scholarly journals Sex Differences in Rumen Fermentation and Microbiota of Tibetan Goat

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinyu Guo ◽  
Yuzhu Sha ◽  
Weibing Lv ◽  
Xiaoning Pu ◽  
Xiu Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Rumen Microbiota ◽  
Rumen Epithelium ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Composition And Structure ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Fermentation Parameters ◽  
And Function

Abstract Background: Gut microbiota play an important role in maintaining host metabolism, immune system and health, while sex, genotype, diet and health have certain effects on composition of gut microbiota. Therefore, in order to explore the sex differences in the structure and function of rumen microbiota in Tibetan goat, the study analyzed the sex differences in rumen fermentation parameters, rumen microbiota and the expression of genes related to VFAs transport in Tibetan goat. Results: The results showed that the content of acetic acid in the rumen of rams was significantly higher than that of ewes (P <0.05), and propionic acid and butyric acid were higher than that of ewes, but the difference was not significant (P >0.05); The expression of VFAs transport related genes DRA, AE2, MCT-1, NHE1, NHE2 in rumen epithelium of ewes was significantly higher than that of rams. Analysis of the composition and structure of rumen microbiota showed that there were significant sex differences in structure of rumen microbiota, and the abundance of rumen microbiota in ewes was higher than that in rams (P>0.05). At the phylum level, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were the dominant phyla of Tibetan goat, while Firmicutes was significantly higher in ewes than in rams (P<0.05). At the genus level, the relative abundance of Fibrobacter, Ruminococcus_1 and Pyramidobacter in ewes was significantly higher than that in rams (P<0.05). The function prediction results showed that Replication, recombination and repair, RNA processing and modification were mainly enriched in ewes (P<0.05). Conclusions: Correlation analysis revealed significant associations of some rumen microbiota with the fermentation product VFAs and VFAs transport-related genes. It is concluded that rams and ewes have a strong ability for fermenting and metabolizing when adapting to the plateau environment, which provides a certain sex reference basis for Tibetan goat adaptation to the plateau environment.

scholarly journals Contrasting gut microbiota in captive Eurasian otters (Lutra lutra) by age

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yumiko Okamoto ◽  
Natsumi Ichinohe ◽  
Cheolwoon Woo ◽  
Sung-Yong Han ◽  
Hyeong-Hoo Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Lutra Lutra ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Baseline Information ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
And Function

AbstractUnderstanding the gut microbiota characteristics of endangered species such as the Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra), especially in their early stages of life, could be essential for improving their management and ex situ conservation strategies. Here, we analyzed the gut microbiota diversity, composition, and function of captive Eurasian otters at different ages using high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing. We found that: (1) Clostridiaceae was abundant in all age stages; (2) Lactococcus in cubs is thought to predominate for digesting milk; (3) bacteria associated with amino acid metabolism increase with age, while bacteria associated with carbohydrate metabolism decrease with age, which is likely due to decrease in dietary carbohydrate content (e.g., milk) and increase in dietary protein contents (e.g., fishes) with age; and (4) fish-related bacteria were detected in feces of healthy adults and juveniles. Overall, the gut microbiota of captive Eurasian otters was taxonomically and functionally different by age, which is thought to be attributed to the difference in the diet in their life stages. This study provided baseline information regarding the gut microbiota of Eurasian otters for the first time and contributes to improvement in their management in captivity.

Bovine rumen epithelium undergoes rapid structural adaptations during grain-induced subacute ruminal acidosis

2011 ◽  
Vol 300 (6) ◽  
pp. R1515-R1523 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. Steele ◽  
Jim Croom ◽  
Melissa Kahler ◽  
Ousama AlZahal ◽  
Sarah E. Hook ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stratum Corneum ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Igf Binding Proteins ◽  
Subacute Ruminal Acidosis ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Ruminal Acidosis ◽  
Rumen Epithelium ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Undifferentiated Cells ◽  
And Function

