scholarly journals The Biases in Flavonoids and Anthocyanin Biosynthesis of a Red Flesh Table Grape Revealed by Metabolome and Transcriptome Co-analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
renxiang lu ◽  
Miaoyu Song ◽  
Zhe Wang ◽  
Yanlei Zhai ◽  
Chaoyang Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Health Benefit ◽  
Table Grape ◽  
Red Wines ◽  
Structural Genes ◽  
Table Grapes ◽  
New Information ◽  
Positive Regulators ◽  
Transcriptome Comparison ◽  
Lower Expression

Abstract Red flesh is a welcomed fruit trait, yet the regulation of red flesh formation in grape is not well understood. ‘Mio Red’ is a seedless table grape variety with light red flesh and blue-purple skin, the flesh color developed in the late stage of berry ripening, remarkably later than the skin coloring at veraison. The flesh and skin flavonoids metabolome and the transcriptome were analyzed. A total of 173 flavonoids including 17 anthocyanins were identified, 68 were found significantly different (Fold change ≥ 2 or ≤ 0. 5, VIP ≥ 1). Quercetin 3-O-glucoside, epicatechin-epiafzelechin, apigenin 6,8-C-diglucoside and hesperetin 5-O-glucoside were of higher content in the flesh, while the rest flavonoids were of higher content in the skin. The main anthocyanin in the flesh was pelargonidin derivatives in contrast to peonidin derivatives in the skin. Transcriptome comparison recruited 3970 differentially expressed genes (DEGs, log2Fold change > = 1, FDR < 0.05, FPKM ≥ 1), among them 57 were structural genes of flavonoid metabolism pathway. Two anthocyanin synthase (ANS) DEGs were annotated, ANS1 (Vitvi11g00565) and ANS2 (Vitvi02g00435) led the expression in the flesh and skin respectively. In the flesh, anthocyanin biosynthesis structural gene UFGT, positive regulators MYBA1/2/3, and anthocyanin transporters GST14 and MATE5 were of significantly lower expression, while negative regulators MYBC2-L1 and MYB3 were of higher transcription. The results of this study provide new information in the coloring mechanism of red flesh grape and assisting breeding of future table grapes having higher content of phytonutrient providing the health benefit as red wines.

scholarly journals Transcriptome Analysis Clarified Genes Involved in Betalain Biosynthesis in the Fruit of Red Pitayas (Hylocereus costaricensis)

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 445 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xingyuan Xi ◽  
Yuan Zong ◽  
Shiming Li ◽  
Dong Cao ◽  
Xuemei Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Transcriptome Analysis ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Major Gene ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Structural Genes ◽  
Kegg Pathways ◽  
Lower Expression

The red flesh trait gives red pitayas more healthful components and a higher price, while the genetic mechanism behind this trait is unknown. In this manuscript, transcriptome analysis was employed to discover the genetic differences between white and red flesh in pitayas. A total of 27.99 Gb clean data were obtained for four samples. Unigenes, 79,049 in number, were generated with an average length of 1333 bp, and 52,618 Unigenes were annotated. Compared with white flesh, the expression of 10,215 Unigenes was up-regulated, and 4853 Unigenes were down-regulated in red flesh. The metabolic pathways accounted for 64.6% of all differentially expressed Unigenes in KEGG pathways. The group with high betalain content in red flesh and all structural genes, related to betalain biosynthesis, had a higher expression in red flesh than white flesh. The expression of the key gene, tyrosine hydroxylase CYP76AD1, was up-regulated 245.08 times, while 4,5-DOPA dioxygenase DODA was up-regulated 6.46 times. Moreover, the special isomers CYP76AD1α and DODAα were only expressed in red flesh. The competitive anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway had a lower expression in red flesh. Two MYB transcription factors were of the same branch as BvMYB1, regulating betalain biosynthesis in beet, and those transcription factors had expression differences in two kinds of pitayas, which indicated that they should be candidate genes controlling betalain accumulation in red pitayas. This research would benefit from identifying the major gene controlling red flesh trait and breed new cultivars with the red flesh trait. Future research should aim to prove the role of each candidate gene in betalain biosynthesis in red pitayas.

scholarly journals Transcriptomic Profiling of Apple Calli With a Focus on the Key Genes for ALA-Induced Anthocyanin Accumulation

