Susceptibility Profile of Antimicrobial Agents Used Against Staphylococcus Aureus Isolated From Clinical Specimens in Abuth Zaria.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
OLATUNJI KAYODE AREMU ◽  
JAMES Igwe Chibueze
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Research Work ◽  
The Body ◽  
University Teaching ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Medical Microbiology ◽  
Solid Media ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Susceptibility Patterns

Abstract Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a multifaceted and vicious pathogen in humans. It has been deftly established as a clinical and epidemiological pathogen and serves as the genesis of infections in many parts of the body. This research work carried out bacteria ecosystem surveillance in S. aureus using selected antimicrobial agents and also assessed the impact of combined antimicrobial therapy.One hundred and seventy seven (177) Staphylococcal isolates were obtained from various specimens submitted to the Medical Microbiology Laboratory of Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital (ABUTH), Shika over a cumulative period of eight months. The antimicrobial susceptibility patterns were determined using ten antimicrobial discs in solid media by disc agar diffusion method. The antimicrobial discs chosen belong to five antimicrobial agents’ classes namely; Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Quinolones, Sulphonamides and Glycopeptides. The susceptibility profile in this research work showed that only 1.4% of the isolates were susceptible to all the five classes of antimicrobial agent used. This is highly suggestive of the high antibiotic selective pressure ongoing in the environment where the research was carried out. It was also discovered that conventional antimicrobial agents like Amoxi-clav were resistant to the clinical isolates when used alone. Quinolones and Sulphonamides were only marginally susceptible. However, higher percentage susceptibility were obtained when varying number of other antimicrobial agents were combined with Vancomycin.

scholarly journals Antibiotic Sensitivity Tests of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Different Clinical Specimens

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (SPL1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Samah Ahmed Kadhum
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Clinical Specimens ◽  
Medical Microbiology ◽  
Sensitivity Pattern ◽  
Sensitivity Tests ◽  
Resistant Strains

The importance of Staphylococcus aureus as a persistent nosocomial and community acquired pathogen has become a global health concern. It has a remarkable capability of evolving different mechanisms of resistance to most antimicrobial agents. of the present study is to establish the incidence of S. aureus in different clinical specimens with theirantibiotic sensitivity pattern to various antibiotics in this locality.Sixty five consecutive isolates of S. aureus obtained from various clinical specimens between January and April 2016 sent to the Medical Microbiology Laboratory Department of Al-Hilla Teaching Hospital was confirmed by standard bacteriological procedures. An antibiotic sensitivity pattern was carried out by disc diffusion method. The female sex has the highest rate of infection (57%) compared to males (43%). Urine and wound infection had the highest frequency of S. aureus isolates (35.3) and (26.1) respectively in the study. The results show that S. aureus bacterium mostly sensitive to amikacin AK and rifampicin RA (65.7%) and (58.6%). S. aureus shows resistance to vancomycin and tetracycline antibiotics mostly (66%) and (64%)The results of the present study show that the aminoglycosides are effective in the management of Staphylococcus aureus infections including methicillin resistant strains in this environment.

scholarly journals Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infection: risk factors and clinical outcome in non-intensive-care units

2012 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karinne Spirandelli Carvalho Naves ◽  
Natália Vaz da Trindade ◽  
Paulo Pinto Gontijo Filho
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Bloodstream Infection ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus Bloodstream Infection

INTRODUCTION: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is spread out in hospitals across different regions of the world and is regarded as the major agent of nosocomial infections, causing infections such as skin and soft tissue pneumonia and sepsis. The aim of this study was to identify risk factors for methicillin-resistance in Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infection (BSI) and the predictive factors for death. METHODS: A retrospective cohort of fifty-one patients presenting bacteraemia due to S. aureus between September 2006 and September 2008 was analysed. Staphylococcu aureus samples were obtained from blood cultures performed by clinical hospital microbiology laboratory from the Uberlândia Federal University. Methicillinresistance was determined by growth on oxacillin screen agar and antimicrobial susceptibility by means of the disk diffusion method. RESULTS: We found similar numbers of MRSA (56.8%) and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) (43.2%) infections, and the overall hospital mortality ratio was 47%, predominantly in MRSA group (70.8% vs. 29.2%) (p=0.05). Age (p=0.02) was significantly higher in MRSA patients as also was the use of central venous catheter (p=0.02). The use of two or more antimicrobial agents (p=0.03) and the length of hospital stay prior to bacteraemia superior to seven days (p=0.006) were associated with mortality. High odds ratio value was observed in cardiopathy as comorbidity. CONCLUSIONS: Despite several risk factors associated with MRSA and MSSA infection, the use of two or more antimicrobial agents was the unique independent variable associated with mortality.

