scholarly journals EVALUATION OF ANTIBACTERIAL POTENTIAL OF LEAF AND LEAF DERIVED CALLUS EXTRACTS OF ORTHOSIPHON ARISTATUS (BLUME) MIQ.

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 245
Author(s):  
Nissar Ahmad Reshi
Keyword(s):  
Callus Formation ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Antibacterial Efficacy ◽  
Zone Of Inhibition ◽  
Serial Dilution Method ◽  
Leaf Segments ◽  
Mic Value ◽  
Antibacterial Potential

ABSTRACT:                                                                                                                                   Objective: To evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of chloroform, petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, methanol, ethanol and aqueous extracts of leaf and leaf derived callus of Orthosiphon aristatus against Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtiltis, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Enterobater aerogenes, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, and Klebseilla pneumoniae. Methods: The leaf segments were cut into small pieces of size 1-2 sq. cm and were cultured on Murashige and Skoog solid medium supplemented with different auxins alone and in combination. Antibacterial efficacy was performed by disc diffusion method followed my MIC determination by two fold serial dilution method. Leaf and leaf callus extracts were subjected to the qualitative phytochemical analysis. Results: Maximum callus formation percentage was obtained from the leaf segments cultured on MS medium supplemented with 2, 4-D (2 mg/l). Ethanolic leaf extract showed maximum inhibition activity with 28 mm zone of inhibition against P. mirabilis with MIC value of 0.32 mg/ml. Out of the callus extracts, ethanolic callus extract showed the maximum bio-efficacy against S. aureus with 26 mm zone of inhibition and MIC value of 0.64 mg/ml. Results revealed that both leaf and leaf derived callus are effective against Gram positive and Gram negative test bacteria.Conclusion: The bioefficacy study confirms the strong antibacterial potential of leaf and leaf derived callus of O. aristatus.Keywords: Leaf, Leaf callus, Antibacterial efficacy, Orthosiphon aristatus.

scholarly journals Antibacteria Assesement of Aframomum melegueta [roscoe] k. Schum [alligator pepper] Fruit on Bacteria Pathogen Isolated from the Urinary Tract

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
T. F. Abodunrin ◽  
M. K. Oladumoye ◽  
F. T. Borishade ◽  
E. B. Akande ◽  
O. I. Afolami
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Susceptibility Test ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
Zone Of Inhibition ◽  
In Vitro Susceptibility ◽  
E Coli

This study aims at assessing the Antibacterial activity of Aframomum melegueta against Urinary Tract bacteria. The study was carried out at the Microbiology department laboratory of the Federal University of technology, Akure, Ondo state, Nigeria, between February and June, 2018. Agar diffusion method was used in the susceptibility test, whie tube dilution method was used determination of Minimum Inhibitory concentration. The phytochemical analysis showed the presence of alkaloids, flavinoids, saponins and tannins in both the Methanol and Pet-ether fruit extract, the result also showed that the concentration of all these compounds are higher in the Methanol extract than in the Pet-ether extract. The in-vitro Susceptibility test showed that E. coli, P. mirabilis, S. aureus were sensitive to methanol extract of Aframomum. melegueta at 100 mg/ml with E. coli showing the highest  zone of Inhibition of 13.67 ± 0.24 mm, while all the organisms were resistant to Pet-ether extract at this concentration of 100 mg/ml except for E. coli with a zone of inhibition of 10.93 ± 0.07 mm at a highest concentration of  400 mg/ml. S. aureus was sensitive to Pet-ether showing a zone of inhibition of 16.97±0.09 mm while E. coli had 20.33 ± 0.23 mm, K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa were resistant to both extract at all the tested concentration. Methanol Extract had MIC values of 50 mg/ml, 100 mg/ml and 50 mg/ml for E. coli, P. mirabilis, S. aureus respectively while the Pet-ether extract had an MIC values of 100mg/ml and 200 mg/ml for E. coli, and S. aureus respectively. The MBC values for Methanol Extract were 100 mg/ml, 200 mg/ml and 50 mg/ml for E. coli, P. mirabilis, S. aureus respectively while that of Pet-ether extract was 100 mg/ml for Escherichia coli.

