scholarly journals MANAGING ENVIRONMENT TO OPTIMIZE PRODUCTION AND MINIMIZE COSTS

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1182b-1182
Author(s):  
Maynard E. Bates

Increased production and reduced costs are goals of all plant growers. As a rule, introduction of computer-based control of the plant environment in a well-designed greenhouse will result in yield increases of thirty percent (30%) over other control techniques. A simple model will show how these changes impact profitability.New technologies in sensors, interfaces, computers, software, and plant growth knowledge are being applied to management of the crop environment. Examples of direct canopy temperature measurement, online plant weight measurement, integration and control of photosynthetic photon flux, and nutrition control will be presented. Integrated process control is replacing setpoint maintenance. Models are being developed for incorporation into environmental control systems. Examples for solar irradiance and crop growth will be demonstrated.Ultimately expert systems based on artificial intelligence technology will manage crop production in controlled environments. These systems will incorporate information on crop genome, local climate, cultural practices, pests and diseases, economics, and markets, in addition to environmental control. A possible configuration of the hardware and software for such a system will be discussed.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aliyu Idris Muhammad ◽  
Abubakar Shitu ◽  
Umar Abdulbaki Danhassan ◽  
Muhammad Hilal Kabir ◽  
Musa Abubakar Tadda ◽  
...  

This chapter discussed the greenhouse requirement for soilless crop production. It further introduced soilless crop production and elucidated the equipment required for an efficient production system covering greenhouse environmental control and management of temperature, humidity, lighting, and nutrients using innovative strategies. Also, the energy required for the control of the greenhouse environmental conditions during the crop production cycle was explained. Identification and management of pests and diseases using wireless network sensors and the Internet of Things for efficient and safe food production were also highlighted. Finally, the challenges facing greenhouse crop production itemized, and the prospects of greenhouse technology for sustainable healthy food production were proposed.


2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1985
Author(s):  
Musa Al Murad ◽  
Kaukab Razi ◽  
Byoung Ryong Jeong ◽  
Prakash Muthu Arjuna Samy ◽  
Sowbiya Muneer

A reduction in crop productivity in cultivable land and challenging environmental factors have directed advancement in indoor cultivation systems, such that the yield parameters are higher in outdoor cultivation systems. In wake of this situation, light emitting diode (LED) lighting has proved to be promising in the field of agricultural lighting. Properties such as energy efficiency, long lifetime, photon flux efficacy and flexibility in application make LEDs better suited for future agricultural lighting systems over traditional lighting systems. Different LED spectrums have varied effects on the morphogenesis and photosynthetic responses in plants. LEDs have a profound effect on plant growth and development and also control key physiological processes such as phototropism, the immigration of chloroplasts, day/night period control and the opening/closing of stomata. Moreover, the synthesis of bioactive compounds and antioxidants on exposure to LED spectrum also provides information on the possible regulation of antioxidative defense genes to protect the cells from oxidative damage. Similarly, LEDs are also seen to escalate the nutrient metabolism in plants and flower initiation, thus improving the quality of the crops as well. However, the complete management of the irradiance and wavelength is the key to maximize the economic efficacy of crop production, quality, and the nutrition potential of plants grown in controlled environments. This review aims to summarize the various advancements made in the area of LED technology in agriculture, focusing on key processes such as morphological changes, photosynthetic activity, nutrient metabolism, antioxidant capacity and flowering in plants. Emphasis is also made on the variation in activities of different LED spectra between different plant species. In addition, research gaps and future perspectives are also discussed of this emerging multidisciplinary field of research and its development.


2010 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 312-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon C. Lohse

The earliest Lowland Maya are commonly recognized by permanent architecture and the appearance of pottery. However, when other lines of evidence are considered, strong continuities with late Archaic populations can be seen. Reconciling these views relies on more than simply gathering more data. It is also necessary to consider the effect of decades of scholarship that defines the precolumbian Maya as “civilization” rather than considering the historical contexts of important transitions, such as the one that culminated with sedentism, the adoption of new technologies, and participation in long-distance exchange. The Archaic-to-Preclassic transition was relatively brief and largely obscured by the practices of establishing permanent dwellings. Nevertheless, this period must have been extremely dynamic and marked by significant cultural change, making it important to researchers interested in early Mesoamerica. Using three lines of evidence—subsistence, economy and technology, and stratigraphically controlled radiocarbon data—this article argues that the Lowland Maya had their cultural origins at least in the late Archaic and that the case for pottery before ca. 1000 B.C. remains uncertain. Future research is needed to determine precisely how far back in time certain cultural practices that characterize Preclassic and Classic Maya society can be documented.


