scholarly journals Breastfeeding and adherence to ARV treatment with mother-to-child transmission of HIV at Sosodoro Djatikoesoemo Hospital, Bojonegoro

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 60
Author(s):  
Endah Sri Wulandari ◽  
Ayu Wiwaningtyas
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Mother To Child Transmission ◽  
Hiv Status ◽  
Child Transmission ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Cross Sectional Design ◽  
Mother To Child

<p><strong><em>Background: </em></strong><em>The HIV can be transmitted from an HIV-infected mother to her child during pregnancy, childbirth, and while breastfeeding. HIV that occurs in children is acquired because of transmission from mothers who do not comply with anti-retroviral drugs or during breastfeeding.</em><em> </em><em>Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV is an effort aimed at preventing mother-to-child transmission in an integrated and comprehensive manner with other programs related to HIV control.</em><em></em></p><p><strong><em>Objectives: </em></strong><em>The study aimed to determine the relationship between breastfeeding and adherence to ARV treatment </em>with mother-to-child transmission of HIV<em> at Sosodoro Djatikoesoemo Hospital, Bojonegoro.</em><em></em></p><p><strong><em>Methods: </em></strong><em>The variables in the study were the independent variables of</em><em> </em><em>breastfeeding and adherence to ARV treatment in mothers and the dependent variable of HIV status in children under five. This type of research used a correlational analysis with a cross sectional design, with a population of 25 mothers who had babies aged 0-6 months and a sample of 25 respondents. Non-probability sampling technique, total sampling with research instruments using a questionnaire, and statistical tests using the chi-square test.</em><em></em></p><p><strong><em>Results: </em></strong><em>The results showed the significance value of breastfeeding, namely p = 0.001, while the significance value of adherence to ARV treatment was p = 0.009. This means that in this study the most dominant influence on HIV status in </em><em>toddlers</em><em> is breastfeeding.</em><em></em></p><p><strong><em>Conclusions: </em></strong><em>This study can analyze efforts to address maternal problems with HIV status to increase awareness of mothers with HIV status to keep checking both during pregnancy and after delivery to minimize transmission to their toddlers</em></p>

scholarly journals Pengetahuan Masyarakat Tentang Protokol Kesehatan Dengan Tindakan Pencegahan Penularan COVID-19 Di Wilayah Kabupaten Sikka

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pasionista Vianitati ◽  
Maria Yulita Meo
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Public Knowledge ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
The Public ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Cross Sectional Design

Objective:  The aim of this study to find out the relationship between public knowledge about health protocols and prevention measures for Covid-19 transmission in the Sikka Regency area.Methods:  This type of research is analytic observational with cross sectional design. A questionnaire was given to measure public knowledge about health protocols and an observation sheet to see the behavior of the community to prevent Covid-19 transmission. The sample in the study was 147 people using purposive sampling technique. Data analysis used Chi-Square with a significance level of α = 0.05.Results:  of this study were obtained public knowledge about the health protocol for the prevention of Covid-19 transmission was in a good category of 53.7% and most people made efforts to prevent Covid-19 transmission by 5M as much as 62.6%. And the results of statistical tests using the Chi Square test obtained pvalue = 0.029 <α = 0.05.Conclusion:  there is a significant relationship between public knowledge about health protocols and measures to prevent Covid-19 transmission in the Sikka Regency area. Therefore, all forms of health education to the public related to Covid-19 must continue to be carried out and carry out tiered evaluations related to the implementation of health protocols and it is hoped that the community will be more obedient to implementing health protocols to prevent Covid-19 transmission through 5M measures.

scholarly journals Analysis of Healthy Latrine Ownership Factors in the Coastal Area of Lapulu Village, Kendari City

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-37
Author(s):  
Sitti Marya Ulva ◽  
Sinar Jannah
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
P Value ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Community Ownership ◽  
Land Availability ◽  
Tidal Area ◽  
Chi Square Test

The percentage of families in Lapulu Village that had healthy latrines was 64,84% who met the health requirements and 35,16% who did not meet the health requirements in 2019. This shows that the ownership of healthy latrines is still lower than the national achievement. This study aims to determine the factors associated with low ownership of healthy latrines in the coastal areas of Lapulu Village, Kendari City. The research design was observational, with a cross-sectional approach. The population in this study was 437 respondents, while the study sample was 209 respondents. The sampling technique used was proportional random sampling technique. The analysis were performed using the Chi-Square test. The results of statistical tests with chi-square obtained the value of land availability (p-value=0,000), knowledge (p-value=0,031), and income (p-value=0,000). It can be concluded that there is a relationship between land availability, knowledge, and income levels associated with low ownership of healthy latrines in the tidal area of ​​Lapulu Village, Kendari City. Therefore, it is hoped that the community and local government will establish this inter sector collaboration with related agencies to increase community ownership of healthy latrines.

