Molecular identification of Shiitake [Lentinula edodes Berk (Pegler)] and production of secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential

The Shitake mushroom (Lentinula edodes) is the second most-consumed mushroom in the world; in Colombia, it is cultivated and commercialized on a small scale in some supermarkets. Little is known about the precedence, nutritional and medicinal properties of Shiitake produced in Colombia. In this study, four shiitake isolates were grown in Colombia (LEUCO1, LEUCO2, LEUCO3, and LEUCO4) were sequenced in their ITS genes and evaluated for the production of three medicinal metabolites, eritadenine, ergotioneine and β-glucans (1,3-1, 6), using submerged culture. Genetic analysis revealed that all the isolates were close and related to the Japanese strain Cr62. LEUCO1 and LEUCO2 showed a distance of 0.000, as well as LEUCO3 and LEUCO4. All four isolates produced erythadenin in a range of 26.3-8.6 mg / L, with the best performance of LEUCO1 at 26.3 mg / L (p <0.05). Ergotioneine was produced with similar statistical yields in all the isolates with an average of 0.7 mg / g of dry weight biomass (DW). Β-glucans (1.3-1.6) were produced with yields of 5.6 - 3.8% of DW biomass, with the best values for LEUCO2 and the lowest for LEUCO4 (p <0.05). In conclusion, we identified low genetic diversity in the four isolates, corresponding to two haplotypes with minimal genetic difference between them, related to the Japanese strain Cr62, indicating that Colombian farmers cultivate almost the same strains of shitake. Secondary metabolites, eritadenine, β-glucans and ergotioneine were found in promising yields useful for the pharmaceutical and food industries. More studies should be conducted to improve the yield of shitake metabolites through new growing conditions for industrial production and to find metabolic pathways and related genes.

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Non-Cannabinoid Metabolites of Cannabis sativa L. with Therapeutic Potential

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10020400 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 400

Author(s):

Henry Lowe ◽

Blair Steele ◽

Joseph Bryant ◽

Ngeh Toyang ◽

Wilfred Ngwa

Keyword(s):

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Cannabis Sativa ◽

Therapeutic Potential ◽

Physiological Activity ◽

Economic Value ◽

Therapeutic Window ◽

Future Directions ◽

Medicinal Properties ◽

The Many ◽

Human Viruses

The cannabis plant (Cannabis sativa L.) produces an estimated 545 chemical compounds of different biogenetic classes. In addition to economic value, many of these phytochemicals have medicinal and physiological activity. The plant is most popularly known for its two most-prominent and most-studied secondary metabolites—Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). Both Δ9-THC and CBD have a wide therapeutic window across many ailments and form part of a class of secondary metabolites called cannabinoids—of which approximately over 104 exist. This review will focus on non-cannabinoid metabolites of Cannabis sativa that also have therapeutic potential, some of which share medicinal properties similar to those of cannabinoids. The most notable of these non-cannabinoid phytochemicals are flavonoids and terpenes. We will also discuss future directions in cannabis research and development of cannabis-based pharmaceuticals. Caflanone, a flavonoid molecule with selective activity against the human viruses including the coronavirus OC43 (HCov-OC43) that is responsible for COVID-19, and certain cancers, is one of the most promising non-cannabinoid molecules that is being advanced into clinical trials. As validated by thousands of years of the use of cannabis for medicinal purposes, vast anecdotal evidence abounds on the medicinal benefits of the plant. These benefits are attributed to the many phytochemicals in this plant, including non-cannabinoids. The most promising non-cannabinoids with potential to alleviate global disease burdens are discussed.

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Phytochemical characterization of Caraway (Carum carvi) seed extract and its use as a potent medicinal agent

Research Journal of Biotechnology ◽

10.25303/1610rjbt102110 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (10) ◽

pp. 102-110

Author(s):

Vivek Chauhan ◽

Sunita Devi ◽

Sonaxi Sharma ◽

Shamsher S. Kanwar

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Epidermidis ◽

Arable Land ◽

Seed Extract ◽

Phytochemical Analysis ◽

Phytochemical Screening ◽

Food Industries ◽

Carum Carvi ◽

Medicinal Properties ◽

The Village

Carum carvi (Caraway) is a member of Apiaceae family which originated in Asia. Due to its economic importance, it is widely cultivated. Caraway is the only annual species, commonly present in arable land, moist meadows and on low lands to mountains. Caraway has different applications in pharmaceutical and food industries. Phytochemical screening of different medicinal plants is helpful in identifying new sources of industrially and therapeutically important compounds. In this study, Caraway obtained from forest surrounding the village Goherman, Lahaul and Spiti, Himachal Pradesh (India) was used. Seed extract of caraway extracted in methanol (MSE) and distilled water (WSE) was used for phytochemical analysis to determine the constituents of caraway seeds. Further, caraway seeds extract was checked for antibacterial activity [Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538), Salmonella typhimurium (NCTC 74), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC 12228)], antioxidant activity and acid neutralizing activity. After analysing the results, it can be said that caraway seeds possess many medicinal properties and it can be used in enhancing human health.

