scholarly journals INTERSUBJECTIVE APPROACH TO PRE-TRANSLATION ANALYSIS OF ARCHITECTURAL CRITICISM: REACHING AFTER THE BALANCE

Author(s):  
Svetlana Latysheva

The study discusses a new approach to translation of architectural critical materials focusing on the stage of source texts analysis. Architecture synthesizes science, technology, art and social sphere resulting in the heterogeneity of translatological characteristics of texts representing architectural phenomena. They combine the parameters of institutional and personal discourse possessing the features of specialized texts, such as the predominance of cognitive information and a high degree of conventionality, and artistic texts with their emotional, aesthetic and axiological aspects. This functional ambivalence limits the use of traditional methods based on genre or stylistic analysis. This research is an attempt to develop a new approach to pre-translation analysis of architectural texts yielding adequate translation methods for architectural nominations and contributing to the retainment of original text identity. The study views intersubjectivity in pre-translation analysis as conceptual coordination within the discourse of the expert community carried out in the process of interaction between authors of source texts and addressees of translation texts through interlingual mediation. The developed method allows translators to reveal relevant cognitive and discursive parameters of nominations of architectural phenomena at various language levels. In addition, it reveals the translation dominants that assist both to preserve the sufficient level of translation text conventionality within the institutional discourse of architecture and to transfer personal meanings and values implied by source text authors within their personal discourse.

Author(s):  
Kovalchuk O.Ya.

The purpose of the work is to compare the translators’ idiostyles and conceptions through a comparative analysis of G.G. Byron’s mystery “Cain” and Ukrainian-language interpretations by M. Kabaliuk and O. Hriaznov.Methods of work. In the research a comparative method is used to compare the original and the translation and compare two translations, literary and stylistic textual analysis, descriptive and contextual methods are used to determine the stylistic dominants of the original and the target work, the method of assessing the adequacy of translation is used to define the translators’ mastery, the method of quantitative calculations is used to determine the degree of reproduction of linguistic and stylistic expression means.Results. In the article the characteristic features of G.G Byron’s idiostyle, the stylistic features of the original text of the mystery “Cain” are outlined. The degree of style reproduction adequacy of G.G. Byron’s mystery “Cain” in the interpretation by two Ukrainian translators – M. Kabaliuk and O. Hriaznov is determined, the specifics of their translation style are clarified. The history of O. Hiyaznov’s translation with the use of own electronic correspondence is investigated. The literary-critical opinion concerning the named translations is considered. Translation analysis is performed at the phonetic, rhythmic, lexical, morphological and syntactic levels. Information on the translation reception of G.G. Byron’s works in Ukraine has been expanded.Conclusions. The conducted comparative analysis makes it possible to state that each of these translators has an individual translation style, his own understanding of the author’s intention. M. Kabaiyuk takes into account the requirements for the most accurate reflection of the content in combination with the deepest reproduction of the author’s style, so his translation is marked by a high degree of adequacy. M. Kabaliuk approaches extremely close to the original work, avoiding literalism, preserving the author’s lexemes at most. He tries to convey all the stylistic dominants of the original maximally, pays attention to the subtle nuances of the poetic fabric of the English work; the interpreter’s presence is minimized. O. Hriaznov claims that a translation from an unlike language cannot be accurate; he pays more attention to the content than to the style, and does not reproduce all the features of G.G. Byron’s idiostyle (exclamatory intonation in some places, repetitions, about half of the epithets and exclamations). He is somewhat fluent with the original, often paraphrasing language units based on his own perception.Key words: translation, original, style, adequacy, stylistic dominant, translation strategy, emotionality, lexeme, lexical and syntactic linguistic-stylistic means. Мета роботи – шляхом зіставного аналізу містерії Дж.Г. Байрона «Каїн» та україномовних інтерпретацій М. Кабалюка і О. Грязнова порівняти ідіостилі і концепції перекладачів.Методи роботи. У дослідженні використано зіставний метод для порівняння оригіналу та перекладу і порівняння двох перекладів між собою, літературно-стилістичний текстуальний аналіз, описовий і контекстуальний методи – для визна-чення стильових домінант ориґіналу і цільового твору, метод оцінювання адекватності перекладу – для визначення ступеня майстерності перекладачів, метод кількісних підрахунків – для визначення ступеня відтворення мовностилістичних засобів вираження.Результати. У статті окреслено характерні риси ідіостилю Дж.Г. Байрона, стильові особливості оригінального тексту містерії «Каїн». Визначено ступінь адекватності відтворення стилю містерії Дж.Г. Байрона «Каїн» в інтерпретації двох укра-їнських перекладачів – М. Кабалюка та О. Грязнова, з’ясовано специфіку їхньої перекладацької манери. Досліджено історію перекладу О. Грязнова з використанням власного електронного листування. Розглянуто літературно-критичну думку щодо названих перекладів. Проведено перекладознавчий аналіз на фонетичному, ритмічному, лексичному, морфологічному та син-таксичному рівнях. Розширено відомості про перекладну рецепцію творчості Дж.Г. Байрона в Україні.Висновки. Проведений зіставний аналіз дає змогу стверджувати, що кожен із зазначених перекладачів має індивідуальний перекладний стиль, власне розуміння авторського задуму. М. Кабалюк враховує вимоги щодо якнайточнішого відображення змісту у поєднанні з якнайглибшим відтворенням стилю автора, тому його переклад відзначається високим ступенем адек-ватності. М. Кабалюк підходить гранично близько до першотвору, уникаючи буквалізму, максимально зберігаючи авторські лексеми. Він намагається максимально передати всі стильові домінанти першоджерела, звертає увагу на найтонші нюанси поетичної тканини англійського твору; присутність перекладача зведена до мінімуму. О. Грязнов стверджує, що переклад із неблизькоспорідненої мови не може бути точним; звертає більшу увагу на зміст, ніж на стиль, і відтворює не всі особливості ідіостилю Дж.Г. Байрона (окличну інтонацію подекуди, повтори, приблизно половину епітетів і вигуків). Він дещо вільно поводиться з оригіналом, часто перефразовує мовні одиниці, виходячи із власного сприйняття.Ключові слова: переклад, оригінал, стиль, адекватність, стильова домінанта, перекладацька стратегія, емоційність, лексема, лексичні та синтаксичні мовностилістичні засоби.