2012 ◽  
Vol 209-211 ◽  
pp. 1068-1072
Author(s):  
Ming Liu ◽  
Bao Gang Zhang ◽  
Liu Wen ◽  
Zhong Zhi Huang

To ensure passengers can have a comfortable thermal environment in the subway waiting room is one of the main targets in subway environment control. By using the CFD software, this paper takes an island platform with double-layer of Shenyang as the object to simulate the thermal environment of platform screen door and ventilation in the open system, then detailed analysis on the variation of the temperature field, airflow velocity field in the typical position. The results indicated that average temperature of no-PSD system platform is 2.5 ~3 °C higher than that of PSD system, standing room is 1.5 °C higher than that of PSD system , but these also meet the requirement of the standards of the environmental control and passengers’ thermal comfort. Meanwhile, through the comparative analysis to the energy consumption of the two systems, we find ventilating condition has superior to PSD system in energy saving, and it is more suitable for the local climate in the northeast.


Author(s):  
L. V. Verzunova ◽  

The collection includes articles based on the reports of scientists of the K. A. Timiryazev RGAU-MSHA, other universities and research institutions at the International Scientific Conference dedicated to the 155th anniversary of the K. A. Timiryazev RGAU-MSHA, which was held on December 2-4, 2020. The materials are presented on topical issues: the use of new technologies and equipment in power supply systems of enterprises; innovations in heat engineering, hydraulics and energy supply of enterprises and in transport and technological machines and complexes; automotive equipment, improving the efficiency of the use of technological and transport systems; innovative technologies in crop production;applied mechanics; innovative directions for the development of the technical service system in the agro-industrial complex; quality management and metrological support in the production and technological systems of the agro-industrial complex.


2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (05) ◽  
pp. 168-172
Author(s):  
Leyla Mobil Khankishiyeva ◽  

One of the realities of modern times is the evolution of new technologies around the world, as well as the use of artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics in different spheres of society. Artificial intelligence, which was founded in the middle of the last century, has been one of the most invested in and interesting fields in recent times. Recently one of the most discussed and important issues is the relationship between artificial intelligence (AI) and intellectual property rights (IPR). Thus, the ownership of works created by artificial intelligence is one of the most discussed issues. In recent years, on the initiative of President Ilham Aliyev, modern achievements of world science have been applied in the life of society in the Republic of Azerbaijan. Considering all of this, the significance and urgency of the situation are clear. In other words, this is an issue that is high on both our national and international agendas. Key words: Artificial intelligence technology, creative activity, concept of "author", “work made for hire” doctrine,computer-generated works


Agriculture ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vitus Ikechukwu Obi ◽  
Juan José Barriuso ◽  
Yolanda Gogorcena

The peach is one of the most important global tree crops within the economically important Rosaceae family. The crop is threatened by numerous pests and diseases, especially fungal pathogens, in the field, in transit, and in the store. More than 50% of the global post-harvest loss has been ascribed to brown rot disease, especially in peach late-ripening varieties. In recent years, the disease has been so manifest in the orchards that some stone fruits were abandoned before harvest. In Spain, particularly, the disease has been associated with well over 60% of fruit loss after harvest. The most common management options available for the control of this disease involve agronomical, chemical, biological, and physical approaches. However, the effects of biochemical fungicides (biological and conventional fungicides), on the environment, human health, and strain fungicide resistance, tend to revise these control strategies. This review aims to comprehensively compile the information currently available on the species of the fungus Monilinia, which causes brown rot in peach, and the available options to control the disease. The breeding for brown rot-resistant varieties remains an ideal management option for brown rot disease control, considering the uniqueness of its sustainability in the chain of crop production.


