scholarly journals Mode of Action, Metabolism, and Uptake of BAS-125W, Prohexadione Calcium

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 558A-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.R. Evans ◽  
C.A. Ishida ◽  
C.L. Regusci ◽  
R.R. Evans ◽  
W. Rademacher
Keyword(s):  
Growth Regulator ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Growth Management ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
The United States ◽  
Training System ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Flexible Tool ◽  
Prohexadione Calcium

Prohexadione calcium, or BAS-125W, is a plant growth regulator being developed for registration in the United States by the BASF Corporation and Kumiai Chemical Industry Co. Ltd. Prohexadione calcium inhibits the biosynthesis of gibberellin by blocking dioxygenases, which require 2-oxogluterate as a co-substrate. The result is a decrease in cell elongation and reduced vegetative growth. Gibberellin levels are reduced in the plant for 3 to 4 weeks following application of this growth regulator. Prohexadione calcium does not persist in the plant or directly effect vegetative growth the following season. Prohexadione calcium is absorbed by the plant foliage and uptake is generally complete within 8 hr following application. Results indicate that translocation within the plant is predominantly by acropetal movement, while basipetal movement is limited. Preliminary research has shown prohexadione calcium to have a short half-life in the environment; to have no negative effects on non-target organisms; and to offer little risk to users or consumers. Rates of 125 ppm a.i. to 250 ppm a.i. have typically provided effective vegetative control of vigorous apple trees. Generally, as the vegetative vigor of a tree increases; the rate of prohexadione calcium needed for effective vegetative control has to be raised. Vegetative vigor is influence by numerous factors including: fruit load, location, variety, rootstock, age, pruning, and training system. Earlier applications at 2 to 5 inches of new shoot growth have provided more-effective control of vegetative growth than later applications. Due to its short-term effect and lack of persistence, prohexadione calcium can be a flexible tool in developing user specific growth management strategies.

scholarly journals Effect of plant bio-regulators on photosynthesis, growth and yield efficiency of pear trained on Y-trellis system

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 140-147
Author(s):  
SHUBHKIRAN KAUR ◽  
MANDEEP SINGH GILL ◽  
P.P.S. GILL ◽  
NAV PREM SINGH
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Growth Management ◽  
Training System ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Light Penetration ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Yield Efficiency ◽  
Prohexadione Calcium

‘Patharnakh’ and ‘Punjab Beauty’ are major pear cultivars grown under the subtropical conditions of northwestern India. These pear cultivars tend to put up profuse vegetative growth under the high density planting that leads to excessive shading of bearing zone of canopy. To facilitate light penetration into inner plant canopy, there is a need to contrive an efficient approach for vegetative growth management. The foliar applications of varying concentrations of plant bio-regulators viz. Prohexadione calcium (Pro-Ca) (100, 200, 400 mg L-1) and Paclobutrazol (PBZ) (100, 250, 500 mg L-1) were done at 10 days after full bloom (DAFB) ‘Patharnakh’ and ‘Punjab Beauty’ pear plants trained on the Y-trellis training system. Shoot length, leaf area index and trunk cross-sectional areas (TCSA) were greatly reduced by Pro-Ca200 and 400 mg L-1 concentrations. Treatments enhanced light penetration and photosynthesis. Fruit weight improved with plant bio-regulator treatments resulting in increased yield efficiency of pear plants. This study exhibited a strong positive correlation between light availability and yield efficiency of pear plants.

scholarly journals Effect of the application of prohexadione-calcium on the growth of ‘Packham’s Triumph’ and ‘Hosui’ pears (Pyrus communis L.)

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. e3110816801
Author(s):  
Odair Ângelo Dalzochio ◽  
Wendel Paulo Silvestre ◽  
Gabriel Fernandes Pauletti
Keyword(s):  
Growth Regulator ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Agricultural Practice ◽  
Pyrus Communis L ◽  
Pear Trees ◽  
Prohexadione Calcium ◽  
Different Doses

The necessity of controlling the vegetative growth of fruit trees is a growing concern for farmers since vigorous plants tend to have lower fruit yields. The use of chemicals that inhibit the vegetative growth of plants, such as prohexadione-calcium (PCa), an inhibitor of gibberellins which is currently used as a growth regulator for apple trees, is an agricultural practice aimed to help in reducing pruning time and cost. Pear trees grafted on vigorous rootstocks tend to present high rates of vegetative growth, hindering fruit production. Thus, this work aimed to evaluate the effect of the application of different doses of the plant growth regulator PCa on the vegetative growth, pruning time, radiation incidence, and productive and quality parameters of ‘Packham’s Triumph’ and ‘Hosui’ pears grafted on vigorous rootstocks. Two PCa applications were carried out, the first after the falling of petals (2009-10-10), and the second twenty-one days after the first (2009-11-02). The observed results showed a significant effect of PCa in reducing the vegetative growth of the pear trees and the pruning time in both cultivars. The effect on photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) was observed only in the ‘Packham’s Triumph’ variety, not being observed for the ‘Hosui’ pear trees. No statistical difference was observed relative to the quality parameters and yield of the fruits, in both cultivars, showing that PCa application has not caused any deleterious effect on fruit development.

