Brain Hyperthermia During Physiological and Pathological Conditions: Causes, Mechanisms, and Functional Implications

Protein arginine deimination leading to the non-coded amino acid citrulline remains a key question in the field of post-translational modifications ever since its discovery by Rogers and Simmonds in 1958. Citrullination is catalyzed by a family of enzymes called peptidyl arginine deiminases (PADIs). Initially, increased citrullination was associated with autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis, as well as other neurological disorders and multiple types of cancer. During the last decade, research efforts have focused on how citrullination contributes to disease pathogenesis by modulating epigenetic events, pluripotency, immunity and transcriptional regulation. However, our knowledge regarding the functional implications of citrullination remains quite limited, so we still do not completely understand its role in physiological and pathological conditions. Here, we review the recently discovered functions of PADI2-mediated citrullination of the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II in transcriptional regulation in breast cancer cells and the proposed mechanisms to reshape the transcription regulatory network that promotes cancer progression.

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Neutrophil heterogeneity in health and disease: a revitalized avenue in inflammation and immunity

Open Biology ◽

10.1098/rsob.120134 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2 (11) ◽

pp. 120134 ◽

Cited By ~ 134

Author(s):

Martina Beyrau ◽

Jennifer Victoria Bodkin ◽

Sussan Nourshargh

Keyword(s):

Ischaemia Reperfusion Injury ◽

Significant Evidence ◽

Phenotypic Changes ◽

Differentiated Cells ◽

Pathological Conditions ◽

Ischaemia Reperfusion ◽

Functional Implications ◽

Health And Disease ◽

Functional Profiles ◽

Cellular Components

Leucocytes form the principal cellular components of immunity and inflammation, existing as multiple subsets defined by distinct phenotypic and functional profiles. To date, this has most notably been documented for lymphocytes and monocytes. In contrast, as neutrophils are traditionally considered, to be short-lived, terminally differentiated cells that do not re-circulate, the potential existence of distinct neutrophil subsets with functional and phenotypic heterogeneity has not been widely considered or explored. A growing body of evidence is now challenging this scenario, and there is significant evidence for the existence of different neutrophil subsets under both physiological and pathological conditions. This review will summarize the key findings that have triggered a renewed interest in neutrophil phenotypic changes, both in terms of functional implications and consequences within disease models. Special emphasis will be placed on the potential pro- and anti-inflammatory roles of neutrophil subsets, as indicated by the recent works in models of ischaemia–reperfusion injury, trauma, cancer and sepsis.

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Functional Genomics of PRUNE1 in Neurodevelopmental Disorders (NDDs) Tied to Medulloblastoma (MB) and Other Tumors

Frontiers in Oncology ◽

10.3389/fonc.2021.758146 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

Author(s):

Francesca Bibbò ◽

Carmen Sorice ◽

Veronica Ferrucci ◽

Massimo Zollo

Keyword(s):

Neurodevelopmental Disorders ◽

Neurodevelopmental Disorder ◽

Mitotic Cell ◽

Cell Penetrating Peptides ◽

Extracellular Signaling ◽

Brain Anomalies ◽

Pathological Conditions ◽

Protein Partners ◽

Functional Implications ◽

Canonical Wnt

We analyze the fundamental functions of Prune_1 in brain pathophysiology. We discuss the importance and maintenance of the function of Prune_1 and how its perturbation influences both brain pathological conditions, neurodevelopmental disorder with microcephaly, hypotonia, and variable brain anomalies (NMIHBA; OMIM: 617481), and tumorigenesis of medulloblastoma (MB) with functional correlations to other tumors. A therapeutic view underlying recent discoveries identified small molecules and cell penetrating peptides to impair the interaction of Prune_1 with protein partners (e.g., Nm23-H1), thus further impairing intracellular and extracellular signaling (i.e., canonical Wnt and TGF-β pathways). Identifying the mechanism of action of Prune_1 as responsible for neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), we have recognized other genes which are found overexpressed in brain tumors (e.g., MB) with functional implications in neurodevelopmental processes, as mainly linked to changes in mitotic cell cycle processes. Thus, with Prune_1 being a significant target in NDDs, we discuss how its network of action can be dysregulated during brain development, thus generating cancer and metastatic dissemination.

