Prevalence, Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern and Associated Risk Factors for Salmonella Species and Escherichia Coli from Raw Meat at butchery houses in Mekelle, Tigray, Northern Ethiopia

Abstract Background: Salmonella species and Escherichia coli (E. coli) are important foodborne pathogens affecting humans and animals. They are among the most important causes of infection that are associated with the consumption of contaminated food. This study was aimed to determine the prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and associated risk factors for Salmonella species and E. coli in raw meat from butchery houses of Mekelle, Northern Ethiopia.MethodA cross-sectional study was conducted from January to December 2019. Socio-demographic data and risk factors were collected using a predesigned questionnaire. Meat samples were collected aseptically from the butchery houses and transported using icebox to Mekelle University, College of Veterinary Sciences for the isolation and identification of Salmonella species and E. coli. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns were determined using Kirby disc diffusion method. Data obtained were cleaned and entered into Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 22 and logistic regression models with odds ratio were calculated. P-value < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.ResultsA total of 153 out of 384 (39.8%) of the meat specimens were found to be contaminated. The contamination of Salmonella species and E. coli were 15.6% (n=60) and 20.8%) (n=80), respectively. Mixed contamination (Salmonella species and E. coli) was observed in 13 (3.4 %) of the analyzed. Poor washing hands regularly (AOR = 8.37; 95% CI: 2.75-25.50) and not using gloves during meat handling (AOR=11. 28; 95% CI: (4.69‑27.10) were associated with an overall bacterial contamination About 95.5% of the tested isolates were sensitive to chloramphenicol and norfloxacin while the resistance of amoxyclav_amoxicillin and erythromycin were both isolated bacteria species. The overall multidrug resistance pattern for Salmonella and E. coli were 51.4% (n=19) and 31.8% (14), respectively.ConclusionOf the 153 (153/384) contaminated raw meat, 60 (15.6%) and 80 (20.8%) were contaminated by Salmonella species and E. coli, respectively. Poor handwashing practice and not using glove during meat handling showed significant association with bacterial contamination. Multidrug-resistant showed in Salmonella species and E. coli were 19 (51.4%) and 14 (31.8%), respectively.

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Phylogenetic groups and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of uropathogenic Escherichia coli clinical isolates from patients at Mulago National Referral Hospital, Kampala, Uganda

F1000Research ◽

10.12688/f1000research.20930.1 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

pp. 1828 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Paul Katongole ◽

Daniel Bulwadda Kisawuzi ◽

Henry Kyobe Bbosa ◽

David Patrick Kateete ◽

Christine Florence Najjuka

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Phylogenetic Group ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Clinical Microbiology Laboratory ◽

Phylogenetic Groups ◽

E Coli ◽

Pcr Method ◽

Tract Infections ◽

Susceptibility Patterns

Introduction: Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) remains the most common cause of urinary tract infections (UTIs). They account for over 80-90% of all community-acquired and 30-50% of all hospital-acquired UTIs. E. coli strains have been found to belong to evolutionary origins known as phylogenetic groups. In 2013, Clermont classified E. coli strains into eight phylogenetic groups using the quadruplex PCR method. The aim of this study was to identify the phylogenetic groups of UPEC strains in Uganda using Clermont’s quadruplex PCR method and to assess their antibiotic susceptibility patterns in Uganda. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 140 stored uropathogenic E. coli isolates from the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences Makerere University were subjected to phylogenetic typing by a quadruplex PCR method. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by disk diffusion method according to Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Phenotypic detection of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase, AmpC and carbapenemases was done according to CLSI guidelines and Laboratory SOPs. Results: Phylogenetic group B2 (40%) was the most predominant, followed by A (6.23%), clade I and II (5%), D and E (each 2.14%), B1 (1.43%) and F and C (each 0.71%). The most common resistant antibiotic was trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (90.71%) and the least was imipenem (1.43%). In total, 73.57% of isolates were multi-drug resistant (MDR). Antibiotic resistance was mainly detected in phylogenetic group B2 (54%). Conclusions: Our findings showed the high prevalence of MDR E. coli isolates, with the dominance of phylogenetic group B2. About 9% of E. coli isolates belonged to the newly described phylogroups C, E, F, and clade I and II.