scholarly journals A Commentary on Sustainably Built Environments and Urban Growth Management

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 3898 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wann-Ming Wey
Keyword(s):  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
Urban Growth ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Growth Management ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sustainable Growth ◽  
Built Environments ◽  
Urban Growth Management

The concept of urban growth management first emerged in the United States in the 1950s. Its goal was to solve problems stemming from urban sprawl by applying integrated planning, management, and regulation, and to adjust to different development trends in different spaces and times. From the viewpoint of the studies on the link between sustainably built environments, urban growth management, and their interactions, this special issue includes theoretical and empirical studies on sustainable built environment planning and design, sustainable growth management strategies, and other related emerging topics, such as intelligent use of information and communication technologies (ICT) to sustainably build environments, as well as smart cities research with big data, data mining, cloud computing, and internet of things (IOT) ideas.

Studies on the Fungal Pathogen of Dutch Elm Disease

1981 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 400-401
Author(s):  
H.M. Mazzone ◽  
G. Wray ◽  
R. Zerillo
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Polymyxin B ◽  
The United States ◽  
Dutch Elm Disease ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Sabouraud Agar ◽  
Total Inhibition ◽  
Zones Of Inhibition ◽  
Control Plate

The fungal pathogen of the Dutch elm disease (DED), Ceratocystis ulmi (Buisman) C. Moreau, has eluded effective control since its introduction in the United States more than sixty years ago. Our studies on DED include establishing biological control agents against C. ulmi. In this report we describe the inhibitory action of the antibiotic polymyxin B on the causal agent of DED.In screening a number of antibiotics against C. ulmi, we observed that filter paper discs containing 300 units (U) of polymyxin B (Difco Laboratories) per disc, produced zones of inhibition to the fungus grown on potato dextrose agar or Sabouraud agar plates (100mm x 15mm), Fig. 1a. Total inhibition of fungal growth on a plate occurred when agar overlays containing fungus and antibiotic (polymyxin B sulfate, ICN Pharmaceuticals, Inc.) were poured on the underlying agar growth medium. The agar overlays consisted of the following: 4.5 ml of 0.7% agar, 0.5 ml of fungus (control plate); 4.0 ml of 0.7% agar, 0.5 ml of fungus, 0.5 ml of polymyxin B sulfate (77,700 U). Fig. 1, b and c, compares a control plate and polymyxin plate after seven days.

Undesirable Effects of Goal Setting on Perceived Fairness, Commitment, and Unethical Behavior

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Keith
Keyword(s):  
Goal Setting ◽  
Unethical Behavior ◽  
The United States ◽  
Goal Commitment ◽  
Management Technique ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Perceived Fairness ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
And Performance

Abstract. The positive effects of goal setting on motivation and performance are among the most established findings of industrial–organizational psychology. Accordingly, goal setting is a common management technique. Lately, however, potential negative effects of goal-setting, for example, on unethical behavior, are increasingly being discussed. This research replicates and extends a laboratory experiment conducted in the United States. In one of three goal conditions (do-your-best goals, consistently high goals, increasingly high goals), 101 participants worked on a search task in five rounds. Half of them (transparency yes/no) were informed at the outset about goal development. We did not find the expected effects on unethical behavior but medium-to-large effects on subjective variables: Perceived fairness of goals and goal commitment were least favorable in the increasing-goal condition, particularly in later goal rounds. Results indicate that when designing goal-setting interventions, organizations may consider potential undesirable long-term effects.

Effectiveness of Programs for the Prevention of Child Sexual Abuse

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amaia Del Campo ◽  
Marisalva Fávero
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Sexual Abuse ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Prevention Programs ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sexual Abuse Prevention ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Methodological Considerations

Abstract. During the last decades, several studies have been conducted on the effectiveness of sexual abuse prevention programs implemented in different countries. In this article, we present a review of 70 studies (1981–2017) evaluating prevention programs, conducted mostly in the United States and Canada, although with a considerable presence also in other countries, such as New Zealand and the United Kingdom. The results of these studies, in general, are very promising and encourage us to continue this type of intervention, almost unanimously confirming its effectiveness. Prevention programs encourage children and adolescents to report the abuse experienced and they may help to reduce the trauma of sexual abuse if there are victims among the participants. We also found that some evaluations have not considered the possible negative effects of this type of programs in the event that they are applied inappropriately. Finally, we present some methodological considerations as critical analysis to this type of evaluations.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ ПОДГОТОВКИ КАДРОВ ДЛЯ ПЕНИТЕНЦИАРНОЙ СИСТЕМЫ В США

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir Unterov ◽  
Elizaveta Eremeeva
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Training System ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Foreign Experience ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
Personal Qualities ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Prison Systems ◽  
Correction System