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Agronomic performances of Pak Choi grown with different soil cover

Horticultura Brasileira ◽

10.1590/s0102-053620150000200020 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 33 (2) ◽

pp. 261-266 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Márcia M Echer ◽

Graciela M Dalastra ◽

Tiago L Hachmann ◽

Elcio S Klosowski ◽

Vandeir F Guimarães

Keyword(s):

Soil Cover ◽

Block Design ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Bare Soil ◽

Production Traits ◽

Pak Choi ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Black Plastic ◽

Growing Conditions ◽

Set Up

An important aspect in the cultivation of vegetables is the quality of the product to be marketed, free from dirt and damage and the practice of mulching could be an option, but there is scarse information. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of mulching on the production traits of three cultivars of Pak Choi. The experiment was set up during March to May 2013 using a split plot randomized block design, with four replications. Soil cover treatments (white agrotextile, black agrotextile, black plastic, silver plastic, tifton straw and bare soil) were arranged in the plots, and three cultivars of Pak Choi (Green Pak Choi, White Pak Choi and Chingensai Natsu Shomi) in subplots. Height and diameter of shoots, number of leaves, fresh weight of the head and petiole, base diameter, dry weight of stem, petiole, and leaf were evaluated thirty-five days after transplantation. The total dry weight and leaf area were measured, and then we estimated the yield. There was a significant effect of soil cover and cultivar. In general, the cover with synthetic materials showed higher values on production of Pak Choi. The cultivar White Pak Choi was better adapted to the growing conditions, with an average yield of 57.78 t/ha.

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Soft bodies make estimation hard: correlations among body dimensions and weights of multiple species of sea cucumbers

Marine and Freshwater Research ◽

10.1071/mf14146 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 66 (10) ◽

pp. 857 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

James Prescott ◽

Shijie Zhou ◽

Andhika P. Prasetyo

Keyword(s):

Power Function ◽

Body Length ◽

Sea Cucumber ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Basic Knowledge ◽

Small Scale ◽

Body Width ◽

Sea Cucumbers ◽

Body Dimensions ◽

Wet Weight

Tropical sea cucumbers are commonly exploited by small-scale, poorly managed fisheries. A fundamental problem in managing sea cucumber fisheries is the lack of basic knowledge of important life history characteristics for most species. As a result of plastic body dimensions, biological research on this group of animals becomes exceptionally challenging. To improve our understanding of essential biological parameters, we conducted a study to investigate correlations among various body measurements. We analysed a total of 18 sea cucumber species and more than 6600 individuals collected at Scott Reef in the Timor Sea, north-west Australia. We used hierarchical Bayesian errors-in-variables models to specifically take into account measurement errors that are obviously unavoidable. The measures included three types of weights (wet weight, gutted weight and dry weight) and two body dimensions (length and width). The modelling reveals that using both body length and width as independent variables, wet weight increases approximately linearly with body length, but is a power function (~1.6) of body width, although variability exists among species. Dry weight tends to increase more slowly with body length, but has a similar power function of body width. Linear relationships are established between the three types of weights. On average, ~11% of a live specimen and ~16% of a gutted specimen is processed to the commercially traded dry body wall. Our results can be applied to sea cucumbers in other areas and can be useful for data standardisation and size-based fisheries management.

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PHYTOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF THE ROOT OF BERBERIS MICROPHYLLA

Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research ◽

10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i6.17803 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 225 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

María Cristina Furrianca ◽

Marysol Alvear ◽

Tomás Zambrano ◽

Víctor Fajardo ◽

Luis Salazar

Keyword(s):

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Cardiac Glycosides ◽

Methanolic Extract ◽

Ethanolic Extract ◽

Phytochemical Screening ◽

Qualitative And Quantitative ◽

Medicinal Properties ◽

Phytochemical Constituents ◽

First Time

Objective: To objective of this work was to perform phytochemical qualitative and quantitative analyzes of the main secondary metabolites in the root of Berberis microphylla.Methods: The extracts of B. microphylla root were tested through phytochemical screening and the quantification of the most important constituents was carried out using spectrophotometric and gravimetric techniques.Results: Phytochemical screening of both extracts showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, cardiac glycosides, saponins, terpenes,and tannins, which are pharmacologically important. Quantification of the major phytochemicals groups showed that the ethanolic extract contains 3.9% alkaloids, 0.46% flavonoids, 9.53% tannins, and 3.60% saponins. Similarly, the methanolic extract contains 6.61% alkaloids, 0.41% flavonoids, 7.40% tannins, and 1.43% saponins.Conclusion: This is the first time that the presence of tannins, flavonoids, and saponins in this plant has been reported. The medicinal properties of the root of B. microphylla may exist due to the presence secondary metabolites.