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Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of Escherichia coli among Tunisian Outpatients with Community-Acquired Urinary Tract Infection (2012-2018)

Current Urology ◽

10.1159/000499238 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 14 (4) ◽

pp. 200-205

Author(s):

Nawel Daoud ◽

Manel Hamdoun ◽

Hela Hannachi ◽

Chedlia Gharsallah ◽

Wiem Mallekh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Urinary Tract Infection ◽

Urinary Tract ◽

Tract Infection ◽

Clavulanic Acid ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

E Coli ◽

Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid ◽

Susceptibility Patterns

Introduction: Community-acquired urinary tract infection is one of the most common reasons for consultation in everyday practice; it represents a major source of antibiotic consumption. Escherichia coli (E. coli) is the main pathogen incriminated. Objective:· The aim of this study was to evaluate antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of community-acquired uropathogenic E coli throughout a 7-year period. Methodology: All strains of E. coli isolated from urine samples between January 1st 2012 and December 31st 2018 were included. Presence of ≥ 103 CFU/ml in urine culture media was considered as significant for urinary tract infection. The identification of E. coli strains was realized using standard laboratory techniques. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using the disk diffusion method according to the CA-SFM/ EUCAST criteria. Results: A total of 1,335 E. coli strains were isolated. Overall susceptibility rates to antimicrobial agents were as follows: ampicillin 39.1%, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid 64.9%, cefotaxime 94.9%, trimethoprim/sulfamethox-azole 67.6%, ciprofloxacin 89.2%, ofloxacin 86.9%, amikacin 98.6%, gentamicin 93.9%, nitrofurantoin 97.6% and fosfomycin 99.3%. All isolates were susceptible to carbapenems. The frequency of extended spectrum beta-lactamases-producing E. coli strains was 4.7%. Susceptibility rates of E. coli for ampicillin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and amikacin remained relatively stable over the study period, whereas susceptibility to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, cefotaxime and fluoroquinolones showed a 2-phase pattern. As for gentamicin, a continuous decrease in susceptibility rates was observed. Conclusion: Antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of uropathogenic E. coli are constantly changing, due to modifications in the antibiogram interpretation criteria and antibiotic prescription habits. Rigorous surveillance of resistance rate is necessary to determine appropriate empirical treatment and limit the spread of multiresistant strains.

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Prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, and associated risk factors of Salmonella and Shigella among food handlers in Adigrat University student’s cafeteria, Northern Ethiopia, 2018

10.21203/rs.2.22938/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Haftom Legese ◽

Tsega Kahsay ◽

Aderajew Gebrewahd ◽

Birhane Berhe ◽

Berhane Fiseha ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Hand Washing ◽

Control Measures ◽

Major Public Health Problem ◽

Northern Ethiopia ◽

Food Handlers ◽

Associated Risk Factors ◽

Susceptibility Patterns

Abstract Background : Food handlers play a significant role in the transmission of foodborne infection. Salmonella and Shigella are the most common foodborne pathogens and their infections are a major public health problem of the globe. Thus, this study was aimed to determine the prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, and associated risk factors of Salmonella and Shigella among food handlers. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted from March to August 2018 at Adigrat University student cafeteria, Northern Ethiopia. Data on socio-demographic and associated risk factors were collected using a structured questionnaire. Fresh stool samples were collected from 301 food handlers and transported to Adigrat University Microbiology Laboratory. Bacterial isolation and antimicrobial susceptibility test were performed using standard bacteriological methods. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 22 and P < 0.05 with a corresponding 95% confidence interval was considered statistically significant. Results: A total of 301 food handlers were included in this study. The majority of study participants were females 265 (88.0 %). About 22 (7.3%) and 11 (3.7%) of food handlers were found to be positive for Salmonella and Shigella respectively. Hand washing after using a bathroom with water only, hand washing after using the bathroom, hand washing after touching dirty materials, hand washing before food handling and fingernails status were significant associated risk factors identified. None of the Salmonella and Shigella isolates were sensitive to ampicillin. On the other hand, low resistance was found for chloramphenicol , ceftriaxone, and ciprofloxacin. Conclusion: The present study revealed that the prevalence of Salmonella and Shigella among food handlers found to be 22 (7.3%) and 11 (3.7%) respectively. Such infected food handlers can contaminate food, drinks and could serve as a source of infection to consumers via the food chain. This indicates that the need for strengthened infection control measures to prevent Salmonella and Shigella transmission in the students’ cafeteria.