Alterations in rumen epithelial structure and function during grain-induced subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) are largely undescribed. In this study, four mature nonlactating dairy cattle were transitioned from a high-forage diet (HF; 0% grain) to a high-grain diet (HG; 65% grain). After feeding the HG diet for 3 wk, the cattle were transitioned back to the original HF diet, which was fed for an additional 3 wk. Continuous ruminal pH was measured on a weekly basis, and rumen papillae were biopsied during the baseline and at the first and final week of each diet. The mean, minimum, and maximum daily ruminal pH were depressed ( P < 0.01) in the HG period compared with the HF period. During the HG period, SARA was diagnosed only during week 1, indicating ruminal adaptation to the HG diet. Microscopic examination of the papillae revealed a reduction ( P < 0.01) in the stratum basale, spinosum, and granulosum layers, as well as total depth of the epithelium during the HG period. The highest ( P < 0.05) papillae lesion scores were noted during week 1 when SARA occurred. Biopsied papillae exhibited a decline in cellular junctions, extensive sloughing of the stratum corneum, and the appearance of undifferentiated cells near the stratum corneum. Differential mRNA expression of candidate genes, including desmoglein 1 and IGF binding proteins 3, 5, and 6, was detected between diets using qRT-PCR. These results suggest that the structural integrity of the rumen epithelium is compromised during grain feeding and is associated with the differential expression of genes involved in epithelial growth and structure.

scholarly journals Conservation, acquisition, and functional impact of sex-biased gene expression in mammals

Science ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 365 (6450) ◽  
pp. eaaw7317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sahin Naqvi ◽  
Alexander K. Godfrey ◽  
Jennifer F. Hughes ◽  
Mary L. Goodheart ◽  
Richard N. Mitchell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Molecular Level ◽  
Human Sex Differences ◽  
Careful Attention ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Genomic Analyses ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Sex Biases

Sex differences abound in human health and disease, as they do in other mammals used as models. The extent to which sex differences are conserved at the molecular level across species and tissues is unknown. We surveyed sex differences in gene expression in human, macaque, mouse, rat, and dog, across 12 tissues. In each tissue, we identified hundreds of genes with conserved sex-biased expression—findings that, combined with genomic analyses of human height, explain ~12% of the difference in height between females and males. We surmise that conserved sex biases in expression of genes otherwise operating equivalently in females and males contribute to sex differences in traits. However, most sex-biased expression arose during the mammalian radiation, which suggests that careful attention to interspecies divergence is needed when modeling human sex differences.

scholarly journals Feeding a Negative Dietary Cation-Anion Difference to Female Goats Is Feasible, as Indicated by the Non-Deleterious Effect on Rumen Fermentation and Rumen Microbial Population and Increased Plasma Calcium Level

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 664
Author(s):  
Kang Yang ◽  
Xingzhou Tian ◽  
Zhengfa Ma ◽  
Wenxuan Wu
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Butyric Acid ◽  
Calcium Level ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Plasma Calcium ◽  
Cellulolytic Bacteria ◽  
Unifrac Distance ◽  
Rumen Microbiota ◽  
Fermentation Parameters

The dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD) has been receiving increased attention in recent years; however, information on rumen fermentation, cellulolytic bacteria populations, and microbiota of female goats fed a negative DCAD diet is less. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of feeding a negative DCAD diet for goats with emphasis on rumen fermentation parameters, cellulolytic bacteria populations, and microbiota. Eighteen female goats were randomly blocked to 3 treatments of 6 replicates with 1 goat per replicate. Animals were fed diets with varying DCAD levels at +338 (high DCAD; HD), +152 (control; CON), and −181 (low DCAD; LD). This study lasted 45 days with a 30-d adaption and 15-d trial period. The results showed that the different DCAD levels did not affect the rumen fermentation parameters including pH, buffering capability, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, sum of acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid, or the ratio of acetic acid/propionic acid (p > 0.05). The 4 main ruminal cellulolytic bacteria populations containing Fibrobacter succinogenes, Ruminococcus flavefaciens, Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, and Ruminococcus albus did not differ from DCAD treatments (p > 0.05). There was no difference in bacterial richness and diversity indicated by the indices Chao, Abundance Coverage-based Estimator (Ace), or Simpson and Shannon, respectively (p > 0.05), among 3 DCAD levels. Both principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) weighted UniFrac distance and unweighted UniFrac distance showed no difference in the composition of rumen microbiota for CON, HD, and LD (p > 0.05). At the phylum level, Bacteroidetes was the predominant phylum followed by Firmicutes, Synergistetes, Proteobacteria, Spirochaetae, and Tenericutes, and they showed no difference (p > 0.05) in relative abundances except for Firmicutes, which was higher in HD and LD compared to CON (p < 0.05). At the genus level, the relative abundances of 11 genera were not affected by DCAD treatments (p > 0.05). The level of DCAD had no effect (p > 0.05) on growth performance (p > 0.05). Urine pH in LD was lower than HD and CON (p < 0.05). Goats fed LD had higher plasma calcium over HD and CON (p < 0.05). In summary, we conclude that feeding a negative DCAD has no deleterious effects on rumen fermentation and rumen microbiota and can increase the blood calcium level, and is therefore feasible for female goats.