scholarly journals Investigation of the Phyto-constituents and the Antibacterial Activity of Burkea africana against P. aeruginosa, E. coli, S. aureus and E. faecalis

2021 ◽  
pp. 33-40
Author(s):  
S. Zengeni ◽  
J. Chifamba ◽  
I. Mutingwende ◽  
T. Manyarara
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Water Extract ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Antibacterial Efficacy ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Zone Of Inhibition ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
E Coli

Bacterial skin infections are common in the tropics and the emergence of resistant bacterial strains has complicated treatment outcomes especially in immune compromised patients. This study focused on determining the antibacterial activity and preliminary phytochemical screening of the plant, Burkea Africana, which has been used for decades to treat various ailments in Southern Africa. Phyto-constituent determination and antibacterial assay was carried out on the hydro-ethanolic and aqueous leaf extracts of Burkea Africana. The Agar well diffusion method was used to investigate the antibacterial efficacy of both extracts. Activity was measured against P. aeruginosa, E. coli, S. aureus and E. faecalis using ciprofloxacin as the standard. For both extracts, phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of steroids, tannins, saponins and carbohydrates. The 70% hydro-ethanolic extract however revealed more phyto-constituents including flavonoids and alkaloids. For both extracts antibacterial activity was comparable to the standard. The highest zone of inhibition recorded for the water extract was 22±0.4 mm at 500 mg/ml for E. coli while the standard, Ciprofloxacin had a zone of inhibition of 25±0.33 mm. The ethanolic extract showed higher antibacterial efficacy when compared to ciprofloxacin against S. aureus. The zone of inhibition for the 70% ethanolic extract was 25.4±0.50 mm and that of the standard was 27±0.48 mm. Antibacterial activity was generally higher in the ethanolic extract than the water extract. It is therefore concluded that B. africana exhibits antibacterial activity.

Phytochemical analysis, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant assay of Bhut Jolokia pepper

2021 ◽  
pp. 3775-3778
Author(s):  
Dharani Dharan ◽  
K. Venkatesh ◽  
S.S. Meenambiga ◽  
Dhivya Dhanasekar ◽  
P. Arumugam
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Inhibition Zone ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Zone Of Inhibition ◽  
Antioxidant Assay ◽  
Dpph Scavenging ◽  
Bhut Jolokia ◽  
Antimicrobial Assay

The presented work represents phytochemical analysis, Antioxidant assay and Antimicrobial activity of Bhut jolokia pepper (Capsicum chinense Jacq) extracted by ethanol as solvent. The ethanolic extract of Bhut jolokia pepper showed the presence of terpenoids, steroids, saponins and flavonoids. Antimicrobial assay was done with varying concentration (250-1000µg/ml) of pepper extract using tetracycline as control by well diffusion method, the extract at 750µg/ml shown best inhibition zone and Staphylococcus aureus showed the highest zone of inhibition at all concentration compared to other bacteria species with maximum zone of inhibition of 27mm. The DPPH scavenging assay for antioxidant activity at 517nm showed positive activity for scavenging, scavenging increased with the concentration of extract. Thus, Bhut jolokia could be effective in treating diseases caused by Staphylococcus aureus from antimicrobial assay result.

scholarly journals Study on antibacterial activity of Calotropis procera

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Muzammal
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Methanolic Extract ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Calotropis Procera ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Zone Of Inhibition ◽  
Crude Extracts ◽  
Mic Value