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Zheng ◽  
Longbo Liu ◽  
Huihui Tao ◽  
Yuyan An ◽  
Liangju Wang
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Aminolevulinic Acid ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Transcript Level ◽  
Flavonoid Biosynthesis ◽  
Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽  
Structural Genes ◽  
Metabolism Regulation ◽  
Positive Regulators ◽  
R2r3 Myb

The red color is an attractive trait of fruit and determines its market acceptance. 5-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA), an eco-friendly plant growth regulator, has played a universal role in plant secondary metabolism regulation, particularly in flavonoid biosynthesis. It has been widely reported that ALA can up-regulate expression levels of several structural genes related to flavonoid metabolism and anthocyanin accumulation. However, the molecular mechanisms behind ALA-induced expression of these genes are complicated and still far from being completely understood. In this study, transcriptome analysis identified the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with ALA-induced anthocyanin accumulation. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis showed that the flavonoid biosynthesis (ko00941) pathway was significantly enhanced in the ALA-treated apple calli at 24, 48, and 72 h after the treatment. Expression pattern revealed that ALA up-regulated the expression of the structural genes related to not only anthocyanin biosynthesis (MdCHS, MdCHI, MdF3’H, MdDFR, MdANS, and MdUFGT) but also anthocyanin transport (MdGST and MdMATE). Two R2R3-MYB transcription factors (MdMYB10 and MdMYB9), which are the known positive regulators of anthocyanin biosynthesis, were significantly induced by ALA. Gene overexpression and RNA interference assays demonstrated that MdMYB10 and MdMYB9 were involved in ALA-induced anthocyanin biosynthesis. Moreover, MdMYB10 and MdMYB9 might positively regulate the transcription of MdMATE8 by binding to the promoter region. These results indicate that MdMYB10 and MdMYB9 modulated structural gene expression of anthocyanin biosynthesis and transport in response to ALA-mediated apple calli coloration at the transcript level. We herein provide new details regarding transcriptional regulation of ALA-induced color development.

scholarly journals Development of Performance Evaluation Indicators for Table Grape Packaging Units

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 2177
Author(s):  
Edson Kogachi ◽  
Adonias Ferreira ◽  
Carlos Cavalcante ◽  
Marcelo Embiruçu
Keyword(s):  
Performance Evaluation ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Process Management ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Table Grape ◽  
Data Envelopment ◽  
Table Grapes ◽  
Speed Performance ◽  
The Cost

In order to improve the process management of table grape packaging, its performance should be evaluated. However, the literature on performance evaluation indicators is scarce. To address this research gap, we propose a method for the development of performance evaluation indicators for table grape packaging units, which are characterized by labor-intensive and highly seasonal production processes in the agro-economic sector. The stages include the following: contextualizing table grape packaging units, selecting the performance objectives, selecting techniques to be used in the development of the indicators, and applying the method to the packaging units of table grapes. The techniques adopted in the development of the indicators aimed at the cost, quality, flexibility, reliability, and speed performance objectives were data envelopment analysis, principal component analysis, quantification of the batch, compliance with the program within the established deadline, and measurement of the execution time of the batch, respectively. The results obtained in the case study demonstrate that the correlations between the performance indicators do not indicate the need to disregard any of them. Furthermore, the standard deviation values for each indicator are similar. Thus, both results of correlations and standard deviation confirm the importance of the indicators chosen for the performance evaluation of table grape packaging.

scholarly journals Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals key genes associated with pigmentation in radish (Raphanus sativus L.) skin and flesh

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jifang Zhang ◽  
Jian Zhao ◽  
Qunyun Tan ◽  
Xiaojun Qiu ◽  
Shiyong Mei
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Raphanus Sativus ◽  
Regulatory Networks ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Comparative Transcriptome ◽  
Structural Genes ◽  
Key Genes ◽  
Transcript Profiles ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthetic Genes