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Phenotypic Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Escherichia coli from Raw Meats, Ready-to-Eat Meats, and Their Related Samples in One Health Context

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms9020326 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 326

Author(s):

Frederick Adzitey ◽

Nurul Huda ◽

Amir Husni Mohd Shariff

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Resistance Index ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

E Coli ◽

The Usa ◽

Raw Meats

Meat is an important food source that can provide a significant amount of protein for human development. The occurrence of bacteria that are resistant to antimicrobials in meat poses a public health risk. This study evaluated the occurrence and antimicrobial resistance of E. coli (Escherichia coli) isolated from raw meats, ready-to-eat (RTE) meats and their related samples in Ghana. E. coli was isolated using the USA-FDA Bacteriological Analytical Manual and phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed by the disk diffusion method. Of the 200 examined meats and their related samples, 38% were positive for E. coli. Notably, E. coli was highest in raw beef (80%) and lowest in RTE pork (0%). The 45 E. coli isolates were resistant ≥ 50% to amoxicillin, trimethoprim and tetracycline. They were susceptible to azithromycin (87.1%), chloramphenicol (81.3%), imipenem (74.8%), gentamicin (72.0%) and ciprofloxacin (69.5%). A relatively high intermediate resistance of 33.0% was observed for ceftriaxone. E. coli from raw meats, RTE meats, hands of meat sellers and working tools showed some differences and similarities in their phenotypic antimicrobial resistance patterns. Half (51.1%) of the E. coli isolates exhibited multidrug resistance. The E. coli isolates showed twenty-two different resistant patterns, with a multiple antibiotic resistance index of 0.0 to 0.7. The resistant pattern amoxicillin (A, n = 6 isolates) and amoxicillin-trimethoprim (A-TM, n = 6 isolates) were the most common. This study documents that raw meats, RTE meats and their related samples in Ghana are potential sources of antimicrobial-resistant E. coli and pose a risk for the transfer of resistant bacteria to the food chain, environment and humans.

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Species, Risk Factors, and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profiles of Bacterial Isolates from HIV-Infected Patients Suspected to Have Pneumonia in Mekelle Zone, Tigray, Northern Ethiopia

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2019/8768439 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Gebre Adhanom ◽

Dawit Gebreegziabiher ◽

Yemane Weldu ◽

Araya Gebreyesus Wasihun ◽

Tadele Araya ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Bacterial Pneumonia ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Bacterial Species ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

