Spontaneous Chest Abscess Caused by Salmonella Enterica subsp. Arizonae in the Desert Southwest; A Case Report and Review of the Current Literature

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 401-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suresh Antony ◽  
Leigh Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Predisposing Factors ◽  
Gastrointestinal Infections ◽  
Folk Healing ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Joint Infections ◽  
Desert Southwest ◽  
Time Of Admission

: Salmonella enterica subspecies arizonae is a rare pathogen but has been reported in the literature in immunosuppressed and rarely immunocompetent patients. Most disease states have been reported in animals and reptiles. Human exposure has resulted in a range of complications from skin and soft tissue infections to bacteremia and periprosthetic joint infections. Predisposing factors such as age, comorbidities, and use of Mexican folk healing practices increase the risk of developing an infection. S. arizonae has been associated with gastrointestinal infections in several parts of the country and on rare occasions have been isolated from skin and soft tissues, prosthetic joints, and empyema. Case: This is a unique case of a large de novo chest abscess that developed in a 59-year-old diabetic male from the Southwest region with cultures growing Salmonella enterica subspecies arizonae. This patient presented without predisposing factors and did not appear to be ill at the time of admission. He was treated successfully by aspirating the abscess along with a 2-week course of ceftriaxone intravenously.

scholarly journals Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella enterica Serovar Rissen Clusters Detected in Azores Archipelago, Portugal

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonor Silveira ◽  
Miguel Pinto ◽  
Joana Isidro ◽  
Ângela Pista ◽  
Patrícia Themudo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Genetic Relatedness ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Reference Laboratory ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Gastrointestinal Infections ◽  
Azores Archipelago ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Depth Analysis

Gastrointestinal infections caused by nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) remain one of the main causes of foodborne illness worldwide. Within the multiple existing Salmonella enterica serovars, the serovar Rissen is rarely reported, particularly as a cause of human salmonellosis. Between 2015 and 2017, the Portuguese National Reference Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Infections observed an increase in the number of clinical cases caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) S. enterica serovar Rissen, particularly from the Azores archipelago. In the present study, we analyzed by whole genome sequencing (WGS) all clinical, animal, food, and environmental isolates received up to 2017 in the Portuguese Reference Laboratories. As such, through a wgMLST-based gene-by-gene analysis, we aimed to identify potential epidemiological clusters linking clinical and samples from multiple sources, while gaining insight into the genetic diversity of S. enterica serovar Rissen. We also investigated the genetic basis driving the observed multidrug resistance. By integrating 60 novel genomes with all publicly available serovar Rissen genomes, we observed a low degree of genetic diversity within this serovar. Nevertheless, the majority of Portuguese isolates showed high degree of genetic relatedness and a potential link to pork production. An in-depth analysis of these isolates revealed the existence of two major clusters from the Azores archipelago composed of MDR isolates, most of which were resistant to at least five antimicrobials. Considering the well-known spread of MDR between gastrointestinal bacteria, the identification of MDR circulating clones should constitute an alert to public health authorities. Finally, this study constitutes the starting point for the implementation of the “One Health” approach for Salmonella surveillance in Portugal.

scholarly journals Flagella and Chemotaxis Are Required for Efficient Induction of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Colitis in Streptomycin-Pretreated Mice

2004 ◽  
Vol 72 (7) ◽  
pp. 4138-4150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bärbel Stecher ◽  
Siegfried Hapfelmeier ◽  
Catherine Müller ◽  
Marcus Kremer ◽  
Thomas Stallmach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virulence Factors ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Salmonella Enterica Serovar Typhimurium ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Gastrointestinal Infections ◽  
Infection Models ◽  
Serovar Typhimurium ◽  
Efficient Induction ◽  
Toll Like Receptor 5

