive Pressure ◽  
Fluid Temperature ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Capillary Tubing ◽  
Effective Manner

Abstract Hydrate occurrence is synonymous in deep water wells, notably when the well experience significant reduction in fluid temperature during production. Hence, the operating philosophy must take into consideration the ability to maintain the well-fluid outside the hydrate or wax phase envelope and ensure the contingencies are in place to mitigate any plug, deposit or gel formation. This paper illustrates the characterization of hydrate and wax plug encountered and devise of innovative solution to remediate the blockage in two wells in Sabah waters which were plugged due to cooling of the wells during an unplanned shut down. The solution devised is to set precedence to manage temperature dependent blockages in similar Deepwater wells or facilities. Hydrate and wax models were created to predict blockage severity and its location. Nodal analysis was used to model thermodynamic equilibrium at target location of the plug where the temperature is below the melting point and ultimately to predict the required heat to dissolve the blockages. A Thermo-chemical system was identified, selected, and customized and then injected into well to ensure the temperature generated at the location of the plug was above the melting point of hydrate and wax. Thermo-chemical injection was identified as a viable method of In-situ Heat Generating Technique to generate heat at desired location. The chemical solution was injected via capillary tubing to transmit the heat via conduction and convection to melt the hydrate and paraffinic plug in these 2 wells. An arriving temperature of 40°C at the target zones was required to melt the plug. A positive pressure was maintained in the production tubing during chemical injection to avoid rapid pressure increase as the hydrate plugs dissolved. A temperature of 100 °C was recorded at the wellhead throughout the injection. The downhole gauge indicated positive response, suggesting the heat generated transmitted effectively. After a short duration of injection, communication was established. Hydrate inhibitor was injected to secure the well prior to unloading. The wells were successfully relieved and stabilized production of 1,200 bopd and 800 bopd respectively. The simulation was redesigned based on data collected from the operation to improve the model and to be used for future works. The ability to integrate laboratory analysis, computer aided simulation and operational data was integral to this paper demonstrating an effective way to characterize temperature dependent blockages in production system. Design of experiments provided better insight to address the problem. Innovative use of novel chemistry to produce heat, in-situ heat solved hydrate and wax related issues in a most cost-effective manner. The process of customizing a chemical system based on laboratory and simulation results was effective in ensuring delivery of the results. The bull-heading operation to inject the chemical system proved to be a cost-effective remedial method to unlock the barrels and can be considered preventive or as a contingency measure in dealing with temperature dependent blockages or plugs in future.

scholarly journals Emission Monitoring and Testing of Combustion Processes

1995 ◽  
Author(s):  
George H. Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Method Development ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Test Method ◽  
State Agencies ◽  
Hazardous Air Pollutants ◽  
Test Method Development ◽  
Air Quality Planning ◽  
Combustion Processes

An outline of the federal regulations which require toting and continuous monitoring of combustion process emissions is presented. A discussion of the NOx RACT regulations and the differences between selected state agencies is presented. A brief review of the components of the proposed enhanced monitoring rule is provided. The technology and types of continuous emission monitors (CEM) currently available for criteria and hazardous air pollutants are described. The new CEM technologies being developed for criteria and hazardous air pollutants are summarized. The factors to be considered in purchasing, installing, certifying and operating a CEM system are outlined. The approved EPA test methods, procedures for new test method development and the new EPA stationary source and analyses database are reviewed. The use of continues monitors to develop individual combustion curves for optimization of reduced emissions is summarized. The Office of Air Quality Planning and Standard (QAQPS) network of databases is introduced.

scholarly journals Advancing Measurement Science to Assess Monitoring, Diagnostics, and Prognostics for Manufacturing Robotics

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Guixiu Qiao ◽  
Brian A. Weiss
Keyword(s):  
Method Development ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Health Management ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Verification And Validation ◽  
Positional Accuracy ◽  
Measurement Science ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Barriers And Challenges

Unexpected equipment downtime is a ‘pain point’ for manufacturers, especially in that this event usually translates to financial losses. To minimize this pain point, manufacturers are developing new health monitoring, diagnostic, prognostic, and maintenance (collectively known as prognostics and health management (PHM)) techniques to advance the state-of-the-art in their maintenance strategies. The manufacturing community has a wide-range of needs with respect to the advancement and integration of PHM technologies to enhance manufacturing robotic system capabilities. Numerous researchers, including personnel from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), have identified a broad landscape of barriers and challenges to advancing PHM technologies. One such challenge is the verification and validation of PHM technology through the development of performance metrics, test methods, reference datasets, and supporting tools. Besides documenting and presenting the research landscape, NIST personnel are actively researching PHM for robotics to promote the development of innovative sensing technology and prognostic decision algorithms and to produce a positional accuracy test method that emphasizes the identification of static and dynamic positional accuracy. The test method development will provide manufacturers with a methodology that will allow them to quickly assess the positional health of their robot systems along with supporting the verification and validation of PHM techniques for the robot system.

Novel H2S Scavenger Testing Methodology to Meet the Ever-Present Challenge of Simulating Scavenger Application Methods with Laboratory Testing Protocols

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grahame Taylor ◽  
Jonathan Wylde ◽  
Bridgette Allan
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Dynamic Contact ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Laboratory Method ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Test Protocol ◽  
Novel Methods

Abstract The design methodology for H2S scavengers relies heavily on developing a test protocol that most closely simulates field applications. These include gas contact towers, direct gas production injection and multiphase treatments, such as subsea umbilical delivery lines to sea floor well heads, hydrocarbon flow lines and sour storage tank treatments. There are very few testing standards and while there are industry accepted methods, the novel methods presented fill the gaps that exist. A thorough review is made of existing test methodologies such as the static gas breakthrough test and the multiphase Parr Autoclave. Each of these has become an accepted, albeit unofficial, industry standard. Novel methods recently developed comprise the "Direct Injection Laboratory Simulator" (DILS) which, as the name suggests, represents a laboratory method of evaluating a direct gas injection application. Also included is a unique modification of the gas breakthrough test, known as the "miniature Ultrafab tower" which simulates a regenerative tower-based system, commonly in operation in the field. The results showed fascinating validation of gas direct injection and dynamic tower interactions. In some cases, the results are as expected and in others fresh insight has been obtained into any observed discrepancy between a scavenger's field performance and how it performs in the laboratory development studies. In the case of the "miniature Ultrafab tower", this ingenious piece of equipment has been proven to accurately simulate the packing typically seen in the gas contactor to enhance gas/liquid interaction as well as provides the ability to continually replenish the tower with fresh chemical during the test using an accurately controlled flow rate from an HPLC pump. These have been shown to be vitally important parameters for accurate lab to field correlation and are uniquely available from this test, for example gleaning the minimum flow rate of fresh scavenger which can control the H2S concentration to the predetermined level; exactly as is done in field operations. This novel apparatus also has a separator chamber where the spent chemical can be collected, analyzed and evaluated, exactly as is done in a field trial for a dynamic contact gas tower. Armed with a new series of test methodologies, the development of H2S scavengers can enjoy a much higher success rate in the all-important transition from laboratory to field. The test methods also give invaluable tools to trouble shooting and investigate unexpected deficiencies in products which have in the past performed as expected. This includes providing a validation method for changes and enhancements desired during the manufacture process and raw material sourcing for chemical scavengers.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document