Comparative study of plant extracts crude and aqueous, methanolic and ethanolic with antibiotics, provide evidence that calotropis procera extracts has the similar antibacterial activity as these antibiotics against test pathogens i.e. Salmonella typhi and E.coli. The analysis of antimicrobial activity of aqueous, methanolic and ethanolic extract of leaves and flower of Calotropis procera was carried out in disc method and also determined MIC value at 600nm through optical density using spectrophotometer. The zone of inhibition produced by extracts was examined and compares it with zone produced by antibiotics. The effect exhibited by ethanolic extract of leaves and flower was significantly greater than the aqueous and methanolic extract of leaves and flower. Crude extracts i.e. latex, leaves, fruit and flower crude extracts. Among them, flower crude extracts shows similar zone of inhibition to test anitibiotics.while in MIC value, we made different concentration of extracts and antibiotics.i.e for crude we made 25%, 50%.75% and 100% concentration of crude juice and for the aqueous, methanolic and ethanolic we made 0.5mg/mL,1mg/mL,2mg/mL,3mg/mL,4mg/mL, 5mg/mL and 6mg/mL in Dimethyl salfoxide, and same antibiotics concentration. Aqueous leaves extracts show MIC at 0.5mg/ml against E.coli while against Salmonella it shows MIC at 1mg/ml... We also determine phytochemical analysis for presences of different compounds in crude extracts. The obtained results provide a support for the use of Calotropis procera, in traditional medicine and suggest its further advance investigation.

scholarly journals ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY AND PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF MORINGA OLEIFERA LAM. LEAVES AND SEEDS EXTRACT ON STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 276-284
Author(s):  
Garga M. A. ◽  
Manga S. B. ◽  
Rabah A.B. ◽  
Tahir H. ◽  
Abdullahi M. ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Moringa Oleifera ◽  
Volatile Oil ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Zone Of Inhibition ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Zones Of Inhibition

The aim of this study was to investigate the antibacterial effect and identify the phytochemical constituents of Moringa oleifera leaves and seeds extract on Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) clinical isolates using agar well diffusion method. The samples were collected from the premises of Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto. The Seeds and Leaves were collected fresh. They were extracted using methanol and ethyl acetate. Various concentrations from 100mg/ml to 500mg/ml were prepared. The test bacteria used is Staphylococcus aureus obtained from Microbiology laboratory of the Usmanu Danfodiyo University. The bacteria were re-identified using biochemical tests. The bacterial inoculums were standardized to McFarland scale 0.5. Zone of inhibition were read after 24 hours of incubation at 370C.The results of the antibacterial study revealed that the methanolic leaves extracts at 500 mg/ml had effect on S. aureus with zone of inhibition of 20mm. The methanolic seed extract have effect on S. aureus with zone of inhibition of 19.5mm. The MIC for the leave and seed extracts for Staphylococcus aureus was 250mg/ml. The MBC was 500mg/ml. The results of the phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoid, tannins, saponins, cardiac glycosides, alkaloids, volatile oil, saponin glycosides, and glycosides but anthraquinone and steroids were absent in the extracts. The zones of inhibition showed that both the methanolic and ethyl acetate extracts at 500mg/ml were active to all the tested bacteria. ANOVA and Duncan Multiple Mean Range test was used to analyze the data. Based on Duncan’s grouping, there is significant difference between the solvents and the concentrations used.

A Novel Green Biogenic Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles using Tabebuia rosea (Bertol.) DC Fruit Extract and Its Antioxidant and Antibacterial Potential

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 5323-5333
Author(s):  
Dr. Guru Kumar Dugganaboyana ◽  
Ramya Jayendra ◽  
Arpitha Narayan ◽  
Meghana Siddappa Konasur
Keyword(s):  
Silver Nanoparticles ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Fruit Extract ◽  
Synthesis Of Nanoparticles ◽  
Drug Molecules ◽  
Agar Disc ◽  
Tabebuia Rosea ◽  
Average Size ◽  
Antibacterial Potential

Plant based synthesis of nanoparticles has generated worldwide interest because of cost-effectiveness, eco-friendly nature and abundance of applications. In the present investigation , antimicrobial potential of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) of aqueous extract of Tabebuia rosea (Bertol.) DC (T. rosea) fruit extract has been investigated. Agar disc diffusion method was used for determining the antimicrobial activity of selected aqueous fruit extract AgNPs. Phytochemical analysis of aqueous fruit extract of T. rosea fruit revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, phenols, carbohydrates, glycosides, Vitamin-C, proteins and terpenoids. AgNPs synthesis using T. rosea aqueous fruit extract and characterized by UV-Visible spectroscopy showed a peak at 420 nm and average size of 82.9 nm, FT-IR analysis, dynamic light scattering, scanning electron microscope, EDX and X-ray diffraction analysis. Evaluation of antibacterial activity of green synthesized AgNPs recorded the more potent activity against selected human bacterial pathogens. The results obtained indicated that the fruit extract of T. rosea as well as AgNPs have strong and effective antibacterial potential that provide marvelous source for the development of new drug molecules of herbal origin which may be used for the welfare of humanity.