Antimicrobial Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus at the University of Chicago Hospitals: A 15-Year Longitudinal Assessment in a Large University-Based Hospital

2003 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 403-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
John B. Seal ◽  
Beatriz Moreira ◽  
Cindy D. Bethel ◽  
Robert S. Daum
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
University Teaching ◽  
Annual Rate ◽  
University Of Chicago ◽  
Longitudinal Assessment ◽  
Beta Lactam ◽  
The University ◽  
The Impact

AbstractObjectives:To describe a longitudinal profile of resistance to beta-lactam antimicrobials among isolates of Staphylococcus aureus at a large university teaching hospital and to evaluate the impact of the methicillin resistance phenotype on resistance trends for non-beta-lactam antimicrobials.Design:Retrospective evaluation of antimicrobial susceptibility data for all 17,287 S. aureus isolates obtained from January 1986 through December 2000.Setting:The University of Chicago Hospitals, a family of tertiary-care, university-affiliated hospitals in Chicago, Illinois, consisting of 547 adult and pediatric beds.Results:The annual rate of resistance to methicillin increased from 13% in 1986 to 28% in 2000 (P < .001) and has not plateaued. For each non-beta-lactam antimicrobial tested, the annual rates of resistance were far higher among methicillinresistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolates than among methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) isolates. The annual rates of resistance to the macrolide, lincosamide, and streptogramin (MLS) antimicrobials erythromycin and clindamycin increased among MSSA isolates (P < .01), but remained lower than 20%. Resistance to the MLS antimicrobials was higher among MRSA isolates (higher than 60%), but the annual rate decreased significantly during the study (P < .01).Conclusion:The prevalence of methicillin resistance among S. aureus isolates has continued to increase; resistance to non-beta-lactam antimicrobials is far more common among MRSA isolates. Recent decreases in the proportion of MRSA isolates resistant to non-beta-lactam antimicrobials suggest important changes in the epidemiology of this pathogen.

scholarly journals Genetic Characterization of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Human Bloodstream Infections: Detection of MLSB Resistance

Antibiotics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 375
Author(s):  
Vanessa Silva ◽  
Sara Hermenegildo ◽  
Catarina Ferreira ◽  
Célia M. Manaia ◽  
Rosa Capita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Bloodstream Infections ◽  
Disk Diffusion ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Accessory Gene ◽  
Spa Typing ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Methicillin Resistant

In this study we aimed to characterize antimicrobial resistance in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated from bloodstream infections as well as the associated genetic lineages of the isolates. Sixteen MRSA isolates were recovered from bacteremia samples from inpatients between 2016 and 2019. The antimicrobial susceptibility of these isolates was tested by the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method against 14 antimicrobial agents. To determine the macrolide–lincosamide–streptogramin B (MLSB) resistance phenotype of the isolates, erythromycin-resistant isolates were assessed by double-disk diffusion (D-test). The resistance and virulence genes were screened by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). All isolates were characterized by multilocus sequence typing (MLST), spa typing, staphylococcal chromosomal cassette mec (SCCmec) typing, and accessory gene regulator (agr) typing. Isolates showed resistance to cefoxitin, penicillin, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, fusidic acid, clindamycin, and aminoglycosides, confirmed by the presence of the blaZ, ermA, ermC, mphC, msrA/B, aac(6’)-Ie-aph(2’’)-Ia, and ant(4’)-Ia genes. Three isolates were Panton–Valentine-leukocidin-positive. Most strains (n = 12) presented an inducible MLSB phenotype. The isolates were ascribed to eight spa-types (t747, t002, t020, t1084, t008, t10682, t18526, and t1370) and four MLSTs (ST22, ST5, ST105, and ST8). Overall, most (n = 12) MRSA isolates had a multidrug-resistance profile with inducible MLSB phenotypes and belonged to epidemic MRSA clones.