ABSTRACT Salmonella enterica subspecies 1 serovar Typhimurium is a common cause of gastrointestinal infections. The host's innate immune system and a complex set of Salmonella virulence factors are thought to contribute to enteric disease. The serovar Typhimurium virulence factors have been studied extensively by using tissue culture assays, and bovine infection models have been used to verify the role of these factors in enterocolitis. Streptomycin-pretreated mice provide an alternative animal model to study enteric salmonellosis. In this model, the Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 type III secretion system has a key virulence function. Nothing is known about the role of other virulence factors. We investigated the role of flagella in murine serovar Typhimurium colitis. A nonflagellated serovar Typhimurium mutant (fliGHI) efficiently colonized the intestine but caused little colitis during the early phase of infection (10 and 24 h postinfection). In competition assays with differentially labeled strains, the fliGHI mutant had a reduced capacity to get near the intestinal epithelium, as determined by fluorescence microscopy. A flagellated but nonchemotactic cheY mutant had the same virulence defects as the fliGHI mutant for causing colitis. In competitive infections, both mutants colonized the intestine of streptomycin-pretreated mice by day 1 postinfection but were outcompeted by the wild-type strain by day 3 postinfection. Together, these data demonstrate that flagella are required for efficient colonization and induction of colitis in streptomycin-pretreated mice. This effect is mostly attributable to chemotaxis. Recognition of flagellar subunits (i.e., flagellin) by innate immune receptors (i.e., Toll-like receptor 5) may be less important.

Composites and Structures for Regenerative Engineering

2014 ◽  
Vol 1621 ◽  
pp. 3-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cato T. Laurencin ◽  
Roshan James
Keyword(s):  
Cell Fate ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Control Cell ◽  
Continuous Phase ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Regenerative Capacity ◽  
Regenerative Engineering ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Increasing Demand

ABSTRACTRegenerative engineering was conceptualized by bridging the lessons learned in developmental biology and stem cell science with biomaterial constructs and engineering principles to ultimately generate de novo tissue. We seek to incorporate our understanding of natural tissue development to design tissue-inducing biomaterials, structures and composites than can stimulate the regeneration of complex tissues, organs, and organ systems through location-specific topographies and physico-chemical cues incorporated into a continuous phase. This combination of classical top-down tissue engineering approach with bottom-up strategies used in regenerative biology represents a new multidisciplinary paradigm. Advanced surface topographies and material scales are used to control cell fate and the consequent regenerative capacity.Musculoskeletal tissues are critical to the normal functioning of an individual and following damage or degeneration they show extremely limited endogenous regenerative capacity. The increasing demand for biologically compatible donor tissue and organ transplants far outstrips the availability leading to an acute shortage. We have developed several biomimetic structures using various biomaterial platforms to combine optimal mechanical properties, porosity, bioactivity, and functionality to effect repair and regeneration of hard tissues such as bone, and soft tissues such as ligament and tendon. Starting with simple structures, we have developed composite and multi-scale systems that very closely mimic the native tissue architecture and material composition. Ultimately, we aim to modulate the regenerative potential, including proliferation, phenotype maturation, matrix production, and apoptosis through cell-scaffold and host –scaffold interactions developing complex tissues and organ systems.

scholarly journals PrimaryCandida guilliermondiiInfection of the Knee in a Patient without Predisposing Factors

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gun Woo Lee ◽  
Tae-Hun Kim ◽  
Jung-Hwan Son
Keyword(s):  
Knee Joint ◽  
English Language ◽  
Predisposing Factors ◽  
Oral Fluconazole ◽  
Degenerative Osteoarthritis ◽  
Mild Pain ◽  
Joint Infections ◽  
Candidal Infection ◽  
Total Knee ◽  
Language Literature

Isolated primary candidal infection of joint is extremely rare, with only a few reported cases. It occurs as a result of accidental implantations of fungus during traumatic procedures, such as surgery, and is usually reported in patients with predisposing factors such as immunosuppression, malignancy, and drug abuse. If left untreated, irreversible deformity and pain with severe osteoarticular destruction occur. Thus, early diagnosis and treatment are important. This paper presents a case of 72-year-old man with primaryC. guilliermondiiinfection of knee joint without predisposing factors and previous traumatic procedures, who was misdiagnosed with advanced degenerative osteoarthritis. Our case is the second case of primaryC. guilliermondiiarthritis of knee to be reported in the English-language literature and the first to be successfully treated with total knee arthroplasty following IV amphotericin B and oral fluconazole. Primary candidal infection of joint is generally asymptomatic or involves only mild pain and swelling in the affected knee. Thus, although the majority of knee joint infections are of a pyogenic or tuberculous origin, if a patient complains of mild pain and swelling in the knee and has mild signs of infection, the possibility of fungal infection should be considered.