scholarly journals COMPARATIVE STUDY OF MYCOFLORA, ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY AND PHYTOCHEMISTRY OF SELECTED FRESH AND STORED MEDICINAL FRUITS

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 43
Author(s):  
Sushma K. S. ◽  
Puttaswamy Rajeshwari ◽  
Koteshwar Anandrao Raveesha
Keyword(s):  
Diversity Index ◽  
Wiener Index ◽  
Diversity Indices ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Fungal Contamination ◽  
Terminalia Bellerica ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Proper Training ◽  
Antibacterial Potential

Objective: To understand the mycoflora, phytochemical constituents and antibacterial potential of fresh and stored herbal fruits of selected plants, extensively used in herbal medicines.Methods: Mycoflora analysis of Terminalia bellerica, Phyllanthus emblica and Myristica fragrans fruits was done employing serial dilution method, colony forming unit (CFU) and relative density of each fungi was recorded. The diversity of fungi associated with test fruits was calculated using various diversity indices. Methanol extracts of test fruits was subjected to preliminary phytochemical analysis, presence or absence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, terpenoids, quinones and cardiac glycosides was detected. Antibacterial potential of test fruits was studied by well diffusion method.Results: Fresh fruits were free of fungal contamination, whereas stored fruits were found in association with various fungi. A total of 64 isolates of 29 species belonging to 13 genera were identified from stored fruits. Aspergillus was predominant followed by Penicillium. T. bellerica was highly contaminated (1x105CFU/g). Stored fruits of M. fragrans recorded high fungal diversity with highest Simpson’s diversity index (D-1=0.840) and Shannon-Wiener index (H=2.888). P. emblica exhibited high species richness with high Margalef Richness (R=2.925), Menhinick index (E=1.830) and Berger Parker Dominance (d’=0.418). Phytochemical analysis of fresh and stored fruits did not show a significant difference in the presence or absence of tested phyto-constituents. Stored fruit extract recorded up to 41% increase in antibacterial activity.Conclusion: Results suggests the need of proper training to the herbal material handler’s right from the harvest to retail selling, and also points out the need to assess the fungal contamination of herbal materials before using them for herbal drug manufacture.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial and phytochemical evaluation of Datura Stramonium (Jimsonweed) on selected microorganisms

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-256
Author(s):  
Joy Nkeiruka Dike-Ndudim ◽  
Chiletam Nwadiuto Amadi ◽  
Chizaram Winners Ndubueze
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Aspergillus Fumigatus ◽  
Datura Stramonium ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Zone Of Inhibition ◽  
Dry Extract ◽  
Antifungal Activities ◽  
Antibacterial And Antifungal Activities ◽  
Antibacterial And Antifungal

