scholarly journals Assessment of Pathogenic Contamination and Antimicrobial Activity of Selected Herbal Medicinal Remedies in Mbarara City, South Western Uganda

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guti Walker ◽  
Benson Musinguzi ◽  
Kirya Musa ◽  
Charity Mutesi ◽  
Henry Zamarano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Open Market ◽  
Plate Count Agar ◽  
Herbal Medicinal ◽  
Handling Practices ◽  
Herbal Formulations

Abstract Background: Herbal formulations in Mbarara have been used in the treatment and management of several disease conditions extensively overtime due to low cost compared to empirical synthetic medicine, however evidenced that they can be contaminated with dangerous pathogenic organisms which are all tailored to handling practices, storage, and other environmental conditions thus, the need to further asses these herbs for safety to the consumers.Materials and methods: Forty-five (45) liquid herbal formulations for the treatment and management of communicable infections were purchased on the open market. All Samples were cultured on plate count agar for colony counts and then subcultured on different laboratory media and then analyzed for antimicrobial activity using the agar diffusion method.Results: Out of the 45 herbal formulations, 32(71.1 %) were contaminated while 13 (28.9 %) were not. Out of the organisms isolated from individual formulations, 19 (59.4 %) had Bacillus subtillis and S. aureus, 4(12.5%) had C. freundi and Proteus mirabilis, 2(6.3%), C.divergens, 1(3.1 %) Rhodotorula, 5(15.6%) Aspergillus spp, had E. cloace. 1 (3.1%) had Klebsiella spp. Of these, 29(87.9%) had contaminants within acceptable limits of less than 103CFU/mL, while 12(36.4%) beyond 103 CFU/m. Out of the 45 formulations, not even one could qualify for pharmaceutical use, all MICs all were >1000mcg/mL64.4%) were active while 16(35.6%) had no activity.Conclusion: Herbal formulations in Mbarara are contaminated with various microbes and have very limited antimicrobial activity, herbalists therefore should be trained on good harvesting, safe handling, storage, and good manufacturing practices of these medicinal raw materials and their products, responsible authorities should enact policies and regulations to guide the herbalists and protect the public from adverse effects of consuming these unverified herbal medicinal remedies.

scholarly journals Research Article LEAVES EXTRACT-BASED BIOGENIC SYNTHESIS OF CUPRIC OXIDE NANOPARTICLES, CHARACTERIZATIONS, AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY

2019 ◽  
pp. 288-291
Author(s):  
YASHWANI PRAKASH
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Color Change ◽  
Cupric Oxide ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Copper Acetate ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Oxide Nanoparticles ◽  
Acetate Solution ◽  
Zones Of Inhibition ◽  
Cupric Oxide Nanoparticles

Objectives: Tulsi (Ocimum tenuiflorum) leaves extract-based synthesis of cupric oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs), characterizations, and antimicrobial activity. Methods: The small cut leaves were washed with double distilled water and boiled for 30 min. After filtration, the extract was treated with 0.2 M copper acetate solution and the initial color change of this solution indicated formation of copper nanoparticles. This solution was stirred for a specific time, heated and treated with 0.1 M NaOH solution. The formation of CuONPs was confirmed by the development of brownish-black precipitates. Then, CuONPs have been tested for their antibacterial effects by applying well diffusion method against Escherichia coli, Streptococcus mutans, Proteus vulgaris, and Staphylococcus aureus. Results: The biologically synthesized CuONPs have been well characterized by using ultraviolet-visible, Fourier-transform infrared, X-ray powder diffraction, and field-emission scanning electron microscopy techniques and all these analytical methods indicated a successful and efficient formation of CuONPs. After the incubation period, significant zones of inhibition were observed for E. coli, S. mutans, P. vulgaris, and S. aureus. Conclusions: The method was found highly efficient, eco-friendly, and low cost for the synthesis of biologically important CuONPs. The CuONPs have been found an excellent antibacterial agent.

scholarly journals Microbiological Quality of Ready - to - Eat Food from Dhaka, Bangladesh

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
AVIJIT BANIK ◽  
MARUF ABONY ◽  
SUVAMOY DATTA ◽  
SYEDA TASNEEM TOWHID
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Viable Count ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Plate Count Agar ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Profile