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AMAZING ANTIMICROBIAL AND WOUND HEALING POTENTIAL OF ACACIA CATECHU BARK EXTRACTS- A REVIEW

Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research ◽

10.22159/ajpcr.2021.v14i10.43009 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

ARCHANA TIWARI ◽

AVINASH TIWARI

Keyword(s):

Wound Healing ◽

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Review Article ◽

Present Review ◽

Skin Infections ◽

Bioactive Components ◽

Medicinal Properties ◽

Pathogenic Microbes ◽

Acacia Catechu ◽

Physiological Reactions

Plants are not only the source of food, oxygen, and shelter, but the same are also a potential foundation of medicines. Many natural and plant-derived antimicrobial and wound healing compounds have been recognized. In the present review, we have studied the main bioactive components of Acacia catechu with their medicinal roles. Most of these bioactive components are secondary metabolites which are produced by plants as side products of certain physiological reactions and are of no use for the plant itself. These components have been reported for their medicinal properties. In this review, we have mentioned some antibacterial, antifungal, and wound healing properties of A. catechu with its known bioactive components. The aim of this review article is, to enlist the possible potent bioactive components of the plant, against pathogenic microbes that can replace the use of chemicals and synthetic antibiotics for the treatment of skin infections and other diseases.

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AMINO ACID COMPOSITION OF LEAVES OF THREE SPECIES OF ARTEMISIA L. GROWING IN THE ELTON REGION

chemistry of plant raw material ◽

10.14258/jcprm.2021038736 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 219-225

Author(s):

Галина Табаленкова

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Czech Republic ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Biologically Active ◽

Raw Material ◽

Buffer System ◽

Amino Acid Analyzer ◽

Growing Conditions ◽

High Level

The results of studies of the qualitative composition and quantitative content of amino acids (AAs) in the leaves of three plant species of the genus Artemisia, widespread in the Elton region, were presented. Protein AAs were determined on an AAA T-339 amino acid analyzer (Czech Republic) after hydrolysis of a sample in 6N HCl at 105 °C for 24 h, free AAs – on an AAA-400 amino acid analyzer (Czech Republic) in a lithium buffer system. The protein AAs amount varied from 66 mg / g in A. lerchiana to 113 mg / g dry weight in A. santonica. 17 AAs were found in composition of these species, aspartic and glutamic acids were dominant. The content of free AAs varied from 4.4 mg / g in A. santonica to 8.3 mg / g dry weight in A. pauciflora. 14 AAs have been identified, among them proline was the predominant free AA. The share of proline was 75-81% of the total free AAs. Among the minor components, 3-4 compounds with a content above 2% dominated. The free AAs contain 3 non-proteinogenic ones (ornithine, citruline, and γ-aminobutyric acid). A. lerchiana and A. pauciflora species were similar in protein and free amino acids, probably due to the same growing conditions. A high level of free proline, together with a complex of biologically active substances in Artemisia species, which grow abundantly in the Elton region, allow to consider the possibility of their use as a medicinal raw material.

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INDUCING SOME SECONDARY METABOLITES FROM CALLUS CULTURES DERIVED FROM Plantago psyllium AND Plantago major EXPOSED TO COBALT STRESS

IRAQI JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES ◽

10.36103/ijas.v51i3.1049 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 51 (3) ◽

pp. 938-943

Author(s):

S. I. Neamah

Keyword(s):