P Value ◽

Northern Ethiopia ◽

Hiv Patients

Background. Pneumonia is a condition, where bacterial infections are implicated as the most common causes of morbidity and mortality in humans. The actual burden of HIV-infected patients with pneumonia is not well documented in Mekelle region of Ethiopia. This study estimated the prevalence of bacterial pneumonia in HIV patients, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of pathogens implicated in pneumonia, and associated risk factors in Mekelle zone, Tigray, Northern Ethiopia, during August-December 2016. Methods. Sputum specimens were collected from 252 HIV seropositive individuals with suspected pneumonia. Data on sociodemographics and risk factors were also collected using a structured questionnaire. Blood, Chocolate, and Mac Conkey agar plates (Oxoid, Hampshire, UK) were used to grow the isolates. The isolated colonies were identified based on Gram stain, colony morphology, pigmentation, hemolysis, and biochemical tests. The antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed using the modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. The analysis was performed using SPSS version 22 and p-value < 0.05 with corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) was considered statistically significant. Results. Out of the 252 samples, 110 (43.7%) were positive for various bacterial species. The predominant bacterial species were Klebsiella pneumoniae (n=26, 23.6 %) followed by Streptococcus pneumoniae (n=17, 15.5 %), Escherichia coli (n=16, 14.5%), Klebsiella spp. (n=15, 13.6%), Staphylococcus aureus (n=9, 8.2%), Enterobacter spp. (n=7, 6.3%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (4, n=3.6%), Proteus spp. (n=4, 3.6%), Citrobacter freundii (n=7, 6.3%), Streptococcus pyogenes (3, 2.7%), and Haemophilus influenzae (n=2, 1.8%). Young age (18-29), recent CD4+ count less than 350 cells/mL, alcohol consumption, and HIV WHO stage II showed significant association with the occurrence of bacterial pneumonia. Resistance to penicillin, co-trimoxazole, and tetracycline was observed in 81.8%, 39.8%, and 24.5% of the isolates, respectively. Conclusions. The problem of pneumonia among HIV patients was significant in the study area. The high prevalence of drug-resistant bacteria isolated from the patient’s samples possesses a health risk in immunocompromised HIV patients. There is a need to strengthen and expand culture and susceptibility procedures for the administration of appropriate therapy to improve patients management and care which may aid in decreasing the mortality.

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Escherichia coli Colonization in Neonates: Prevalence, Perinatal Transmission, Antimicrobial Susceptibility, and Risk Factors

Medicina ◽

10.3390/medicina48020013 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 48 (2) ◽

pp. 13 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Rasa Tamelienė ◽

Eglė Barčaitė ◽

Dalia Stonienė ◽

Jūratė Buinauskienė ◽

Eglė Markūnienė ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Maternal Education ◽

Transmission Rate ◽

Perinatal Transmission ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Maternal Body Mass Index ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

E Coli

Escherichia coli is one of the leading causes of early-onset neonatal sepsis in many industrialized countries. However, there is a lack of studies on Escherichia coli colonization in women and neonates. The study aimed at determining the prevalence Escherichia coli among pregnant women and newborns, perinatal transmission, antimicrobial susceptibility, and risk factors for neonatal colonization. Material and Methods. In this prospective, cross-sectional study, 827 infants born to 808 mothers were enrolled. The study was carried out from October 1, 2006, to June 30, 2007. Women were screened for E. coli carriage at 35–37 weeks of gestation or on admission for premature rupture of membranes and delivery; neonates, within 15 minutes of their lives. Risk factors for colonization were collected by a questionnaire and were recorded during labor. Results. Maternal E. coli colonization rate was 19.9%; neonatal, 14.4%; and transmission rate, 21.4%. Less than one-fourth (22.7%) of neonatal E. coli strains were resistant to ampicillin. Logistic regression analysis revealed that anal sexual intercourse (OR, 3.91; 95% CI, 1.87–8.19), one sexual partner (OR, 2.01; 95% CI, 1.30–3.11), maternal vaginal Escherichia coli colonization (OR, 1.81; 95% CI, 1.12–2.93), maternal body mass index of ≤27 (OR, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.15–2.73), and maternal education lower than university level (OR, 1.70; 95% CI, 1.06–2.74) were associated with neonatal Escherichia coli colonization. Conclusions. The prevalence of maternal Escherichia coli colonization was higher in this study than other studies (19.9%). Neonatal Escherichia coli colonization was 14.4%. The resistance of Escherichia coli isolates to ampicillin was not high (22.7%). Improvement of maternal education and modification of mothers’ sexual habits need to be undertaken to prevent neonatal Escherichia coli colonization.