The objective of this research was to assess the microbiological quality of ready-to-eat food available in Dhaka city, Bangladesh, and check the risk factors associated with ingestion of ready-to-eat food from popular public places. This study was conducted in the Center of Excellence in the Department of Microbiology, Primeasia University, Dhaka, Bangladesh from August 2016 to February 2017. Forty-five samples belonging to 18 categories were collected aseptically in triplicates in pre-sterilized zip-lock bags or sterile bottles from Banani area from local street vendors. Samples were transported to and analysed in the Laboratory of Department of Microbiology, Primeasia University according to standard food analysis methods. Total viable count (TVC) and Total coliform count (TCC) were determined by using plate count agar (PCA) andMacConkey agar plates respectively. Antibiogram of the isolated strains was conducted with commercial antibiotics according to the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton agar medium. Identification of the coliforms together with antibiotic-resistance profile showed Escherichia coli, Enterobactersakazaki, Citrobacterfreundii and Salmonella typhimurium were present in various foods. E. coli and S.typhimurium showed increased sensitivity against Ampicillin 10 mg and Sulfamethoxazole 25 mg. The occurrence of antibiotic-resistance potential pathogens in ready-to-eat food poses a considerable health risk to consumers. Public awareness and timely assessment of food safety are needed to avoid the risks of food-borne infection and intoxication from ready-to-eat food.

scholarly journals UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK ETANOL KULIT BATANG MANGGA KWENI (Mangifera odorata Griff) TERHADAP Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 DAN Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wuri Prihatiningtiyas ◽  
Yeni Mariani ◽  
H A Oramahi ◽  
Fathul Yusro ◽  
Lolyta Sisilia
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Secondary Metabolite ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Plate Count Agar

The aims of this research are to determine the secondary metabolite content found in the ethanol extract of kweni mango bark (Mangifera odorata Griff) and analyze its potency as a natural antibacterial against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The research was started by maceration process using 96% ethanol solvent, then evaporated at 40-50oC and obtain yield of 20,61% with powder content of 8,34%. Furthermore, phytochemical screening was performed qualitatively to determine the secondary metabolite of the extract. The results showed that ethanol extract of M. odorata Griff bark contained secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, terpenoids and phenolics. In this study antibacterial activity was carried out using disc diffusion method in Plate Count Agar media and incubated for 24-48 hours. The results showed that the largest diameter of inhibitory zones formed at a concentration of 15 mg/ml for S. aureus was 12,33 mm with strong classified and for E. coli bacteria with a concentration of 200 mg/ml of 23,67 mm with very strong classified, and almost equal with the result shown by 30 µg tetracycline as positive control, which is 25 mm. The results of this study it can be concluded that the ethanol extract of the kweni mango bark (M. odorata Griff) is bacteriostatic.Keywords: antibacterial activity, Mangifera odorata Griff, phytochemical screening, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus.

scholarly journals Occurrence of enterococci in raw pork and beef and their antibiotics multiresistance

2008 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-106
Author(s):  
Miroslav Kročko ◽  
Margita Čanigová ◽  
Viera Ducková
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Contamination ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Disc Diffusion Method ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Plate Count Agar ◽  
C Storage

The aim of this study was to determine the microbial contamination of raw pork and beef, to estimate the prevalence of enterococci and investigate the antibiotic multiple resistance of enterococci. Total bacterial counts (TBC) were cultured on Plate count agar and enterococci count were cultured on Sla­netz – Bartley agar. The TBC after 24 hpost mortemreached the value 3.61 ± 0.78 log cfu . cm−2for pork and 2.58 ± 0.63 log cfu . cm−2for beef. The count of enterococci after 24 hpost mortemreached the va­lue 1.98 ± 1.29 log cfu . cm−2for pork and 1.16 ± 0.47 log cfu . cm−2for beef. The average value of TBC in pork and beef were significantly (P < 0.05) higher after 7 days of ripening at 4 °C storage than 24 hpost mortemand in pork and beef reached the value 4.69 ± 1.46 log cfu . cm−2and 4.32 ± 1.44 log cfu . cm−2resp. The ave­rage values of enterococci count after 7 days of ripening in pork and beef were 2.00 ± 1.27 log cfu . cm−2and 0.84 ± 0.80 log cfu . cm−2resp. Susceptibilities of isolated enterococci from pork to antimicrobial agents were tested using the disc diffusion method.Enterococcus faeciumwas the predominat species out of 50 isolates recovered from pork (72%), followed byE. faecalis(10%). Other enterococcal isolates were identified sporadically (E. mundtti–8%,E. spp.–10%). Out of 50 isolates of enterococci 14% were resistant to vancomycin and 10% were resistant to erythromycin, 18% to ampicillin, 24% to gentamicin and 34% to tetracycline. The calculated antibiotic code profiles indicated that large proportion of enterococci were resistant to all tested antibiotics except vancomycin. Our study suggests that raw pork and beef play a potential role as reservoirs of enterococci multiresistant to antibiotics.