Статья посвящена изучению зарубежного опыта подготовки кадров для пенитенциарных систем. Его анализ и рассмотрение возможности внедрения отдельных элементов направлены на совершенствование системы подготовки сотрудников для уголовно-исполнительной системы России, повышение их профессионального уровня, что в конечном счете будет способствовать достижению главной цели УИС - исправлению осужденных. Авторы особое внимание уделяют изучению специально-профессиональных и личностных качеств, необходимых сотрудникам пенитенциарных учреждений. В статье рассматриваются особенности подготовки сотрудников пенитенциарной системы в Соединенных Штатах Америки. Важнейшей задачей образовательных учреждений и центров по подготовке кадров для пенитенциарной системы США является обеспечение будущих сотрудников знаниями, необходимыми для выполнения профессиональных обязанностей в рамках предстоящей деятельности. Также авторы подчеркивают важность развития при подготовке будущих сотрудников не только профессиональных, но и личностных качеств.The article is devoted to the study of foreign experience in order to improve the training system for the Russian penal correction system. In particular, the training of prison officials in the United States of America is considered as one of the most developed States in the modern world. The improvement of the training process for the Russian penal correction system implies the development of international cooperation with the prison systems of foreign countries. The study of foreign experience of penitentiary education contributes to the improvement of the professional level of the staff of the Penal Correction Service and, ultimately, to the achievement of the main goal - correction of convicts. The authors pay particular attention to the study of specific professional and personal qualities required by potential prison staff. Since there have been significant positive changes in the formation of professional qualities of the future employee of the Russian penal correction system over the past decade, the main focus of the work is on the formation of personal (universal) qualities of the employee of the Federal Penal Correction Service of the Russian Federation, for which the positive experience of the United States is analyzed.

scholarly journals Exploring the Use of Ecosystem Services Conceptual Models to Account for the Benefits of Public Lands: An Example from National Forest Planning in the United States

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 267
Author(s):  
Lydia Olander ◽  
Katie Warnell ◽  
Travis Warziniack ◽  
Zoe Ghali ◽  
Chris Miller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Ecosystem Service ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Public Lands ◽  
The United States ◽  
Forest Planning ◽  
National Forest ◽  
Planning Team ◽  
National Forest Planning

A shared understanding of the benefits and tradeoffs to people from alternative land management strategies is critical to successful decision-making for managing public lands and fostering shared stewardship. This study describes an approach for identifying and monitoring the types of resource benefits and tradeoffs considered in National Forest planning in the United States under the 2012 Planning Rule and demonstrates the use of tools for conceptualizing the production of ecosystem services and benefits from alternative land management strategies. Efforts to apply these tools through workshops and engagement exercises provide opportunities to explore and highlight measures, indicators, and data sources for characterizing benefits and tradeoffs in collaborative environments involving interdisciplinary planning teams. Conceptual modeling tools are applied to a case study examining the social and economic benefits of recreation on the Ashley National Forest. The case study illustrates how these types of tools facilitate dialog for planning teams to discuss alternatives and key ecosystem service outcomes, create easy to interpret visuals that map details in plans, and provide a basis for selecting ecosystem service (socio-economic) metrics. These metrics can be used to enhance environmental impact analysis, and help satisfy the goals of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), the 2012 Planning Rule, and shared stewardship initiatives. The systematic consideration of ecosystem services outcomes and metrics supported by this approach enhanced dialog between members of the Forest planning team, allowed for a more transparent process in identification of key linkages and outcomes, and identified impacts and outcomes that may not have been apparent to the sociologist who is lacking the resource specific expertise of these participants. As a result, the use of the Ecosystem Service Conceptual Model (ESCM) process may result in reduced time for internal reviews and greater comprehension of anticipated outcomes and impacts of proposed management in the plan revision Environmental Impact Statement amongst the planning team.

A Behavioral-Analytic Model for Assessing Stress in Firefighters

2021 ◽  
pp. 014544552098613
Author(s):  
Bailee B. Schuhmann ◽  
Sarah N. Henderson ◽  
Ryan A. Black ◽  
Vincent B. Van Hasselt ◽  
Kristin Klimley Margres ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Reduction ◽  
Discriminant Validity ◽  
Stress Test ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fire Service ◽  
Analytic Model ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Internal Reliability ◽  
Convergent And Discriminant Validity ◽  
Using Data

Research has documented a number of acute and chronic stressors unique to the fire service. Due to the rise in mental health concerns in firefighters, there has been increased awareness of the negative effects of unmanaged stress. The present study employed a behavioral-analytic model to construct a brief screening measure of stress for this population: the Firefighter Assessment of Stress Test (FAST). Psychometric properties of the FAST were evaluated using data from active-duty firefighters throughout the United States. Results indicated the FAST has good internal reliability ( α = 0.89), as well as good convergent and discriminant validity. Also, the factor structure of the FAST revealed three significant subscales reflective of stress associated with responding to calls, administrative difficulties, and being overworked. Scoring and interpretation guidelines were established to suggest when further assessment is warranted. The FAST offers a brief and valid method of self-assessment of current stress levels in firefighters. Information obtained from the FAST (i.e., overall stress level and domains) has the potential to facilitate more immediate identification and recognition of stress in firefighters than what has been possible to date. Moreover, heightened awareness of stress and its effects will hopefully culminate in expanded efforts directed toward stress reduction and intervention for firefighters and their families.

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