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Detection of virulence genes and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Escherichia coli isolates from raw milk and artisanal cheese in Southern Brazil

Semina Ciências Agrárias ◽

10.5433/1679-0359.2019v40n1p163 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 40 (1) ◽

pp. 163 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Leandro Parussolo ◽

Ricardo Antônio Pilegi Sfaciotte ◽

Karine Andrezza Dalmina ◽

Fernanda Danielle Melo ◽

Ubirajara Maciel Costa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Virulence Genes ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Raw Milk ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Public Health Issue ◽

Southern Brazil ◽

E Coli

The serrano artisanal cheese is a typical product from South region of Brazil, which is produced by skilled cheesemakers using raw milk. The contamination of this food by Escherichia coli has a great impact on public health, since it could threat the consumers’ health. The study evaluated the presence of virulence genes, antimicrobial susceptibility profiles and bofilm-production ability of Escherichia coli isolates obtained from raw milk and artisanal cheese produced in Southern Brazil. A total of 117 isolates of E. coli were characterized by multiplex PCR to detect the following virulence genes: eae for enteropatogenic E. coli (EPEC), lt and st for enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), stx for shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC), stx and eae for enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), ipaH for enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) and aggR for enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC). In addition, antimicrobial susceptibility profile to 22 antimicrobial agents was also performed by disk diffusion method, and we searched for extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) and/or carbapenemase- producing isolates. Isolates that were positive for ESBL and carbapenemase were further investigated for the presence of the genes: blaTEM, blaSHV, blaOXA, blaCTX-M, for ESBL and blaOXA-48 for carbapenemase. Further, isolates had their ability to form biofilms investigated by the red Congo agar method. Virulence genes of E. coli were identified in 21.37% of the tested isolates, which were classified as EPEC (the most prevalent pathotype) and ETEC or EAEC. Ten (8.55%) of the total studied E. coli isolates revealed a multidrug-resistant profile, since they were resistant to three or more antimicrobial classes; whereas four isolates (3.42%) were classified as ESBL-producers and showed the presence of blaTEM gene. None of the isolates exhibited carbapenemase activity nor did they carry carbapenemase genes. From the total of E. coli isolates, 79 (67.52%) were considered potential biofilm producers. These results address a serious public health issue, since artisanal cheeses pose a risk to consumers’ health, since may be sources of dissemination of diarrheogenic E. coli, that can cause from subclinical to severe and fatal infections in children and adults, and also emphasize the need to improve adaptations/adjustments in the manufacturing processes of these products.

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Molecular detection and antibiotic resistance pattern of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing Escherichia coli in a Tertiary Hospital in Enugu, Nigeria

Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials ◽

10.1186/s12941-019-0342-9 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ifeyinwa N. Nwafia ◽

Martin E. Ohanu ◽

Samuel O. Ebede ◽

Uchenna C. Ozumba

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Escherichia Coli ◽

Intensive Care Unit ◽

Intensive Care ◽

Intensive Care Unit Admission ◽

Beta Lactamase ◽

Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase ◽

E Coli ◽

Extended Spectrum ◽

Associated Risk Factors

Abstract Background The use of antibiotic agents in the treatment of infectious diseases has greatly contributed to the decrease in morbidity and mortality, but these great advances in treatment are being undermined by the rapidly increasing antimicrobial resistant organisms. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases are enzymes hydrolyzing the beta lactam antibiotics, including third generation cephalosporins and monobactams but not cephamycins and carbapenems. They pose a serious global health threat and have become a challenge for health care providers. The aim of this research was to assess the prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing Escherichia coli in University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital Ituku-Ozalla Enugu and to detect the risk factors for acquisition of the resistant organism. To proffer advice on antibiotic stewardship in clinical practice and public health interventions, to curb the spread of the resistant organisms in the hospital. Results Out of the 200 E. coli isolates, 70 (35.00%) were confirmed positive for extended-spectrum beta-lactamase production. Fifty-three (75.7%) were from hospital acquired infections. All the isolates were resistant to ampicillin, tetracycline and chloramphenicol while 68 (97.14%) of the 70 isolates were susceptible to imipenem. BlaTEM, blaSHV and blaTEM were detected in 66 (94%) of the 70 isolates. The ESBL bla genes detected were blaCTX-M (n = 26; 37.14%), blaTEM (n = 7; 10.00%), blaSHV (n = 2; 2.86%), blaCTX-M/TEM (n = 7; 10.0%), blaCTX-M/SHV (n = 14; 20.0%) and blaCTX-M/TEM/SHV (n = 10; 14.29%). The three bla genes were not detected in 4 (5.71%) of the isolates. Recent surgery, previous antibiotic and intensive care unit admission were the associated risk factors to infections caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing E. coli. Conclusion There is a high rate of infections caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing E. coli. Recent surgery, previous antibiotic and intensive care unit admission were associated risk factors.