scholarly journals Hubungan Pengetahuan dan Dukungan Keluarga dengan Perilaku Penyalahgunaan Napza di Kelas IIA Lembaga Pemasyarakatan Jambi

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 328
Author(s):  
Nel Efni
Keyword(s):  
Drug Abuse ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Cross Sectional Design ◽  
Broken Home

The causes of drug abuse are complex due to the interaction of various factors, including individual factors such great curiosity to try and unknowingly or think long about the consequences later in life, environmental factors such as family problems or a broken home or social environment / community one even all members become abusers drug. This research is a quantitative research using Cross sectional design. The population in this study is the victim of drug abuse which amounted to 545 people and a total sample of 40 respondents using simple random sampling technique and the data were analyzed using univariate and bivariate by using the chi-square test. There is The relationship of knowledge and family support to the behavior of drug abuse in class IIA prison  Jambi. Expected to be used as inputs in the preparation of the program increased knowledge about the dangers of drugs.

scholarly journals PERBEDAAN SUHU TUBUH BAYI BARU LAHIR ANTARA BAYI YANG BERHASIL MELAKUKAN INISIASI MENYUSU DINI DAN BAYI YANG TIDAK BERHASIL MELAKUKAN INISIASI MENYUSU DINI

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 133
Author(s):  
Aprilia Aprisanti Reyani
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
The Body ◽  
Breastfeeding Initiation ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Cross Sectional Design

Latar Belakang :Kehangatan dada ibu dapat menghangatkan bayi, sehingga apabila bayi diletakan di dada ibunya segera setelah melahirkan atau dilakukan Inisiasi Menyusu Dini, dapat menurunkan resiko hipotermia dan menurunkan kematian bayi baru lahir akibat kedinginan atau hipotermia. Tujuan : Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui perbedaan suhu tubuh bayi baru lahir antara bayi yang berhasil melakukan IMD dan bayi yang tidak berhasil melakukan IMD Metode  :Analitik,desain cross sectional,populasi semua bayi baru lahir, sampel bayi barulahir, teknik Non Random Sampling, pengumpulan data dengan menggunakan Lembar Observasi dengan menggunakan uji Chi-Square dengan nilai signifikan α = 0.05 yaitu bila hasil uji statistik menunjukan p ≤ α maka H0 ditolak. Hasil      :Suhu tubuh bayi baru lahir yang berhasil melakukan IMD sebagianbesardengansuhutubuhtidakhipotermisebanyak 20 bayi (87%) Suhu tubuh bayi baru lahir yang tidak berhasil melakukan IMD sebagianbesardengansuhutubuhhipotermisebanyak 8 bayi (66,7%). Dari hasil uji statistik diperoleh hasil nilai p = 0,005 < α = 0.05 maka H1 diterima, artinya ada Perbedaan suhu tubuh bayi baru lahir yang berhasil melakukan IMD dan yang tidak berhasil melakukan IMD Kesimpulan :Terdapat perbedaan suhu tubuh bayi baru lahir antara bayi yang berhasil melakukan IMD dan bayi yang tidak berhasil melakukan IMD.   Kata kunci : Inisiasi Menyusu Dini, Suhu Tubuh Bayi Baru Lahir                                                                                               THE DIFFERENCE BODY TEMPERATURE BETWEEN BABIES WHO SUCCESSFULLY INITIATE BREASTFEEDING EARLY AND BABIESWHO FAIL TO INITIATE EARLY BREASTFEEDING AT RSIA KIRANA SIDOARJO 2019  Background : The warmth of the mother’s chest can warm the baby, so that when the baby is in the mother’s breast immediately after birth or initiated early breastfeeding can reduce the mortality rate of newborns due to hypotermia.Purpose :the purpose of this study was to determine the difference in body temperature of newborns between infants who successfully initiated early breastfeeding and infants who did not succeed in initiating early breastfeedingMethods : analytical, cross sectional design, population 40 newborns, samples 35 newborns, Non Random Sampling techniques, the data accumulation using observation sheets and using chi-square test, with significant value α = 0.05 is when the statistical test results show p ≤ α then Ho is rejected.Result : The body temperature of the newborn who succeeded in initiating early breastfeeding was 36.78ºC with 23 (65.7%) of infants none having hypothermia, the newborn baby's body temperature that did not succeed in doing this early breastfeeding was 35.78ºC With 8 infants experiencing hypothermia, while 4 babies with normal temperature. From the results of statistical tests obtained results with the value p = 0,000 <α = 0.05 then H1 accepted, meaning there is a difference in body temperature of a newborn who successfully initiated early breastfeeding and who did not succeed in Early Breastfeeding Initiation. Conclusion : There is a difference in the body temperature of a newborn between infants who successfully initiated breastfeeding and infants who are not successful in initiating early breastfeeding....Keywords : Early breastfeedinginitiation, newborns temperature