scholarly journals Development of the orodispersible films based on CO2 extract of Ziziphora bungeana with antimicrobial activity

2020 ◽  
Vol 100 (4) ◽  
pp. 128-134
Author(s):  
K.A. Zhaparkulova ◽  
◽  
G.M. Gani ◽  
Z.B. Sakipova ◽  
A.A. Karaubayeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Pharmaceutical Market ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Plant Raw Materials ◽  
Orodispersible Films ◽  
Materials Used

The present work was intended to develop the new drug in the form of film soluble in the oral cavity: development of its composition, production technology, the study of its antimicrobial activity. The relevance of the problem is caused by the absence of drugs in the form of films on the domestic pharmaceutical market. The optimal composition of films was selected by evaluating a number of physical, chemical and technological indicators of the obtained films. The article indicates the materials used to obtain the drugs in question, presents the technology for their preparation and quality determination methods: unit measurement methods and potentiometric determination of pH, tensiometric and conductometric methods, thin-layer and gas chromatography and others. Antimicrobial activity of the resulting films has been proven in vitro. Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538-p and Escherichia coli ATCC 8739 have been used as the test microorganisms in order to study them by disk diffusion method in agar. The introduction of СО2 extract of Z. bungeana from medicinal plant raw materials as active ingredients in medicinal films will expand the range of complex phytopreparations of the domestic pharmaceutical market for the treatment of inflammatory diseases of the oral mucosa.

Characteristics of the etiological structure and susceptibility to antibiotics, antiseptics of infectious pathogens of respiratory organs in children in critical states

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 311-317
Author(s):  
O.A. Nazarchuk ◽  
A.I. Starodub ◽  
O.V. Rymsha ◽  
V.A. Starodub ◽  
S.A. Kolodii
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Antibacterial Agents ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Chlorhexidine Digluconate ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Critical States ◽  
Results Of Treatment ◽  
Moderate Resistance ◽  
Staphylococcus Spp

The study of the etiological structure, the properties of pathogens of the respiratory infectious diseases in children and their resistance to antibacterial agents is particularly relevant in modern conditions, expands the search for new approaches to combating pathogens, improves the results of treatment and reduces the mortality of this pathology. The aim — study of etiological structure, sensitivity to antibiotics and antiseptics of pathogens of infectious and inflammatory diseases of respiratory organs in children. In the study there were enrolled 247 patients who were treated in Vinnytsia Regional Children’s Clinical Hospital (VRCCH) in 2016. The sensitivity of microorganisms to 23 antibacterial agents was determined by the disc-diffusion method according to the generally accepted method. The analysis of the antimicrobial activity of antiseptic drugs (decamethoxine, miramistin, chlorhexidine digluconate) was performed by a double serial dilution technique with the determination of the minimum inhibitory bacteriostatic (MIC) and bactericidal (MBcC) concentrations, by the method of successive serial dilutions of the drug in a liquid nutrient medium. In patients who were in inpatient treatment at the VRCCH in 2016 because of pneumonia there were found opportunistic microorganisms which were of etiological significance in the development of the infection. Among them there were Streptococci (47,3 %), Staphylococci (15,3 %), Candida (13,3 %), Enterococci (10,9 %), including a high proportion of owned non-fermenting gram negative bacilli (9,8%) and species of Enterobacteria (2,0 %). Isolated strains of microorganisms had moderate resistance to most modern antibiotic drugs. The sensitivity of isolated strains of microorganisms to reserved antibiotics as carbapenems, often being used in the treatment of critical states of patients in the intensive care units, was found to above 18,2%. The sensitivity to this antibiotic in Enterococcus spp. (7,1 %), Staphylococcus spp. (5,9 %) was also low. Carbapenems, fluoroquinolones (the 1st and 2nd generations), antibiotics and aminoglycosides were found to be effective against gram positive microorganisms in more then 45% of cases. According to this they were considered to be as drugs of choice in the treatment of infectious and purulent-inflammatory pathology of respiratory organs, caused metitcilin- and vancomycin-resistant strains of microorganisms. Resistance to these drugs among investigated strains did not exceed 9,0 %. The high bactericidal properties of antiseptics as decamethoxine was determined against S.pyogenes, Staphylococcus spp. Its MBcC against these bacteria (1,65±0,20 mkg/ml and 4,32±0,50 mkg/ml, respectively) proved the advantage of decamethoxine’s effectiveness in comparison with chlorhexidine digluconate 3,14 times, 2,44 times miramistin. Clinical strains of C.albicans showed the highest susceptibility to decamethoxine, which fungicidal activity was determined in the presence (16,17±2,33 mkg/ml), in comparison with chlorxedine (MFtsK 27,59±3,59 mg/ml) and miramistin activity (27,59±3,595 mkg/ml). In children with inflammatory diseases of the respiratory organs gram-positive cocci are among the predominant pathogens (73,5 %) of cases, in the association allocated – 8,0 % of pathogens. Allocated strains of microorganisms were moderately resistant to all antibiotics studied. For antimicrobial activity antiseptic drugs, especially decamethoxine, have advantages over antibiotics confirming the possibility of their use in combination with systemic antibacterials.