scholarly journals Distinct Metagenomic Signatures in the SARS-CoV-2 Infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yijun Liu ◽  
Hongyang Zhang ◽  
Xiaojun Tang ◽  
Xuejun Jiang ◽  
Xiaojuan Yan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽  
Microbiome Composition ◽  
Key Species ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Genome Annotations ◽  
And Function ◽  
First Time

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection can cause gastrointestinal symptoms in the patients, but the role of gut microbiota in SARS-CoV-2 infection remains unclear. Thus, in this study, we aim to investigate whether SARS-CoV-2 infection affects the composition and function of gut microbiota. In this study, we demonstrated for the first time that significant shifts in microbiome composition and function were appeared in both SARS-CoV-2-infected asymptomatic and symptomatic cases. The relative abundance of Candidatus_Saccharibacteria was significantly increased, whereas the levels of Fibrobacteres was remarkably reduced in SARS-CoV-2-infected cases. There was one bacterial species, Spirochaetes displayed the difference between patients and asymptomatic cases. On the genus level, Tyzzerella was the key species that remarkably increased in both symptomatic and asymptomatic cases. Analyses of genome annotations further revealed SARS-CoV-2 infection resulted in the significant ‘functional dysbiosis’ of gut microbiota, including metabolic pathway, regulatory pathway and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites etc. We also identified potential metagenomic markers to discriminate SARS-CoV-2-infected symptomatic and asymptomatic cases from healthy controls. These findings together suggest gut microbiota is of possible etiological and diagnostic importance for SARS-CoV-2 infection.

scholarly journals Epigenetic mechanisms elicited by nutrition in early life

2011 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 198-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Berni Canani ◽  
Margherita Di Costanzo ◽  
Ludovica Leone ◽  
Giorgio Bedogni ◽  
Paolo Brambilla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
Epigenetic Mechanisms ◽  
Adult Health ◽  
Peripheral Tissues ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Health Promoting ◽  
And Function

A growing number of studies focusing on the developmental origin of health and disease hypothesis have identified links among early nutrition, epigenetic processes and diseases also in later life. Different epigenetic mechanisms are elicited by dietary factors in early critical developmental ages that are able to affect the susceptibility to several diseases in adulthood. The studies here reviewed suggest that maternal and neonatal diet may have long-lasting effects in the development of non-communicable chronic adulthood diseases, in particular the components of the so-called metabolic syndrome, such as insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, obesity, dyslipidaemia, hypertension, and CVD. Both maternal under- and over-nutrition may regulate the expression of genes involved in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. Early postnatal nutrition may also represent a vital determinant of adult health by making an impact on the development and function of gut microbiota. An inadequate gut microbiota composition and function in early life seems to account for the deviant programming of later immunity and overall health status. In this regard probiotics, which have the potential to restore the intestinal microbiota balance, may be effective in preventing the development of chronic immune-mediated diseases. More recently, the epigenetic mechanisms elicited by probiotics through the production of SCFA are hypothesised to be the key to understand how they mediate their numerous health-promoting effects from the gut to the peripheral tissues.

scholarly journals Effects of Dietary Energy Levels on Rumen Fermentation, Gastrointestinal Tract Histology, and Bacterial Community Diversity in Fattening Male Hu Lambs

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiye Wang ◽  
Yutong Zeng ◽  
Xianglin Zeng ◽  
Xin Wang ◽  
Yancan Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Energy Level ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Community Diversity ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Fermentation Parameters ◽  
And Function