scholarly journals Fate of Salmonella enterica and Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli Cells Artificially Internalized into Vegetable Seeds during Germination

2017 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Da Liu ◽  
Yue Cui ◽  
Ronald Walcott ◽  
Jinru Chen
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Bacterial Pathogens ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia Coli ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Gastrointestinal Infections ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Vegetable Seed

ABSTRACTVegetable seeds contaminated with bacterial pathogens have been linked to fresh-produce-associated outbreaks of gastrointestinal infections. This study was undertaken to observe the physiological behavior ofSalmonella entericaand enterohemorrhagicEscherichia coli(EHEC) cells artificially internalized into vegetable seeds during the germination process. Surface-decontaminated seeds of alfalfa, fenugreek, lettuce, and tomato were vacuum-infiltrated with four individual strains ofSalmonellaor EHEC. Contaminated seeds were germinated at 25°C for 9 days, and different sprout/seedling tissues were microbiologically analyzed every other day. The internalization ofSalmonellaand EHEC cells into vegetable seeds was confirmed by the absence of pathogens in seed-rinsing water and the presence of pathogens in seed homogenates after postinternalization seed surface decontamination. Results show that 317 (62%) and 343 (67%) of the 512 collected sprout/seedling tissue samples were positive forSalmonellaand EHEC, respectively. The averageSalmonellapopulations were significantly larger (P< 0.05) than the EHEC populations. Significantly largerSalmonellapopulations were recovered from the cotyledon and seed coat tissues, followed by the root tissues, but the mean EHEC populations from all sampled tissue sections were statistically similar, except in pregerminated seeds. ThreeSalmonellaand two EHEC strains had significantly larger cell populations on sprout/seedling tissues than other strains used in the study.Salmonellaand EHEC populations from fenugreek and alfalfa tissues were significantly larger than those from tomato and lettuce tissues. The study showed the fate of internalized human pathogens on germinating vegetable seeds and sprout/seedling tissues and emphasized the importance of using pathogen-free seeds for sprout production.IMPORTANCEThe internalization of microorganisms into vegetable seeds could occur naturally and represents a possible pathway of vegetable seed contamination by human pathogens. The present study investigated the ability of two important bacterial pathogens,Salmonellaand enterohemorrhagicEscherichia coli(EHEC), when artificially internalized into vegetable seeds, to grow and disseminate along vegetable sprouts/seedlings during germination. The data from the study revealed that the pathogen cells artificially internalized into vegetable seeds caused the contamination of different tissues of sprouts/seedlings and that pathogen growth on germinating seeds is bacterial species and vegetable seed-type dependent. These results further stress the necessity of using pathogen-free vegetable seeds for edible sprout production.

scholarly journals Evidence that a B12-Adenosyl Transferase Is Encoded within the Ethanolamine Operon of Salmonella enterica

2004 ◽  
Vol 186 (22) ◽  
pp. 7635-7644 ◽  
Author(s):  
David E. Sheppard ◽  
Joseph T. Penrod ◽  
Thomas Bobik ◽  
Eric Kofoid ◽  
John R. Roth
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
De Novo Synthesis ◽  
Aerobic Growth ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
High Demand ◽  
Catabolic Enzyme

ABSTRACT Adenosylcobalamin (Ado-B12) is both the cofactor and inducer of ethanolamine ammonia lyase (EA-lyase), a catabolic enzyme for ethanolamine. De novo synthesis of Ado-B12 by Salmonella enterica occurs only under anaerobic conditions. Therefore, aerobic growth on ethanolamine requires import of Ado-B12 or a precursor (CN-B12 or OH-B12) that can be adenosylated internally. Several known enzymes adenosylate corrinoids. The CobA enzyme transfers adenosine from ATP to a biosynthetic intermediate in de novo B12 synthesis and to imported CN-B12, OH-B12, or Cbi (a B12 precursor). The PduO adenosyl transferase is encoded in an operon (pdu) for cobalamin-dependent propanediol degradation and is induced by propanediol. Evidence is presented here that a third transferase (EutT) is encoded within the operon for ethanolamine utilization (eut). Surprisingly, these three transferases share no apparent sequence similarity. CobA produces sufficient Ado-B12 to initiate eut operon induction and to serve as a cofactor for EA-lyase when B12 levels are high. Once the eut operon is induced, the EutT transferase supplies more Ado-B12 during the period of high demand. Another protein encoded in the operon (EutA) protects EA-lyase from inhibition by CN-B12 but does so without adenosylation of this corrinoid.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis in Morocco