Effect of a Program to Reduce Hospital Ciprofloxacin Use on Nosocomial Pseudomonas aeruginosa Susceptibility to Quinolones and Other Antimicrobial Agents

2008 ◽  
Vol 29 (8) ◽  
pp. 716-722 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul P. Cook ◽  
Titu D. Das ◽  
Michael Gooch ◽  
Paul G. Catrou
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Antimicrobial Management ◽  
Management Effort ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Ciprofloxacin Resistance ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Susceptibility Patterns

Objective.We evaluated the effect of an antimicrobial management effort to decrease ciprofloxacin use on the antibiotic susceptibility of nosocomial Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates.Design.Retrospective, observational study.Setting.Tertiary care teaching hospital with 731 beds.Methods.The study was conducted between January 1, 2001, and December 31, 2007. Linear regression analyses and Student t tests were used to determine significant changes in drug use among patients and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns among nosocomial P. aeruginosa isolates during the 84-month period.Results.Following implementation of a program to reduce oral and intravenous use of ciprofloxacin in 2005, there was a 56.6% reduction in ciprofloxacin use (P < .001). Significant reductions in the mean percentage of nosocomial P. aeruginosa isolates that were resistant to ciprofloxacin (from 45.0% to 35.2%; P < .002) and the mean incidence of ciprofloxacin resistance (from 0.77 to 0.67 isolates recovered per 1,000 patient-days; P = .03) were noted after implementation of this program. The total quantity of antipseudomonal antibiotics consumed decreased, but the use of certain antipseudomonal antibiotics (ie, cefepime and imipenem/meropenem) increased. Among nosocomial P. aeruginosa isolates, the prevalence of imipenem/meropenem resistance increased, whereas the prevalence of cefepime resistance did not. During the 84 months of the study, there was a significant association between ciprofloxacin use and the percentage of nosocomial P. aeruginosa isolates that were resistant to ciprofloxacin (p = 0.47; P = .011), but there was no correlation between ciprofloxacin use and the incidence of ciprofloxacin resistance (p = 0.21; P = .26).Conclusions.Major reductions in ciprofloxacin use were associated with small but significant improvements in the rate of ciprofloxacin susceptibility among nosocomial P. aeruginosa isolates. The impact of the program on other antipseudomonal agents was variable.

Progress and Challenges in Implementing the Research on ESKAPE Pathogens

2010 ◽  
Vol 31 (S1) ◽  
pp. S7-S10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis B. Rice
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Optimal Strategies ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Antimicrobial Use ◽  
Individual Resistance ◽  
Population Science ◽  
Eskape Pathogens ◽  
Modern Hospital ◽  
The Impact

The ESKAPE pathogens (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, andEnterobacterspecies) are responsible for a substantial percentage of nosocomial infections in the modern hospital and represent the vast majority of isolates whose resistance to antimicrobial agents presents serious therapeutic dilemmas for physicians. Over the years, improved molecular biology techniques have led to detailed information about individual resistance mechanisms in all these pathogens. However, there remains a lack of compelling data on the interplay between resistance mechanisms and between the bacteria themselves. In addition, data on the impact of clinical interventions to decrease the prevalence of resistance are also lacking. The difficulty in identifying novel antimicrobial agents with reliable activity against these pathogens argues for an augmentation of research in the basic and population science of resistance, as well as careful studies to identify optimal strategies for infection control and antimicrobial use.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Activity of some Honey Samples against Pathogenic Bacteria

2015 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 15-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Mahendran ◽  
D. Kumarasamy
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Streptococcus Pyogenes ◽  
Western Ghats ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disc Diffusion ◽  
Disc Diffusion Method

The aim of the present research work to investigate antimicrobial activity of some honey samples six winter honeys six summer honeys collected from different regions of Western Ghats. The microbes used in this study are Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Proteus mirabilis. Antibacterial activity of the honeys was assayed using the Disc diffusion method. Noticeable variations in the antibacterial activity of the different honey samples were observed. Among the microbes Staphylococcus aureus is the most sensitive against all honey samples shows the maximum inhibitor zone compare to summer honeys.

scholarly journals Aqueous Extract of Wild Cyclamen Tubers (Cyclamen Purpurascens L.) - A Potential Source of Natural Antioxidants and Antimicrobial Agents

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (1-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ljiljana P. Stanojević ◽  
Milorad D. Cakić ◽  
Jelena S. Stanojević ◽  
Dragan J. Cvetković ◽  
Bojana R. Danilović
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Natural Antioxidants ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Dry Extract ◽  
Potential Source ◽  
Total Flavonoids Content