The In vitro Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Activity of Quercus robur L. Methanolic and Aqueous Leaves’ Extracts, from the Algerian High Plateaus Against some Uropathogenic Microbial Strains

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 262-274
Author(s):  
E. Benyagoub ◽  
N. Nabbou ◽  
S. Boukhalkhel ◽  
I. Dehini
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Enterococcus Faecalis ◽  
Fusidic Acid ◽  
Quercus Robur ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Microbial Strains

The medicinal value of the plants is due to their chemical components that bring a definite physiological action on the human body to prevent the diseases. In this work, we investigated the antimicrobial activity of leaves’ extracts of Quercus robur L., collected from the Algerian upper highlands, on ten bacterial strains and one fungal strain known to be pathogenic. First, we performed a qualitative phytochemical analysis, and second, antimicrobial activity tests performed by agar diffusion method (disc and well) with the determination of MIC by broth macro-dilution method. Given the results, it appears that obtained macerates of Quercus robur L. were rich in bioactive phytoconstituents such as alkaloids, anthraquinones, saponins, tannins, and other components. The yield of aqueous and methanolic macerates of leaves was 8.5 ± 1.41 and 22.4 ± 4.36%, respectively. The bacterial resistance was relatively important to several antibiotics, namely, ampicillin, amoxicillin + clavulanic acid for strains of Escherichia coli and Salmonella sp. However, Staphylococcus aureus strains were resistant to fusidic acid, penicillin, and oxacillin; while Enterococcus faecalis was resistant to fusidic acid, penicillin, oxacillin, and ticarcillin. The antibacterial activity of the macerates toward tested microbial strains showed that the aqueous and methanolic macerates of the leaves were proportional to the tested concentration and active not only against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria but also on the fungal species Candida albicans. The estimated MIC for Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, and Staphylococcus aureus was in the order of 10 mg/mL, which seems more effective than toward Salmonella sp., Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans which were in the order of 30 mg/mL. These preliminary results confirm that the part of the studied plant had a very good antimicrobial activity that was proportional to the serial concentrations of the tested extracts.

Bamboo Waste-based Bio-composite Substance: An application for Low-cost Construction Materials

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-48
Author(s):  
Teodoro Astorga Amatosa ◽  
Michael E. Loretero
Keyword(s):  
Composite Materials ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Green Technology ◽  
Experimental Medium ◽  
Natural Treatment

Bamboo is a lightweight and high-strength raw materials that encouraged researchers to investigate and explore, especially in the field of biocomposite and declared as one of the green-technology on the environment as fully accountable as eco-products. This research was to assess the technical feasibility of making single-layer experimental Medium-Density Particleboard panels from the bamboo waste of a three-year-old (Dendrocalamus asper). Waste materials were performed to produce composite materials using epoxy resin (C21H25C105) from a natural treatment by soaking with an average of pH 7.6 level of sea-water. Three different types of MDP produced, i.e., bamboo waste strip MDP (SMDP), bamboo waste chips MDP (CMDP) and bamboo waste mixed strip-chips MDP (MMDP) by following the same process. The experimental panels tested for their physical-mechanical properties according to the procedures defined by ASTM D1037-12. Conclusively, even the present study shows properties of MDP with higher and comparable to other composite materials; further research must be given better attention as potential substitute to be used as hardwood materials, especially in the production, design, and construction usage.

Isolation and identification of lactic acid bacteria in Bakasang as fermented microbe starter

2013 ◽  
pp. 48
Author(s):  
J Aquarista Ingratubun ◽  
Frans G Ijong ◽  
Hens Onibala
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Fermented Food ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Local Market ◽  
Bacillus Sp ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Total Plate Count