scholarly journals Faktor Yang Berhubungan Dengan Gejala Neurotoksik Akibat Paparan Pestisida Pada Petani Sayuran Di Kenagarian Alahan Panjang Kabupaten Solok

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aria Gusti
Keyword(s):  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
P Value ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Vegetable Farmers ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Cross Sectional Design

Judul : Faktor-Faktor Yang Berhubungan Dengan Gejala Neurotoksik Akibat Paparan Pestisida Pada Petani Sayuran Di Kenagarian Alahan Panjang Kabupaten SolokLatar belakang: Sekitar 60% petani penyempro sayur di Kanagarian Alahan Panjang mempunyai riwayat gejala neurotoksik.. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan gejala gangguan syaraf pada petani penyemprot yang menggunakan pestisida di Kanagarian Alahan Panjang Kabupaten Solok.Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian observasional dengan rancangan cross-sectional. Subyek penelitian sebanyak 75 responden. Penarikan sampel dilakukan secara random. Variabel yang dikaji dalam penelitian ini meliputi jenis pestisida, komposisi pestisida, pemakaian alat pelindung diri, dan gejala neurotoksik. Instrument penelitian menggunakan kuesioner Q18 versi Jerman. Analisis data menggunakan uji Chi-square pada taraf signifikasi 5%.Hasil: Hasil penelitian menunjukkan sebanyak 62,7% petani penyemprot sayuran pernah mengalami gejala neurotoksik. Hasil analisis statistik menunjukkan ada hubungan signifikan antara jumlah dan komposisi pestisida yang digunakan dengan gangguan neurotoksik pada petani sayuran (p-value <0,05). Sedang kebiasaan pemakaian alat pelindung diri tidak berpengaruh terhadap kejadian gangguan neorotoksin.  Simpulan: Jumlah dan komposisis pestisida berhubungan dengan gangguan neurotoksik pada petani sayuran di Kanagarian Alahan Kabupaten Solok. Petani sayur disarankan untuk memperhatian komposis pestidian dan tidak menggunakan secara berlebihan dalam menyemprot sayuran. AbstractTitle: Factors related with neurotoxic symptoms on pesticides exposed vegetable farmer in Kanagarian Alahan Panjang, Solok DistrictBackground: Around 60% of vegetable farmer sprayer in Kenagarian Alahan Panjang have experienced of the neurotoxic symptoms. The purpose of this study was to determine factors associated with neurotoxic symptoms on vegetable farmer sprayer with pesticide in Kenagarian Alahan Panjang Solok District in 2016. Method: Type of this research was quantitative using cross-sectional design. The sample were 75 respondents. Sampling using simple random sampling technique. Processing data using univariate and bivariate analysis with chi-square test. Results: The result of this research showed (62,7%) vegetable farmer sprayer have experienced of the neurotoxic symptoms. Bivariate analysis showed there were significant relationship (p<0,05) between pesticide composition and amount of pesticide with neurotoxic symptoms. There was no significant relationship between use of personal protective equipment with neurotoxic symptoms. Conclusion: The number and compostion of pesticides were factors which had associated significantly with neurotoxic symptoms. It was suggested to vegetable farmers to change organofosfat pesticide which was not dangerous to health like faction of pyrethroids. Vegetable farmers were suggested to use appliance protector of X’self completely when activity of mixing and application of pesticide.

scholarly journals HUBUNGAN MENGKONSUMSI TABLET FE DENGAN KEJADIAN KONSTIPASI PADA IBU HAMIL DI DESA BANDAR KECAMATAN BANDAR KABUPATEN PACITAN

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 46-50
Author(s):  
Catur Wulan ◽  
Wulan Ayu Fitria
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Statistical Test ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Cross Sectional Design ◽  
The Relationship