AbstractRadish (Raphanus sativus) is an important vegetable worldwide that exhibits different flesh and skin colors. The anthocyanins responsible for the red and purple coloring in radishes possess nutritional value and pharmaceutical potential. To explore the structural and regulatory networks related to anthocyanin biosynthesis and identify key genes, we performed comparative transcriptome analyses of the skin and flesh of six colored radish accessions. The transcript profiles showed that each accession had a species-specific transcript profile. For radish pigmentation accumulation, the expression levels of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes (RsTT4, RsC4H, RsTT7, RsCCOAMT, RsDFR, and RsLDOX) were significantly upregulated in the red- and purple-colored accessions, but were downregulated or absent in the white and black accessions. The correlation test, combined with metabolome (PCC > 0.95), revealed five structural genes (RsTT4, RsDFR, RsCCOAMT, RsF3H, and RsBG8L) and three transcription factors (RsTT8-1, RsTT8-2, and RsPAR1) to be significantly correlated with flavonoids in the skin of the taproot. Four structural genes (RsBG8L, RsDFR, RsCCOAMT, and RsLDOX) and nine transcription factors (RsTT8-1, RsTT8-2, RsMYB24L, RsbHLH57, RsPAR2L, RsbHLH113L, RsOGR3L, RsMYB24, and RsMYB34L) were found to be significantly correlated with metabolites in the flesh of the taproot. This study provides a foundation for future studies on the gene functions and genetic diversity of radish pigmentation and should aid in the cultivation of new valuable radish varieties.

scholarly journals Wine origin authentication linked to terroir – wine fingerprint

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 02033
Author(s):  
B. Gabel
Keyword(s):  
Pore Water ◽  
Isotope Composition ◽  
Food Product ◽  
Isotopic Signature ◽  
Original Method ◽  
Economic Problem ◽  
Red Wines ◽  
Table Grapes ◽  
Mineral Phases

Global wine and alcohol trade faces a serious economic problem linked to counterfeiting of these commodities. Recently applied authentication methods and techniques pose more difficulties for counterfeiters but they are apparently not effective once we consider economical losses identified by EU legal authorities. The presented solution links isotopic characteristics of the soil, plant, technological intermediate product and the final food product (wine, grapes) on the basis of 87Sr/86Sr isotopes ratios. For the isotopic signature of wines, the average isotope composition of the substrate cannot be a reliable indicator. Only the isotopic composition of pore water can, as it leaches various mineral phases at different stages and passes into vine root system. Instead of complicated sampling of pore water, an original method of preparing and processing soil samples and consequently must & wine samples was developed. Based on both, soil and biological material analysis, we can unquestionably determine not only geographical but also regional and local authenticity of the wine. Determination of red wines isotopic signature is more straightforward process in comparison to white wines, because of technologically different processing of grapes. That is the reason why, in case of white vines, the 87Sr/86Sr ratio of bentonites (natural purifier and absorbent useful in the process of winemaking) must also be taken into consideration. Results of analyses of Slovak wines from geographically diverse regions as well as from sites in close-by distances have clearly established reliability of presented concept, in which the soil is linked to the plant and to the final food product (wine or table grapes).

scholarly journals Genetic diversity in table grapes based on RAPD and microsatellite markers

2011 ◽  
Vol 46 (9) ◽  
pp. 1035-1044 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrícia Coelho de Souza Leão ◽  
Sérgio Yoshimitsu Motoike
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Microsatellite Markers ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
Similarity Index ◽  
Genetic Distances ◽  
Table Grape ◽  
Group Method ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
Table Grapes ◽  
Pair Group

The objective of this work was to analyze the genetic diversity of 47 table grape accessions, from the grapevine germplasm bank of Embrapa Semiárido, using 20 RAPD and seven microsatellite markers. Genetic distances between pairs of accessions were obtained based on Jaccard's similarity index for RAPD data and on the arithmetic complement of the weighted index for microsatellite data. The groups were formed according to the Tocher's cluster analysis and to the unweighted pair‑group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA). The microsatellite markers were more efficient than the RAPD ones in the identification of genetic relationships. Information on the genetic distance, based on molecular characteristics and coupled with the cultivar agronomic performance, allowed for the recommendation of parents for crossings, in order to obtain superior hybrids in segregating populations for the table grape breeding program of Embrapa Semiárido.