2019 ◽  
pp. 299-301
Author(s):  
Mayhan Hedaitulla ◽  
Roman Kravchenko ◽  
Leonid Troshin

В статье дан обзор современного состояния и тенденциозного развития виноградарской отрасли Афганистана. Виноград выращивается практически в каждой части страны, от Кандагара до Такара и Фарьяба. Наиболее интенсивно виноград возделывают в провинциях Кабул, Парван, Каписа, Кандагар, Гильменд, Джавзян, Герат и Газни. Но в большинстве районов страны культура выращивается не для коммерческого использования, а для семейного потребления. В основном весь виноград Афганистана принадлежит к подвиду Vitis vinifera sativa D.C.. В стране в наличии большое разнообразие доступных сортов (более 100), но самыми распространёнными являются три местных сорта столового направления использования: Шиндохани, Кишмиш белый и Тайфи розовый. При этом сорта Шиндохани и Кишмиш белый еще используются для приготовления изюма. К другим распространенным сортам винограда относятся Хусайне, Аскери, Голадан, Спен Манга, Надери и Бедана Кишмиш сиах (черный без косточек). Также вводятся в производство такие новые коммерческие сорта как Thompson Seedless, Red Globe, Cardinal, Emperor, Fantasy, Crimson Seedless, Flame Seedless, Ruby, Ribier и Black Emerald. В экспорте Афганистана виноград занимает 4%. В Афганистане виноградная лоза в основном возделывается по местной традиционной системе - на земляных курганах с головчатой формировкой. Используется также система «земля-решетчатая». Производственная система виноградарства Афганистана, его культурные практики, сортимент и послеуборочный процесс все еще традиционны. Поэтому для достижения более высоких результатов необходимо ориентироваться на международные стандарты качества, импортировать и распространять новые технологии, координировать процесс между всеми производителями виноградной продукции, повышать их грамотность.The article provides an overview of modern condition and development trends of the viticulture industry in Afghanistan. Grapes are cultivated in almost every part of the country, from the south to Kandahar and to the north to Takar and Faryaba. The most intensive cultivation areas are the provinces Kabul, Parvan, Kapisa, Kandahar, Helmand, Javzyan, Herat and Ghazni. In most parts of the country, grapes are grown not for commercial use but for family consumption. Most of grape varieties in Afghanistan belong to Vitis vinifera sativa D.C. The country has a wide range of available varieties (more than 100), but the most common are three local varieties: ‘Shindokhani’, ‘Kishmishi bely’ and ‘Typhi rozovy’. These are table varieties. At the same time, ‘Shindokhani’ and ‘Kishmishi bely’ are also used for raisin production. Other common grape varieties are ‘Hussaini’, ‘Askari’, ‘Goladan’, ‘Spen Manga’, ‘Naderi’ and ‘Bedana Kishmishi siah’ (black seedless). New commercial varieties ‘Thompson Seedless’, ‘Red Globe’, ‘Cardinal’, ‘Emperor’, ‘Fantasy’, ‘Crimson Seedless’, ‘Flame Seedless’, ‘Ruby’, ‘Ribier’ and ‘Black Emerald’ are being introduced into cultivation, too. Grapes account for 4% of the country’s total exports. In Afghanistan, grapes are mainly cultivated according to the local traditional system on mounds of earth with head training. ‘Earth-lattice’ trellis is also used. In Afghanistan, grape production, cultural practices, assortment and post-harvest process are still traditional. Therefore, to achieve better results, it is necessary to focus on international quality standards, to import and disseminate new technologies, to coordinate the process with all producers of grape products, and to increase their professional skills.