Consumption of iron tablet 1 tablet per day during pregnancy can cause constipation. Based on the results of preliminary study in the Bandar Village, Pacitan through interviews with 14 pregnant women there were 12 pregnant women who consumed iron tablet regularly and 8 pregnant women complain of difficulty to defecate while not experiencing constipation 4 pregnant women. From two pregnant women who did not consume fe tablets they didn’t get constipation. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship consuming Fe tablet with constipation in pregnant women. This type of research is quantitative with cross sectional design conducted in March 2016. The population of all pregnant women in Bandar Village Bandar Subdistrict District of Pacitan as many as 33 pregnant women. The respondents ware all pregnant women in the Bandar Village Bandar district Pacitan. Using total sampling technique, the research was conducted on March 1 until March 30, 2016. The variable in this study is the fe tablet intake and incidence of constipation. The research instrument used was observation about fe tablet consumption and interviewing about incidence of constipation. The data were tabulated and analyzed using a statistical test Chi Square test determined significant with p> 0.05. From the results showed that majority of 19 pregnant women (57.5%) consume iron tablet regularly, and majority of 18 pregnant women (54.5%) got constipation. There was a relationship consuming Fe tablet constipation with in pregnant women in the Bandar Village district ofPacitan. Evidenced by the significant level of 0.000> 0.05 so that Ho refused. Based on the results of the study, the researcher suggested to health workers to provide counseling to pregnant women about how to consume tablets fe correetly and balanced with foods contaiming high in fiber.

scholarly journals KAJIAN PENYEBAB STUNTING ANAK USIA 24 - 59 BULAN DIWILAYAH KERJA PUSKESMAS PADANG GELUGUR KABUPATEN PASAMAN

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Neila Sulung
Keyword(s):  
Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Food Diversity ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Cross Sectional Design

Stunting is a chronic condition that represent growth retardation due to long-term malnutrition, indicated by a z-score of TB / U less than -2SD. Padang Gelugur is a sub-district located in Pasaman Regency with the highest stunting rate of 27%. The purpose of this study was to determine the factors that caused the incidence of Stunting at the Padang Gelugur health center in Pasaman Regency. Type of analytic descriptive study with cross-sectional design, conducted in April 2019. The population is 1,020 infants. with Multistage random sampling technique and a sample size of 150 infants. Data collection uses questionnaires and anthropometric observations and data analysis includes univariate analysis and bivariate analysis with chi square test. The results of the study obtained the incidence of stunting in infants due to non-exclusive breastfeeding (p = 0.022 and OR = 2.708), lack of food diversity (p = 0.023 and OR = 2.326), and low economic status (p = 0.034 and OR = 3.630.    Based on the results above, it was found that a significant relationship between low economic status, non-exclusive breastfeeding, and lack of food diversity with the incidence of Stunting.

scholarly journals HUBUNGAN SIKAP DAN KEMAMPUAN IBU NIFAS TENTANG CARA MEMANDIKAN BAYI DI WILAYAH KERJA PUSKESMAS S.PARMAN BANJARMASIN

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 340-348
Author(s):  
Sarkiah Sarkiah ◽  
Fadhiyah Noor Anisa ◽  
Rizqy Amelia
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Technique ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
P Value ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Cross Sectional Design ◽  
Postpartum Mothers

 ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Sekarang ini masih cukup tinggi angka kematian bayi salah satu penyebabnya adalah hipotermi. Salah satu penyebab hipotermi adalah ketidakpahaman dan ketidakmampuan ibu tentang cara memandikan bayinya dengan benar oleh karena itu bisa terjadi permasalah terhadap bayinya.Tujuan: Mengetahui hubungan sikap dan kemampuan ibu nifas tentang cara memandikan bayi di wilayah kerja Puskesmas S.Parman Banjarmasin.Metode: Penelitian menggunakan metode  survei analitik dengan rancangan  cross-sectional. Populasi ibu nifas di wilayah kerja Puskesmas S.Parman Banjarmasin berjumlah 199 orang. Sampel sebanyak 45 responden dengan teknik pengambilan Acidental sampling. Data dianalisis menggunakan uji chi square dengan tingkat kepercayaan 95%.Hasil: Responden di Puskesmas S.Parman Banjarmasin memiliki sikap positif yaitu 25 responden (55,6%), dan memandikan bayi dengan cara yang tidak baik yaitu 24 responden (53,3%). Hasil analisis menunjukkan ada hubungan antara sikap ibu (p-value = 0,021) dan kemampuan ibu nifas (p-value = 0,0001) tentang cara memandikan bayi.Simpulan: Ada hubungan sikap dan kemampuan ibu nifas tentang cara  memandikan bayi di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas S.Parman Banjarmasin. Kata Kunci: Cara memandikan bayi, sikap, kemampuan, nifas. CORRELATION BETWEEN ATTITUDES AND POSTPARTUM MOTHERS’ ABILITIES ON  HOW TO DO BABY-BATHING IN THE WORKING AREA OF PUSKESMAS S.PARMAN   BANJARMASINABSTRAKBackground: Now there is still a high rate of infant mortality, one of the causes is hypothermia. It is the lack of understanding and the inability of the mother to do baby-bathing properly her baby.Purpose: Knowing the correlation between attitudes and postpartum mothers’ abilities of about how to do baby-bathing in the working area of Puskesmas S.Parman Banjarmasin.Method: The study used an analytical survey method with a cross-sectional design. The population was 199 people. The sample of 45 respondents with Accidental sampling technique. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test with a confidence level of 95%.Result: The respondents whose positive attitudes were 25 people (55.6%), and did well baby-bathing were 24 people (53.3%). The results of the analysis showed that there was a correlation between maternal attitudes (p-value = 0.021) and the ability of postpartum mothers (p-value = 0.0001) on how to bathe the baby.Conclusion: There is a correlation between attitudes and postpartum mothers abilities on how to do baby-bathing in the working area of Puskesmas S.Parman Banjarmasin. Keyword: How to do baby-bating, Attitude, ability, Postpartum.