The purpose of this work was to determine the antibacterial and antifungal activities of Datura stramonium on selected microorganisms, and to evaluate its phytochemical properties. The dry and wet leaves of D. stramonium were collected, extracted using ethanol and water, and assessed for antibacterial and antifungal activities at different concentrations (25mg, 12.5mg, 6.25mg, and 3.12mg) by disc diffusion method. The clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, Salmonela typhi, Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida albicans were used. The highest zone of inhibition for bacteria was shown with ethanolic dry extract (11.3±3.4) at 25mg/ml and the lowest with aqueous dry extract (4.0±1.4) at 25mg/ml against Escherichia coli. The highest zone of inhibition for fungi was shown with ethanolic dry extract (10±1.4) at 25mg/ml against Aspergillus fumigatus and the lowest was with ethanolic wet extract (2.0±0.0) at 25mg/ml against Candida albican.The phytochemical analysis result showed the presence of tannin (1.757%), phenol (1.149%), flavonoid (6.325%), alkaloid (8.552%), phytate (2.671%), and hydrogen cyanide (4.175%). The chromatographic analysis showed the presence of over 40 elements with the highest as hydrazine (41%) and methyl hydrogen disulphide (41%). In this study, D. stramonium leaf extracts showed significant antibacterial and antifungal activities due to the presence of the phytochemical and bioactive compounds. This upholds the native utility of this plant to treat bacterial and fungal infections. Conclusively, this plant would serve as treatment alternatives for infections and basis for sources of antimicrobial agent.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial activity of the crude extracts of Parkia biglobosa (Jacq) seeds on selected clinical isolates

Bio-Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
AE Ajiboye ◽  
BA Hammed
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Central Zone ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Leguminous Plant ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Zone Of Inhibition ◽  
Parkia Biglobosa ◽  
Crude Extracts

Parkia biglobosa (Jacq) is a wild leguminous plant found in North-Central zone of Nigeria with high calorific value, essential proteins, fatty acids, and vitamins. The study investigated the antimicrobial activity of crude extracts of fermented and unfermented P. biglobosa seeds on selected clinical microbial isolates namely, Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. P. biglobosa seeds were obtained from Oja-Oba market in Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria. The samples were pre-treated and pulverized into powder. The extraction was achieved with acetone and water and qualitative phytochemical analysis was performed following standard procedures. The antimicrobial activity of the extracts against the isolates was determined by agar well diffusion method. Qualitative phytochemical screening of the crude extracts showed the presence of tannins, alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin and glycosides. P. aeruginosa was sensitive to the aqueous extract of fermented seeds having a zone of inhibition of 14.00±1.00mm while for unfermented seeds it was 10.00±2.00 mm at 100 mg/ml. The acetone extracts of both fermented and unfermented seeds revealed antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa with zone of inhibition of 17.00±3.00 mm and 18.00±0.00 mm respectively. In conclusion, the crude extracts of the fermented and unfermented P. biglobosa seeds at a concentration of 75 and 100 mg/ml respectively have antimicrobial effect on the clinical isolates.  

scholarly journals Phytochemical Screening, Characterization of Essential Oil and Antimicrobial Activity of Schinus molle (Anacardiaceae) Collected from Eastern Hararghe, Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 305
Author(s):  
Tesfahun Lamboro ◽  
Melese Mengistu ◽  
Teshome Gonfa Hordofa
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Xanthomonas Campestris ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Root Bark ◽  
Zone Of Inhibition ◽  
Schinus Molle ◽  
Sesquiterpene Hydrocarbons

In the present study, antibacterial activity of leaf, stem bark and root bark extracts of Schinus molle (Anacardiaceae) was evaluated against two bacterial (Xanthomonas and Ranstonia) and two fungal (Aspergillusniger and Fusariumvert) species using agar diffusion method. The stem and root ethanol extracts of Schinusmolle exhibited relatively higher zone of inhibition (11.3mm) against Xanthomonas campestris, pv. Campestris. Higher zone of inhibition (10mm) was also observed by the ethanolic extracts of the root of Schinus molle against Fusarium verticillioides followed by the chloroform extracts of the root (8mm) against Aspergillus niger. Phytochemical analysis of leaf, stem bark and root bark extracts of Schinus molle revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, steroids, terpenoids, phenols, quinines, carbohydrates and proteins. The occurrence of these biologically active chemicals in the plants parts may justify their wide usage in traditional medicine. From GC-MS analysis, three terpenoids namely monoterpene (66.02%) as a major components, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (13.63%) and oxygenated sesquterpenes (11.07%) were identified from the roots. The essential oils obtained from leaves have been also rich in oxygenated sesquterpenes (68.28%), followed by sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (18.33%), and alcohols (5.17%). The finding indicated that essential oils from different parts of Schinus molle have a promising potential on inhibiting activity of pathogenic microbes.    

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