2011 ◽  
Vol 33 (spe1) ◽  
pp. 150-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Antonio Tecchio ◽  
José Emilio Bettiol Neto ◽  
Wilson Barbosa ◽  
Maria Luiza Sant'ana Tucci

This work was carried out to show the current situation of the temperate fruit crops in São Paulo state, Brazil, with an emphasis on grapes, peaches, apples, plums, nectarines and pears crops. Current economic data of crops, major growing regions, main cultivars produced, as well as the new technologies generated by research are presented. Regarding the grape crop, a decrease in the national production as well as in the major growing states was observed. The main grapes growing centers in São Paulo state are presented, highlighting its peculiarities regarding cultivars, cultural crop management and current researches. A trend has been observed toward increasing Niagara Rosada grape growing area rather than the fine table grape cultivars. It was also observed the adoption of cultural practices, aiming to increase productivity, to improve the fruits quality and to reduce manpower necessity. In terms of stone fruits, peaches are the most widely cultivated in São Paulo state, followed by plums and nectarines. Both for stone fruits crop and for apples and pears crops, statistics and comments are presented on the crops evolution as well as the current researches results and the requirements of these fruit crops in São Paulo state, Brazil.


2021 ◽  
pp. 3-8
Author(s):  
Ю.А. Шнейдер ◽  
Е.В. Каримова ◽  
Ю.Н. Приходько ◽  
Е.Н. Лозовая ◽  
Т.С. Живаева

Томат – важнейшая овощная культура с ежегодным увеличением объемов его производства во всем мире. В Российской Федерации последние несколько лет активно развиваются предприятия защищенного грунта, специализирующиеся на производстве томатов. Вместе с тем растения томата поражают более 200 различных вредителей и болезней. Возбудители вирусных болезней растений – важный ограничивающий фактор для многих отраслей растениеводства, в том числе овощеводства. В последние годы в европейских странах производство томатов в открытом и защищенном грунте пострадало от серьезных потерь, вызванных, главным образом, вирусными фитопатогенами. В статье представлен обзор трех наиболее опасных вирусов, возбудителей болезней томатов – коричневой морщинистости плодов томата, мозаики пепино, пятнистого увядания томата. Эти вирусы неоднократно были выявлены в целом ряде стран практически на всех континентах и вызвали значительные экономические потери в странах своего распространения. Ввиду очень быстрого распространения и обнаружения опасных вирусов томата в ряде стран, занимающихся производством и дальнейшим экспортом семян и плодов томатов, Федеральная служба по ветеринарному и фитосанитарному надзору Российской Федерации (Россельхознадзор) с 27 июля 2020 года ввела в качестве временной карантинной фитосанитарной меры требование об отсутствии этих вирусов в семенах, посадочном материале и плодах растений-хозяев при их ввозе и перемещении по территории Российской Федерации. Результаты анализов фитосанитарного риска, проведенных в ФГБУ «ВНИИКР» в 2020 году, показали, что вирусы коричневой морщинистости плодов томата, мозаики пепино и пятнистого увядания томата соответствуют критериям карантинных для Российской Федерации организмов, вирусы способны проникнуть на территорию страны с подкарантинной продукцией, распространиться и нанести существенный ущерб развитию сельского хозяйства и экономической деятельности страны. Tomato is the most important vegetable crop with an annual increase in its production worldwide. In the Russian Federation, greenhouse industry specializing in the production of tomatoes have been actively developing over the past few years. At the same time, tomato plants affect more than 200 different pests and diseases. Pathogens of viral diseases of plants are an important limiting factor for many branches of crop production, including vegetable growing. In recent years, in European countries, the production of tomatoes in open field and greenhouses has suffered from serious losses caused mainly by viral phytopathogens. The article presents an overview of the three most dangerous viruses, pathogens of tomato diseases – tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV), pepino mosaic virus (PepMV) and tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV). These viruses have been repeatedly detected in a number of countries on almost all continents and have caused significant economic losses in the countries of their distribution. In view of the very rapid spread and detection of dangerous tomato viruses in a number of countries engaged in the production and further export of tomato seeds and fruits, Rosselkhoznadzor, from July 27, 2020, introduced as a temporary quarantine phytosanitary measure the requirement that these viruses are not present in seeds, planting material and fruits of host plants when they are imported and moved through the territory of the Russian Federation. The results of the phytosanitary risk analyses conducted at the Federal State Budgetary Institution «VNIIKR» in 2020 showed that ToBRFV, PepMV and TSWV meet the criteria of quarantine organisms for the Russian Federation, viruses are able to enter the territory of the country with quarantined products, spread and cause significant damage to the development of agriculture and economic activity of the country.


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