scholarly journals Kinerja Petugas Kesehatan dalam Upaya Menurunkan Angka Kejadian Demam Berdarah Dengue di Puskesmas Kota Jambi

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 69-76
Author(s):  
Rumita Ena Sari ◽  
Fransiska Sitepu ◽  
Arnild Augina Mekarische ◽  
Hubaybah Hubaybah ◽  
Rinaldi Daswito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Morbidity Rate ◽  
Questionnaire Data ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Cross Sectional Design

In Jambi Province, the morbidity rate of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) has increased for three consecutive years with a mortality rate of 0.74%. This study aimed to determine the performance of health workers to reduce the incidence of dengue fever at the Jambi City Health Center in 2020. This study used a cross-sectional design with several respondents 80 officers, the sampling technique used total sampling. The instrument in this study used a questionnaire. Data analysis using Chi-square test. The results showed that there was a significant relationship between the length of work (OR = 0.184), facilities and infrastructure (OR = 1.977), supervision (OR = 2.118), and superior support (OR = 2.029) with the performance of health workers, and there was no significant relationship between the last education (OR=1.152) and reward (OR=1.472) with the performance of health workers. Health officers DHF program are expected to maximize services such as environmental health inspections and PSN 3M counseling as well as increase supervision of the community so that they can participate in the prevention of DHF, namely by forming Jumantik cadres, maximizing outreach and outreach with the community, and fostering community self-hygiene.

scholarly journals Profil saliva pada penyirih di Kecamatan Rembon Kabupaten Tana Toraja Salivary profile of betel quid tobacco chewers in District of Rembon, Tana Toraja

2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 109
Author(s):  
Marcelina Marcelina ◽  
Rasmidar Samad
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Betel Quid ◽  
Inorganic Component ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Salivary Ph ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Cross Sectional Design ◽  
Cluster Random Sampling

Betel quid tobacco (BQT) chewing is a process of chewing betel leaves, areca nut, lime, gambier, and tobacco. Chewing and chemical stimulation of BQT can affect the salivary profile. The purpose of this study is to observe the differences of salivary profile such as volume, pH, and salivary inorganic component (Na + and phosphate) between BQT chewers and non-chewers. This study is an observation analytic with cross sectional design on 30-60 years old women that live in Rembon district of Tana Toraja (n=96) using cluster random sampling technique. Salivary volume was measured by measured glass, salivary pH was measured by indicator pH (Macherey-Nagel). The content of the salivary inorganic component was seen using atomic absorption spectrophotometer in BPTP Laboratory, Maros. Data were analyzed by t-test and chi square test using SPSS v 15.0. The result were mean of salivary volume (chewers=3.88 ml/10 s; p=0.051). Mean of salivary pH (chewers=6.92; p=0.001). Mean of salivary Na+  (chewers=0.38 ppm; p=0.112), Mg2+ (chewers=11.9 ppm; p=0.002), phosphate (chewers=156.8 ppm; p=0.001), Ca 2+ (chewers=174.8 ppm; p=0.000), K concluded that there was no significant difference on salivary volume, pH, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg(chewers=445.9 ppm; p=0.429). It was +and K+ content between chewers and non chewers, but the content of salivary Mg 2+, Ca2+and phosphate had significant difference.

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