Food fermentation is one of various food processing techniques that has sufficient benefits of nutrition values, and also contains lactic acid bacteria which potentially inhibit pathogenic bacteria, thus prolong shelf life of  products. Bakasang is a traditional fermented food from North Sulawesi since many years ago. Reported research of bakasang previously had described that lactic acid bacteria was the dominant isolates and therefore current research  aimed to isolate and identify the lactic acid bacteria which associated during fermentation day 1 and day 15, respectively. Raw materials used were 5 kg intestine and liver of skipjack brought from local market Bersehati Manado. The intestine and liver of skipjack were washed and smashed and mixed with 10% salt  and 5% rice  from weight of the samples and then filled into bottle to be fermented for 15 days. Every 3 days (1,3,6,9,12,15), the samples were collected and analyzed for total lactic acid bacteria by using Total Plate Count Method on de Mann Rogosa Sharpe Agar after incubation at 37°C for 24 h. The colonies  grown were transferred to Tryptic Soy Broth and followed by streaking them on Tryptic Soy Agar and the free growing colony on agar medium were isolated into slant agar which were used for biochemical test such as Gram’s staining, motility test, catalase test, oksidase test, H2S test, IMVIC test (Indole, Methyl Red, Voges Proskauer, Citrate) and carbohydrate fermentation. The results showed that Lactobacillus sp., Bacillus sp., Eubacterium sp., and Bifidobacterium sp. All these four bacteria were distributed from day 1 to day 15 of the fermentation process© Fermentasi bahan pangan merupakan salah satu dari sekian banyak teknik pengolahan makanan yang mempunyai banyak manfaat dari kualitas gizi, mengandung bakteri asam laktat sehingga menghambat bakteri patogen sehingga daya simpan lebih panjang. Bakasang merupakan makanan fermentasi tradisional masyarakat Sulawesi Utara yang sudah ada sejak lama. Penelitian yang telah dilakukan terhadap bakasang menghasilkan informasi bahwa terdapat bakteri asam laktat pada bakasang sehingga menjadi tujuan untuk mengisolasi dan identifikasi bakteri asam laktat selama proses fermentasi 1-15 hari. Bahan baku bakasang ialah jeroan (usus dan hati) ikan cakalang Katsuwonis pelamis sebanyak 5 kg yang diambil dari pasar Bersehati Manado. Sampel jeroan dibersihkan kemudian dihancurkan, ditambahkan garam 10% dan nasi 5% kemudian difermentasi selama 15 hari dengan mengambil tiap-tiap sampel setiap 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, dan 15 untuk dihitung jumlah bakteri asam laktat dengan menggunakkan metode Total Plate Count pada media de Mann Rogosa Sharpe Agar dan koloni yang tumbuh di tumbuhkan  kembali pada media Tryptic Soy Broth  dan digores kembali pada media Tryptic Soy Agar, koloni yang tumbuh digores pada media slant agar yang selanjutnya diidentifikasi bakteri asam laktat berdasarkan uji biokimia yaitu uji pewarnaan Gram, uji motility, uji katalase, uji oksidase, uji H2S dan uji IMVIC (Indole, MethylRed, Voges Proskauer, Citrate). Hasil menunjukkan bahwa selama proses fermentasi berlangsung terdapat 4 genera bakteri asam laktat sesuai yaitu Lactobacillus sp., Bacillus sp., Eubacterium sp., dan Bifidobacterium sp., ke 4 genera ini tersebar pada fermentasi hari 1 sampai hari ke 15©

Impact of Raw Materials and Processing Techniques on The Microbiological Quality of Egyptian Domiati Cheese

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Fresh Cheese ◽  
Processing Techniques ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Total Yeast

Domiati cheese is the most popular brand of cheese ripened in brine in the Middle East in terms of consumed quantities. This study was performed to investigate the impact of the microbiological quality of the used raw materials, the applied traditional processing techniques and ripening period on the quality and safety of the produced cheese. Three hundred random composite samples were collected from three factories at Fayoum Governorate, Egypt. Collected samples represent twenty-five each of: raw milk, table salt, calf rennet, microbial rennet, water, environmental air, whey, fresh cheese, ripened cheese & swabs from: worker hands; cheese molds and utensils; tanks. All samples were examined microbiologically for Standard Plate Count (SPC), coliforms count, Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) count, total yeast & mould count, presence of E. coli, Salmonellae and Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes). The mean value of SPC, coliforms, S. aureus and total yeast & mould counts ranged from (79×102 CFU/m3 for air to 13×108 CFU/g for fresh cheese), (7×102 MPN/ cm2 for tank swabs to 80×106 MPN/ml for raw milk), (9×102 CFU/g for salt to 69×106 CFU/g for fresh cheese) and (2×102 CFU/cm2 for hand swabs to 60×104 CFU/g for fresh cheese), respectively. Whereas, E. coli, Salmonella and L. monocytogenes failed to be detected in all examined samples. There were significant differences in all determined microbiological parameters (p ≤0.05) between fresh and ripened cheese which may be attributed to different adverse conditions such as water activity, pH, salt content and temperature carried out to improve the quality of the product.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document