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Posttetanic enhancement of striato-pallidal synaptic transmission

Journal of Neurophysiology ◽

10.1152/jn.00241.2015 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 114 (1) ◽

pp. 447-454

Author(s):

Juhyon Kim ◽

Hitoshi Kita

Keyword(s):

Brain Slice ◽

Limiting Factor ◽

Patch Clamp Recording ◽

Body Movements ◽

Pathological Conditions ◽

Whole Cell Patch Clamp ◽

Wide Range ◽

Functional Implications ◽

Rat Brain Slice ◽

Conditioning Stimuli

The striato (Str)-globus pallidus external segment (GPe) projection plays major roles in the control of neuronal activity in the basal ganglia under both normal and pathological conditions. The present study used rat brain slice preparations to characterize the enhancement of Str-GPe synapses observed after repetitive conditioning stimuli (CS) of Str with the whole cell patch-clamp recording technique. The results show that 1) the Str-GPe synapses have a posttetanic enhancement (PTE) mechanism, which is considered to be a combination of an augmentation and a posttetanic potentiation; 2) the degree of PTE observed in GPe neurons had a wide range and was positively correlated with a wide range of paired-pulse ratios assessed before application of CS; 3) a wide range of CS, from frequencies as low as 2 Hz with as few as 5 pulses to as high as 100 Hz with 100 pulses, could induce PTE; 4) the decay time constant of PTE was dependent on the strength of CS and was prolonged greatly, up to 120 s, when strong CS were applied; and 5) the level of postsynaptic Cl− became a limiting factor for the degree of PTE when strong CS were applied. These results imply that Str-GPe synapses transmit inhibitions in a nonlinear activity-weighted manner, which may be suited for scaling timing and force of repeated or sequential body movements. Other possible factors controlling the induction of PTE and functional implications are also discussed.

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Permeability of Endometrial Blood Vessels to Exogenous Horse Radish Peroxidase in Mice. Electron Microscope Study

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100073258 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 31 ◽

pp. 562-563

Author(s):

M.C. Castillo-Jessen ◽

A. González-Angulo

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Blood Vessels ◽

Electron Microscope Study ◽

Ultrastructural Level ◽

Low Molecular Weight ◽

Horse Radish Peroxidase ◽

Intravascular Injection ◽

Normal Morphology ◽

Functional Implications ◽

Low Molecular Weight Proteins

Information regarding the normal morphology of uterine blood vessels at ultrastructural level in mammals is scarce Electron microscopy studies dealing with endometrial vasculature despite the functional implications due to hormone priming are not available. Light microscopy observations with combined injection of dyes and microradiography along with histochemical studies does not enable us to know the detailed fine structure of the possible various types of blood vessels in this tissue. The present work has been designed to characterize the blood vessels of endometrium of mice as well as the behavior of the endothelium to injection of low molecular weight proteins during the normal estrous cycle in this animal. One hundred and forty female albino mice were sacrificed after intravascular injection of horse radish peroxidase (HRP) at 30 seconds, 5, 15, 30 and 60 minutes.

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Morphological and elemental analysis of isolated incubated frog retina-choroid

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100111604 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 42 ◽

pp. 298-299

Author(s):

B. J. Panessa-Warren ◽

J. B. Warren ◽

H. W. Kraner

Keyword(s):

Elemental Analysis ◽

Pigment Epithelium ◽

Human Retina ◽

Healthy Individuals ◽

Anterior Portion ◽

Pathological Conditions ◽

Frog Retina ◽

Isolated Retina ◽

Vertebrate Eye ◽

Retina Pigment Epithelium

Our previous studies have demonstrated that abnormally high amounts of calcium (Ca) and zinc (Zn) can be accumulated in human retina-choroid under pathological conditions and that barium (Ba), which was not detected in the eyes of healthy individuals, is deposited in the retina pigment epithelium (RPE), and to a lesser extent in the sensory retina and iris. In an attempt to understand how these cations can be accumulated in the vertebrate eye, a morphological and microanalytical study of the uptake and loss of specific cations (K, Ca,Ba,Zn) was undertaken with incubated Rana catesbiana isolated retina and RPE preparations. Large frogs (650-800 gms) were dark adapted, guillotined and their eyes enucleated in deep ruby light. The eyes were hemisected behind the ora serrata and the anterior portion of the eye removed. The eyecup was bisected along the plane of the optic disc and the two segments of retina peeled away from the RPE and incubated.

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An Ultrastructural Study of the Proliferation Patterns of the Reserve Cells of the Human Cervix Uteri

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100093651 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 30 ◽

pp. 80-81

Author(s):

Takanori Sohda ◽

Hiroshi Saito ◽

Goro Asano ◽

Katsunari Fukushi ◽

Katsuya Suzuki ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ultrastructural Study ◽

Age Groups ◽

Point Of View ◽

University Hospital ◽

Cervix Uteri ◽

Morphological Aspect ◽

Functional Aspect ◽

Pathological Conditions ◽

Human Cervix ◽

Morphological Patterns

Recently, the functional aspect as well as morphological aspect of the reserve cells in the cervix uteri drew much attention in view of the carcinogenesis in squamocolumunar junction. In this communication, the authors elucidate the ultrastructural features of the reserve cells in patients of various age groups visiting our university hospital and affiliated hospital.From conventional light microscopic point of view, the reserve cells tend to be pronounced in various pathological conditions, such as the persisting inflammation, proliferative disorders and irritation of hormones. The morphological patterns of the reserve cells from various stage and degree of irritation were observed.