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (12) ◽  
pp. 804-809 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farida Ohmani ◽  
Khadija Khedid ◽  
Saad Britel ◽  
Aicha Qasmaoui ◽  
Reda Charof ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Nalidixic Acid ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Salmonella Enterica Serovar Enteritidis ◽  
Gastrointestinal Infections ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistance Patterns ◽  
Resistance Rates

Introduction: Salmonella enterica is recognised worldwide as one of the major agents of human gastrointestinal infections. The aim of the present work is to ascertain the antimicrobial susceptibilities of 150 Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis isolates from humans in Morocco during the period from 2000 to 2008. Methodology: Antimicrobial resistance determination was performed by disk diffusion method using seven antibiotics. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ciprofloxacin was determined for nalidixic acid-resistant (NAR) isolates using E-test strips. Results: Sixty-one (42%) isolates were resistant to at least one class of antimicrobial agent. The largest numbers of resistant isolates were observed for nalidixic acid with 53 isolates (36%) followed by ampicillin with 7 isolates (5%), tetracycline with 6 isolates (4%), and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole with 2 isolates (1%).The resistant isolates were grouped in seven different resistance patterns of which two isolates were resistant to three antibiotics. Among the 53 (36%) NAR isolates, 37 (76%) had a reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin. Conclusion: Resistance rates of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis from Morocco are generally low but the resistance to nalidixic acid is worryingly common. Continual surveillance of antibiotic resistance is of primary importance.

scholarly journals HisTrader: A Tool to Identify Nucleosome Free Regions from ChIP-Seq of Histone Post-Translational Modifications

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yifei Yan ◽  
Ansley Gnanapragasam ◽  
Swneke Bailey
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Histone Modification ◽  
Dna Sequence ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Cancer Cell Line ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Lung Cancer Cell Line ◽  
Sequence Length ◽  
Post Translational Modifications ◽  
Disease States

ABSTRACTMotivationChromatin immuno-precipitation sequencing (ChIP-Seq) of histone post-translational modifications coupled with de novo motif elucidation and enrichment analyses can identify transcription factors responsible for orchestrating transitions between cell-and disease-states. However, the identified regulatory elements can span several kilobases (kb) in length, which complicates motif-based analyses. Restricting the length of the target DNA sequence(s) can reduce false positives. Therefore, we present HisTrader, a computational tool to identify the regions accessible to transcription factors, nucleosome free regions (NFRs), within histone modification peaks to reduce the DNA sequence length required for motif analyses.ResultsHisTrader accurately identifies NFRs from H3K27Ac ChIP-seq profiles of the lung cancer cell line A549, which are validated by the presence of DNaseI hypersensitivity. In addition, HisTrader reveals that multiple NFRs are common within individual regulatory elements; an easily overlooked feature that should be considered to improve sensitivity of motif analyses using histone modification ChIP-seq data.Availability and implementationThe HisTrader script is open-source and available on GitHub (https://github.com/SvenBaileyLab/Histrader) under a GNU general public license (GPLv3). HisTrader is written in PERL and can be run on any platform with PERL installed.

Abstract 1497: Differential Modulation of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase (eNOS) Signaling Pathways by Tetrahydrobiopterin Synthesis vs. Salvage

Circulation ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 116 (suppl_16) ◽  
Author(s):  
Toru Sugiyama ◽  
Ruqin Kou ◽  
Thomas Michel
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Dysfunction ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
De Novo ◽  
No Production ◽  
Aortic Endothelial Cells ◽  
Akt Phosphorylation ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Redox Active ◽  
Enzymatic Reduction ◽  
Endothelial Nitric Oxide

Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) is an essential redox-active cofactor for eNOS that can be both synthesized de novo or salvaged by enzymatic reduction of the oxidized compound. The endothelial dysfunction associated with diabetes is accompanied a decrease in the abundance of bioactive BH4. De novo biosynthesis of BH4 is catalyzed by GTP cyclohydrolase-1 (GTPCH1); recycling of BH4 is catalyzed by dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR). The relative roles of de novo BH4 synthesis and BH4 redox recycling in regulation of eNOS bioactivity remain incompletely defined. In the present study, we have used siRNA methods to investigate the effects of BH4 “knockdown” on eNOS regulation and endothelial signal transduction pathways in bovine aortic endothelial cells. We transfected duplex siRNA constructs designed to specifically target DHFR and GTPCH1, and suppressed levels of these proteins by ~90% (n = 37) relative to control siRNA-transfected cells. Transfection of siRNA constructs targeting DHFR or GTPCH1 suppressed VEGF-induced eNOS activity (using [ 3 H]-citrulline assay) or NO production (using an electrochemical NO sensor) by 90 ± 9% (n = 8, p < 0.01). siRNA-mediated knockdown of either DHFR or GTPCH1 had no effect on the abundance of stability of eNOS dimers, assessed using low-temperature SDS-PAGE (n = 4). DHFR knockdown completely blocked VEGF-induced eNOS dephosphorylation at the inhibitory phosphoserine residue 116 (n = 4, p < 0.01), but had no effect on agonist-modulated eNOS phosphorylation at the activating phosphoserine residue 1179. GTPCH1 knockdown had no effect either on phosphorylation or dephosphorylation of eNOS at these residues. Phosphorylation of Akt was decreased by 85 ± 4% by DHFR knockdown (p < 0.001, n = 4) but Akt phosphorylation was unaffected by GTPCH1 knockdown. These studies demonstrate for the first time a striking contrast in the consequences for eNOS signaling pathways from the suppression of BH4 salvage/reduction vs. de novo BH4 synthetic pathways. The abrogation of VEGF-mediated Akt activation by siRNA-mediated DHFR knockdown indicates that alterations in BH4 recycling may have broad effects on cell signaling pathways, with important consequences for the development of endothelial dysfunction in vascular disease states.

scholarly journals Ethanolamine Utilization Contributes to Proliferation ofSalmonella entericaSerovar Typhimurium in Food and in Nematodes

2010 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 281-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shabarinath Srikumar ◽  
Thilo M. Fuchs
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Gene Activation ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Egg Yolk ◽  
Gene Clusters ◽  
Luciferase Reporter ◽  
Infection Model ◽  
Reporter System

ABSTRACTOnly three pathogenic bacterial species,Salmonella enterica,Clostridium perfringens, andListeria monocytogenes, are able to utilize both ethanolamine and 1,2-propanediol as a sole carbon source. Degradation of these substrates, abundant in food and the gut, depends on cobalamin, which is synthesizedde novoonly under anaerobic conditions. Although theeut,pdu, andcob-cbigene clusters comprise 40 kb, the conditions under which they confer a selection advantage on these food-borne pathogens remain largely unknown. Here we used the luciferase reporter system to determine the response of theSalmonella entericaserovar Typhimurium promoters PeutS, PpocR, PpduF, and PpduAto a set of carbon sources, to egg yolk, to whole milk, and to milk protein or fat fractions. Depending on the supplements, specific inductions up to 3 orders of magnitude were observed for PeutSand PpduA, which drive the expression of mosteutandpdugenes. To correlate these significant expression data with growth properties, nonpolar deletions ofpocR, regulating thepduandcob-cbigenes, and ofeutR, involved ineutgene activation, were constructed inS. Typhimurium strain 14028. During exponential growth of the mutants 14028ΔpocRand 14028ΔeutR, 2- to 3-fold-reduced proliferation in milk and egg yolk was observed. Using theCaenorhabditis elegansinfection model, we could also demonstrate that the proliferation ofS. Typhimurium in the nematode is supported by an active ethanolamine degradation pathway. Taking these findings together, this study quantifies the differential expression ofeutandpdugenes under distinct conditions and provides experimental evidence that the ethanolamine utilization pathway allows salmonellae to occupy specific metabolic niches within food environments and within their host organisms.

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