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Frequency and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of urinary pathogens in male outpatients in Argentina

The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries ◽

10.3855/jidc.3766 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 8 (06) ◽

pp. 699-704 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Hugo E Villar ◽

Mónica B Jugo ◽

Alejandro Macan ◽

Matias Visser ◽

Mariana Hidalgo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Adult Male ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽

Urine Samples ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Bacterial Strains ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns ◽

Susceptibility Patterns

Introduction: Knowledge of the etiology and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of uropathogens is important for determining the best treatment option. This study aimed to determine the distribution and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of bacterial strains isolated from adult male outpatients. Methodology: Between November 2012 and April 2013, 3,105 community urine samples were analyzed from adult male patients who attended the Laboratorio Hidalgo, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Isolates resistant to third generation cephalosporin were tested for extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production using the double-disk synergy test. Results: Of the 3,105 urine samples analyzed, 791 (25.5%) had significant bacteriuria. The frequency of positive urine cultures increased significantly with patient age. Escherichia coli was isolated most frequently (47.3%), followed by Enterococcus faecalis (13.6%), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (11.9%). Gram-negative organisms represented 78.8% of urinary pathogens. The highest activities against Gram-negative bacteria were found with imipenem (99.0%), amikacin (98.1%), ertapenem (94.2%), fosfomycin (90.7%), and piperacillin-tazobactam (90.1%). The frequencies of ESBLs among E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and P. mirabilis were 15.2 %, 22.3%, and 8%, respectively. Fosfomycin, piperacillin-tazobactam, and nitrofurantoin were most effective against Gram-positive organisms. Conclusions: Fosfomycin may be an excellent option for cystitis treatment in patients without risk factors, whereas piperacillin-tazobactam is preferred for the treatment of parenchymatous UTIs, complicated UTIs, and UTIs associated with risk factors. To ensure the optimal selection of antibiotics, physicians should have access to up-to-date information about the local prevalence of antimicrobial resistance.

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Antibiotic Resistance among Escherichia coli Isolates from Hospital Wastewater Compared to Community Wastewater

Water ◽

10.3390/w13233449 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (23) ◽

pp. 3449

Author(s):

Cristina-Mirabela Gaşpar ◽

Ludovic Toma Cziszter ◽

Cristian Florin Lăzărescu ◽

Ioan Ţibru ◽

Marius Pentea ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Susceptibility Testing ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Hospital Wastewater ◽

Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase ◽

E Coli

This study aimed to compare the antibiotic resistance levels of the indicator bacteria Escherichia coli in wastewater samples collected from two hospitals and two urban communities. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed on 81 E. coli isolates (47 from hospitals and 34 from communities) using the disc diffusion method according to the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) methodology. Ten antibiotics from nine different classes were chosen. The strains isolated from the community wastewater, compared to those from the hospital wastewater, were not resistant to gentamicin (p = 0.03), but they showed a significantly higher susceptibility—increased exposure to ceftazidime (p = 0.001). Multidrug resistance was observed in 85.11% of the hospital wastewater isolates and 73.53% of the community isolates (p > 0.05). The frequency of the presumed carbapenemase-producing E. coli was higher among the community isolates (76.47% compared to 68.09%) (p > 0.05), whereas the frequency of the presumed extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli was higher among the hospital isolates (21.28% compared to 5.88%) (p > 0.05). The antibiotic resistance rates were high in both the hospital and community wastewaters, with very few significant differences between them, so the community outlet might be a source of resistant bacteria that is at least as important as the well-recognised hospitals.

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