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Callus Cultures ◽

Cobalt Metal ◽

Plantago Major ◽

Fresh Weight ◽

Skoog Medium ◽

Flavonoid Compounds ◽

Metal Treatment ◽

Plantago Psyllium

This experiment was conducted to study the influence of cobalt concentrations on the production of seven flavonoid compounds in callus derived from Plantago psyllium L. and Plantago major L. Results showed that the best combination of 2,4-D and kinetin concentrations add to Muroshige and Skoog medium to obtain the highest fresh weight of 541.0 mg was 3.0 and 1.0 mg.L-1 respectively. psyllium stimulated callus produced the highest fresh weight of 365.7 mg. The addition of 75 ppm of cobalt resulted in a significantly lower fresh weight of P. psyllium callus (139.8 mg). The interaction between Plantago species and cobalt concentrations was significant. The callus inducted from P. major had significant increases of the scutallarein, apigenin, nepetin and luteolin compounds with 26.40, 22.64, 14.93 and 26.20 µg.100mg-1 dry weight, respectively. The production of the hispidulin compound was increased in P. psyllium at 29.40 µg.100mg-1 dry weight. Also, the addition of cobalt metal stimulated the production of flavonoids at 50 ppm cobalt producing the highest amounts of hispidulin and luteolin at 40.30 and 41.60 µg.100mg-1 dry weight, respectively. Meanwhile, 75 ppm cobalt treatment produced the highest amount of scutallarein, apigenin, nepetin and aucubin at 25.61, 23.25, 15.90 and 13.70 µg.100mg-1 dry weight, respectively. The callus inducted from P. major treated with 50 ppm of cobalt showed the highest production of scutallarein, apigenin and luteolin at 30.33, 32.26 and 51.90 µg.100mg-1 dry weight respectively. Baicalein reached 16.46 µg.100mg-1 dry weight, at 75 ppm of cobalt metal treatment in callus inducted from P. psyllium.

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Non-Cannabinoid Metabolites of Cannabis sativa with Therapeutic Potential

10.20944/preprints202010.0551.v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Henry Lowe ◽

Blair Steele ◽

Joseph Bryant ◽

Ngeh Toyang ◽

Wilfred Ngwa

Keyword(s):

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Cannabis Sativa ◽

Therapeutic Potential ◽

Physiological Activity ◽

Economic Value ◽

Therapeutic Window ◽

Future Directions ◽

Medicinal Properties ◽

The Many ◽

Human Viruses

The Cannabis plant (Cannabis sativa L.) produces an estimated 545 chemical compounds of different biogenetic classes. In addition to economic value, many of these phytochemicals have medicinal and physiological activity. The plant is most popularly known for its two most prominent and most studied secondary metabolites— Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) and Cannabidiol (CBD). Both Δ9-THC and CBD have a wide therapeutic window across many ailments and form part of a class of secondary metabolites called cannabinoids—of which approximately over 104 exist. This review will focus on non-cannabinoid metabolites of Cannabis sativa that also have therapeutic potential, some of which share medicinal properties similar to those of cannabinoids. The most notable of these non-cannabinoid phytochemicals are flavonoids and terpenes. We will also discuss future directions in cannabis research and development of cannabis-based pharmaceuticals. Caflanone, a flavonoid molecule with selective activity against the human viruses including the coronavirus SARS-COV2, and certain cancers, is one of the most promising non-cannabinoid molecules that is being advanced into clinical trials. As validated by thousands of years of the use of cannabis for medicinal purposes, vast anecdotal evidence abounds on the medicinal benefits of the plant. These benefits are attributed to the many phytochemicals in this plant, including non-cannabinoids. The most promising non-cannabinoids with potential to alleviate global disease burdens are discussed.

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Effect of plastic mulch and row covers on photosynthesis and yield of watermelon

Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1071/ea04140 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 45 (12) ◽

pp. 1653 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

L. Ibarra-Jiménez ◽

J. Munguía-López ◽

A. J. Lozano-del Río ◽

A. Zermeño-González

Keyword(s):

Total Yield ◽

Net Photosynthesis ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Bare Soil ◽

Plastic Mulch ◽

Row Covers ◽

Number Of Leaves ◽

Clear Plastic ◽

Black Plastic ◽

Growing Conditions

The effect of row covers on watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris) grown on plastic mulch is well documented. However, row covers have not been adequately evaluated under Mexican growing conditions. Watermelon plants were grown on plastic mulch alone or with row covers to study their effect on photosynthesis, and early and total yields. Treatments were clear plastic mulch (C); black plastic mulch (B); B plus a Vispore cover of polypropylene (BV); B plus a white cover of perforated polyethylene (BW); B plus a clear cover of perforated polyethylene (BC); B plus an Agribon cover of polypropylene (BA); and bare soil as the control. For plants grown in treatment C, B or B combined with row covers, plant dry weight and number of leaves 40 days after seeding (DAS) were higher than the control (P<0.05), except BC which was comparable to the control. Total yields of treatments C, B, BV, BW and BA differed (P<0.05) from BC and the control. Total yields increased by 46.1, 43.2, 35.7, 41.6, 13.3, 15.4 and 35.8 t/ha for the C, B, BV, BW, BC and BA treatments, respectively, over the control, which yielded 27.1 t/ha. Total yield was highest for the C and the B treatment suggesting that there was no need for additional covers. The number of leaves per plant or dry weight per plant better explains the changes in yield than net photosynthesis rate. Stomatal conductance was explained in part by changes in photosynthesis.

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