Wild cyclamen tubers (Cyclamen purpurascens Mill.) (mountain Kukavica, Southeast Serbia) were used as material for extraction in this study. Aqueous extract was obtained by reflux extraction on boiling temperature with hydromodulus 1:20 m/v during 180 minutes. The total phenolic content was determined spectrophotometrically by the method of Folin-Ciocalteu, and the total flavonoids content by method with AlCl3. The antioxidant activity of extract was investigated spectrophotometrically by DPPH and ABTS test. Disc-diffusion method was used for antimicrobial activity investigation on the following pathogenic microorganisms: Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The content of total phenols was 8.27 mg GAE/g dry extract while the total flavonoid content was 11.51 mg RE/g dry extract. The extract concentrations required to neutralize 50% of the initial concentration of DPPH radicals (EC50) after 20 minutes incubation and immediately after adding DPPH radical solution were 0.413 and 2.0 mg/ml, respectively, while concentrations of extract required to neutralize 50% of the initial ABTS radicals concentration is 0.743 mg/ml. The extract showed the highest antimicrobial activity on bacteria Staphylococcus aureus. The presented results indicate that cyclamen tubers extract is a potential source of natural antioxidants and antimicrobial agents.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Shrines

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charu Arjyal ◽  
Jyoti KC ◽  
Shreya Neupane
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Research Work ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Mannitol Salt Agar ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Inducible Clindamycin Resistance

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection in human beings and animals is concerning; it stands out as one of the leading agents causing nosocomial and community infections. Also, marginally increasing drug resistance in MRSA has limited therapeutic options. This study focuses on estimating the prevalence of MRSA in shrines, a place where human and animal interaction is frequent, sharing antibiotic-resistant bacteria, antibiotic-resistant genes, and diseases. A total of 120 environmental swabs were collected from targeted areas during the study period, March 2018 to May 2018. Staphylococcus aureus was identified by growth on mannitol salt agar (MSA), and MRSA by growth on mannitol salt agar containing 4 μg Oxacillin, Gram staining, and conventional biochemical test. Isolates of S. aureus were characterized by antibiotic susceptibility testing using the disc diffusion method. MRSA and methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) proportion were 19% and 81%, respectively; a high rate of MRSA was observed in isolates from Thapathali (28.6%). MSSA isolates showed a high rate of resistance to erythromycin (64.7%). MRSA isolates were resistant to gentamicin (50%), cotrimoxazole (25%), erythromycin (50%), and ciprofloxacin (25%). The isolates were susceptible to linezolid (100%), clindamycin (100%), ciprofloxacin (75%), erythromycin (50%), tetracycline (100%), and cotrimoxazole (75%). Intermediate resistance was also found in gentamicin (50%). Of the 11 MSSA isolates that were erythromycin resistant and clindamycin sensitive, 6 (54.5%) showed the inducible clindamycin resistance (ICR) pattern and 2 MRSA isolates that were erythromycin resistant and clindamycin sensitive showed ICR pattern. Fifteen MSSA isolates were β-lactamase positive, whereas only two MRSA isolates showed β-lactamase production. There exists a minimal research work on infectious diseases that are shared between primates and animals. This study suggests the pervasiveness of MRSA/MSSA in the shrines, which may be a primary place for pathogen exchange between humans and primates.

scholarly journals Livestock-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Purulent Subcutaneous Lesions of Farm Rabbits

Foods ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa Silva ◽  
Telma de Sousa ◽  
Paula Gómez ◽  
Carolina Sabença ◽  
Madalena Vieira-Pinto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Spa Typing ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Resistance To Penicillin ◽  
Mrsa Strains

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are one of the main pathogens associated with purulent infections. MRSA clonal complex 97 (CC97) has been identified in a wide diversity of livestock animals. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the antibiotic resistance profiles of MRSA strains isolated from purulent lesions of food-producing rabbits. Samples from purulent lesions of 66 rabbits were collected in a slaughterhouse in Portugal. Samples were seeded onto ORSAB plates with 2 mg/L of oxacillin for MRSA isolation. Susceptibility to antibiotics was tested by the disk diffusion method against 14 antimicrobial agents. The presence of resistance genes, virulence factors and the immune evasion cluster (IEC) system was studied by polymerase chain reaction. All isolates were characterized by multilocus sequence typing (MLST), agr and spa typing. From the 66 samples analyzed, 16 (24.2%) MRSA were detected. All strains were classified as multidrug-resistant as they were resistant to at least three classes of antibiotics. All isolates showed resistance to penicillin, erythromycin and clindamycin. Seven isolates were resistant to gentamicin and harbored the aac(6′)-Ie-aph (2″)-Ia gene. Resistance to tetracycline was detected in 10 isolates harboring the tet(K) gene. The IEC genes were detected in three isolates. MRSA strains belonged to CC97, CC1, CC5, CC15 or CC22. The isolates were assigned to six different spa types. In this study we found a moderate prevalence of multidrug-resistant MRSA strains in food-producing rabbits. This may represent concern for food safety and public health, since cross-contamination may occur, leading to the spread of MRSA and, eventually, the possibility of ingestion of contaminated meat.

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