This study investigated rumen fermentation and histological and microbial diversity in male Hu lamb fed diets with different metabolizable energy (ME) levels (MEA, 9.17 MJ/kg, MEB, 10.00 MJ/kg, and MEC, 10.82 MJ/kg). Thirty-six male Hu lambs were randomly allotted to three treatments, and the feeding trial lasted for 67 days. Rumen fermentation results suggest that the iso-valerate had a significant effect on dietary energy level. The papillary height (PH) of rumen was the highest in the MEB group, the crypt depth (CD) was significantly increased in the duodenum and jejunum, and the villus height (VH)-to-CD ratio (VH/CD) was significantly decreased in the duodenum by increasing dietary energy levels; the VH, villus width (VW), and VH/CD also had significant differences in the ileum. 16S rRNA sequencing results showed that the operational taxonomic units (OTUs) number, the ACE, and Chao1 indices were linearly decreased by increasing dietary energy level; 24 phyla including 124 genera were identified, and the relative abundance of Papillibacter and Quinella linearly decreased by increasing the dietary energy level. Compared to MEA and MEB groups, the relative abundance of unidentified_Veillonellaceae and Anaerovibrio was significantly increased in the MEC group at the genus level. The relative abundance of the carbohydrate metabolism pathway predicted by Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States (PICRUSt) was linearly increased by increasing the dietary energy levels. Three metabolic pathways identified in Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) level 3 were significantly influenced as the dietary energy level increased. In summary, these results demonstrated that the dietary energy levels affected the rumen fermentation parameters, morphological structures of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), and the composition and function of rumen microflora in male Hu sheep.

scholarly journals Coprophagy prevention alters microbiome structure and function and impairs memory in a small mammal

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ting-bei Bo ◽  
Xue-Ying Zhang ◽  
Kevin D. Kohl ◽  
Jing Wen ◽  
Shuang-Jie Tian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Memory Function ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Nutritional Requirements ◽  
Composition And Structure ◽  
Nutritional Benefits ◽  
And Function ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Lasiopodomys Brandtii

Abstract Background In the long process of adaptive evolution, many small mammals engage in coprophagy, or the behavior of consuming feces, as a means to meet nutritional requirements when feeding on low-quality foods. In addition to nutritional benefits, coprophagy may also help herbivores retain necessary gut microbial diversity and function, which may have downstream physiological effects, such as maintaining energy balance and cognitive function. Here, we used collars to prevent Brandt’s vole (Lasiopodomys brandtii) from engaging in coprophagy and monitored changes in microbial community structure, energy metabolism, and memory formation. Results In this research, we found that coprophagy prevention decreased alpha diversity of the gut microbiota, and altered abundances of microbial taxa such as Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Oscillospira. The coprophagy prevention decreased body mass while increased food intake and ghrelin level in serum. Importantly, coprophagy prevention decreased vole’s memory and neurotransmitters in brain. The administration of acetate compensated for the energy loss and decline of spatial memory caused by coprophagy prevention and partially rescued the composition and structure of gut microbiota. Conclusions These findings identify relationship between coprophagy behavior and interactions between the gut microbiota, energy metabolism and neurological function. Our results suggest that coprophagy may have a positive effect on animal’s nutritional requirements and ecological adaptations by improving memory function.

Sex Differences in Childhood Associations between DNA Markers and General Cognitive Ability

2007 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 161-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosalind Arden ◽  
Nicole Harlaar ◽  
Robert Plomin
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Dna Markers ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
General Cognitive Ability ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
The Difference

Abstract. An association between intelligence at age 7 and a set of five single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) has been identified and replicated. We used this composite SNP set to investigate whether the associations differ between boys and girls for general cognitive ability at ages 2, 3, 4, 7, 9, and 10 years. In a longitudinal community sample of British twins aged 2-10 (n > 4,000 individuals), we found that the SNP set is more strongly associated with intelligence in males than in females at ages 7, 9, and 10 and the difference is significant at 10. If this finding replicates in other studies, these results will constitute the first evidence of the same autosomal genes acting differently on intelligence in the two sexes.

Strategies for Oral Delivery of Metal-Saturated Lactoferrin

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (11) ◽  
pp. 1046-1051 ◽  
Author(s):  
Przemysław Gajda-Morszewski ◽  
Klaudyna Śpiewak-Wojtyła ◽  
Maria Oszajca ◽  
Małgorzata Brindell
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Oral Delivery ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
The Difference ◽  
And Function ◽  
First Time

Lactoferrin was isolated and purified for the first time over 50-years ago. Since then, extensive studies on the structure and function of this protein have been performed and the research is still being continued. In this mini-review we focus on presenting recent scientific efforts towards the elucidation of the role and therapeutic potential of lactoferrin saturated with iron(III) or manganese(III) ions. The difference in biological activity of metal-saturated lactoferrin vs. the unmetalated one is emphasized. The strategies for oral delivery of lactoferrin, are also reviewed, with particular attention to the metalated protein.

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