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Surface Ultrastructure of Human Ectocervix in Certain Pathological Conditions

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100119636 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 43 ◽

pp. 570-571

Author(s):

S. Mukherjee ◽

T. Guha ◽

B. Chakrabarti ◽

P. Chakrabarti

Keyword(s):

Epithelial Cells ◽

Marked Reduction ◽

Squamous Epithelium ◽

Malignant Tumour ◽

Surface Ultrastructure ◽

Normal Tissues ◽

Pathological Conditions ◽

Hexagonal Shape ◽

Columnar Cells ◽

Scanning Electron

The cervix is an important organ in reproduction. Its malfunction is frequently a factor for infertility. Ectocervix region does not appear to have received much attention although many studies have been reported on the endocervix. We report here our SEM observations on ectocervix in certain pathological conditions compared to normal ectocervix.Ectocervix specimens from human females with specific pathological disorders were processed for Scanning Electron Microscopy by conventional method and they were examined in a Philips SEM.The normal ectocervix is lined by flat layer of squamous epithelial cells with microridges (Fig. 1). These cells are known to be formed from columnar cells through metaplastic transformation. The cells of carcinoma-bearing ectocervix show a disorganised appearance (Fig. 2). In non-malignant tumour surface some cuboidal and few columnar cells were seen (Fig. 3). A cyst appears like an overgrowth on the surface of the squamous epithelium (Fig. 4). In ulcerated ectocervix a marked reduction of epithelial cells are observed (Fig. 5); the cells are devoid of microridges and, the large polygonal cells, as observed in normal tissues, have somehow acquired comparatively small hexagonal shape

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Intraindividual Variability and Stability of Affect and Well-Being

GeroPsych ◽

10.1024/1662-9647/a000094 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 26 (3) ◽

pp. 185-199 ◽

Cited By ~ 40

Author(s):

Christina Röcke ◽

Annette Brose

Keyword(s):

Age Differences ◽

Well Being ◽

Subjective Well Being ◽

Emotional Experiences ◽

Short Term ◽

Regulatory Processes ◽

Functional Implications ◽

Methodological Approaches ◽

Underlying Processes

Whereas subjective well-being remains relatively stable across adulthood, emotional experiences show remarkable short-term variability, with younger and older adults differing in both amount and correlates. Repeatedly assessed affect data captures both the dynamics and stability as well as stabilization that may indicate emotion-regulatory processes. The article reviews (1) research approaches to intraindividual affect variability, (2) functional implications of affect variability, and (3) age differences in affect variability. Based on this review, we discuss how the broader literature on emotional aging can be better integrated with theories and concepts of intraindividual affect variability by using appropriate methodological approaches. Finally, we show how a better understanding of affect variability and its underlying processes could contribute to the long-term stabilization of well-being in old age.

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Non-Linear Dynamics of Cardiovascular Variability Signals

Methods of Information in Medicine ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1634981 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 33 (01) ◽

pp. 81-84 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

S. Cerutti ◽

S. Guzzetti ◽

R. Parola ◽

M.G. Signorini

Keyword(s):

Dimensional Space ◽

Severe Heart Failure ◽

Parametric Models ◽

Deterministic Systems ◽

Finite Dimensional ◽

Return Maps ◽

Pathological Conditions ◽

Non Linear ◽

Space State

Abstract:Long-term regulation of beat-to-beat variability involves several different kinds of controls. A linear approach performed by parametric models enhances the short-term regulation of the autonomic nervous system. Some non-linear long-term regulation can be assessed by the chaotic deterministic approach applied to the beat-to-beat variability of the discrete RR-interval series, extracted from the ECG. For chaotic deterministic systems, trajectories of the state vector describe a strange attractor characterized by a fractal of dimension D. Signals are supposed to be generated by a deterministic and finite dimensional but non-linear dynamic system with trajectories in a multi-dimensional space-state. We estimated the fractal dimension through the Grassberger and Procaccia algorithm and Self-Similarity approaches of the 24-h heart-rate variability (HRV) signal in different physiological and pathological conditions such as severe heart failure, or after heart transplantation. State-space representations through Return Maps are also obtained. Differences between physiological and pathological cases have been assessed and generally a decrease in the system complexity is correlated to pathological conditions.

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