Cyanamide advances the maturity of table grapes in central Australia

1986 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 505 ◽  
Author(s):  
CR McColl
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Ripening ◽  
Slow Growth ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Table Grape ◽  
Table Grapes ◽  
Central Australia

In the hot subtropical desert of Central Australia, a 25 mg/ml cyanamide solution was applied to Sultana H4 and Cardinal grape vines immediately after pruning on 2 May, 30 May, 27 June or 25 July, 16, 12, 8 and 4 weeks prior to the usual time of budburst, about 22 August. Both cultivars responded to cyanamide, the vines bursting bud 2-4 weeks after application. Vines treated on 2 May and 30 May suffered frost damage and produced negligible crops; those treated on 27 June and 25 July flowered significantly earlier than untreated vines, despite slow growth in July and August. Fruit ripening in Sultana H4 was advanced by 4, 3 and 2 weeks by cyanamide applications on 30 May, 27 June and 25 July, respectively. Ripening in Cardinal was advanced by 3.5 and 2.5 weeks by cyanamide applications on 27 June and 25 July, respectively. The ability to advance maturity has significant implications for commercial table-grape production in the region.

scholarly journals Analysis of structural genes and key transcription factors related to anthocyanin biosynthesis in potato tubers

2017 ◽  
Vol 225 ◽  
pp. 310-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huiling Zhang ◽  
Bo Yang ◽  
Jun Liu ◽  
Dalong Guo ◽  
Juan Hou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Potato Tubers ◽  
Structural Genes

scholarly journals The effect of aerosol treatment with calcium-based preparation on quality of table grape cultivar during storage

2021 ◽  
Vol 232 ◽  
pp. 03023
Author(s):  
Sofia Cherviak ◽  
Svetlana Levchenko ◽  
Vladimir Boyko ◽  
Dmitriy Belash
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Table Grape ◽  
Oxidative Enzymes ◽  
Organoleptic Properties ◽  
Table Grapes ◽  
Long Term Storage ◽  
Organoleptic Characteristics ◽  
Term Storage

The main problems of grape storage are berry dehydration and rot. One of the solutions to reduce rot and preserve the quality of grapes during storage is the use of aerosol treatment with calcium content before storing. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of physiologically active substances based on calcium in various concentrations on the quality and organoleptic characteristics of table grape cvs. ‘Italia’ during long-term storage. The effectiveness of the studied systems of treatment was evaluated according to the content of sugars and titratable acids, the activity of the redox enzymes of polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase, weight loss of bunch and organoleptic properties. The greatest effectiveness established by using preparation of Master Green Ca, Brentax KCa, and Brentax Ca (in concentration 150g / 20l). Experimental treatments significantly decreased the weight loss of bunch (less than 4%), and preserved organoleptic properties of berry at a high level (8.2-8.9 points). Decrease in the activity of oxidative enzymes had a positive effect on the quality of table grapes and contributed to its better preservation. The data obtained make it possible to rationalize the system of long-term storage of grapes by using of aerosol treatment with calcium-based preparation.

scholarly journals Combined Transcriptome and Metabolome Integrated Analysis of Acer mandshuricum to Reveal Candidate Genes Involved in Anthocyanin Accumulation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shikai Zhang ◽  
Wang Zhan ◽  
Anran Sun ◽  
Ying Xie ◽  
Zhiming Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regulatory Mechanism ◽  
Color Change ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Integrated Analysis ◽  
Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽  
Structural Genes ◽  
Leaf Color ◽  
Accumulation Pattern ◽  
Color Formation ◽  
Red Color

Abstract The red color formation of Acer mandshuricum leaves is caused by the accumulation of anthocyanins primarily, but the molecular mechanism researches which underlie anthocyanin biosynthesis in A. mandshuricum were still lacking. Therefore, we combined the transcriptome and metabolome and analyzed the regulatory mechanism and accumulation pattern of anthocyanins in leaf color change periods in three different leaf color states. In our results, 26 anthocyanins were identified. Notably, the metabolite cyanidin 3-O-glucoside was found that significantly correlated with the color formation, was the predominant metabolite in anthocyanin biosynthesis of A. mandshuricum. By the way, two key structural genes ANS (Cluster-20561.86285) and BZ1 (Cluster-20561.99238) in anthocyanidin biosynthesis pathway were significantly up-regulated in RL, suggesting that they might enhance accumulation of cyanidin 3-O-glucoside which is their downstream metabolite, and contributed the red formation of A. mandshuricum leaves. Additionally, most TFs (e.g., MYBs, bZIPs and bHLHs) were detected differentially expressed in three leaf color stages that could participate in anthocyanin accumulation. This study sheds light on the anthocyanin molecular regulation of anthocyanidin bio-synthesis and accumulation underlying the different leaf color change periods in A. mandshuricum, and it could provide basic theory and new insight for the leaf color related genetic improvement of A. mandshuricum.

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