2020 ◽  
pp. 46-54
Author(s):  
Elena Ivanovna Semenova ◽  
Vladimir Gennadievich Novikov

The article shows the importance of using the public-private partnership mechanism for the development of the social sphere of the village. Review of PPP implementation by countries G20 showed different legal approaches in PPP implementation, parallel use and concessions, and agreements, application of guaranteed minimum income and risk sharing among participants, use of different PPP support measures. The presented results of the questionnaire indicate the largest use of PPPs in housing and communal services — 272 projects (81.68 %), which is due to the high degree of wear and tear in water and heat supply, in education — 22 projects (6.61 %), mainly the construction of preschool institutions, school repairs, in the field of sports and tourism 14 projects (4.2 %) — the construction of sports grounds and stadiums, sports centers, 10 projects (3 %). Public-private partnership projects in the social sphere of rural areas are less marginal, their financing is associated with significant difficulties due to the heterogeneity of demand, the difficulty of forecasting consumer demand and assessing social effect. The development of public-private partnerships is constrained by the lack of necessary budget funds to ensure the minimum guaranteed income of a private partner, the duration and complexity of maintaining procedures.


Author(s):  
Olena Velychenko ◽  
Yevheniia Shylova

The article considers the problem of reflecting the picture of the world of English social dystopia and its moral and ethical component in the author’s idiosyncrasy, as well as ways of its reproduction in modern translation into Ukrainian. The urgency of this issue is dictated by the dynamism and variability of society, the processes of globalization and integration of states and nations, the need to find a common language in intercultural communication, solving common problems, finding compromises through faithful cross-cultural communication, interaction and cooperation. Within the framework of the research a comprehensive translation analysis was made, which allowed to outline the concepts related to the conceptual picture of the world and moral and ethical discourse of the dystopian novel, to find out and compare the features of authorial and translational transferring of the conceptual picture of the world in moral and ethical discourse in Ukrainian translation, as well as to characterize its tactical and strategic basis and translation operations. To reproduce the culturologically complicated, but conceptually important components of the picture of the world in the dystopian novel, it is necessary to adhere to the principles of “flexibility” and “combinatoriality” in the selection of translation operations for faithful rendering of these components. It is established that the correctness and faithfulness of rendering of the conceptual picture of the world in the dystopian novel is possible due to the holistic-situational perception and translation of the original text, wide subject and rich background knowledge of the translator, his/her creative intuition, pragmatic adaptation of the source text using logical and semantic, cross-cultural and occasional ways of solving the problem and adherence to an objective tactical and strategic approach in translation.


2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika Wagner ◽  
James A. Nicell

Abstract The xenoestrogen alkylphenols 4-nonylphenol (3.4 mg/L) and octylphenol (6.0 mg/L) were oxidized by hydrogen peroxide using horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as a biocatalyst. Substrate transformation required about one mole of peroxide per mole of phenolic compound. A high degree of conversion of alkylphenol was achieved within a 3-h reaction time. In the case of 4-nonylphenol, HRP treatment led to complete disappearance of Microtox toxicity. Results of the yeast estrogen screen (YES) assay demonstrated that the reaction products of HRP-catalyzed 4-nonylphenol conversion lacked estrogenic activity. A new approach to the YES assay has been suggested based on observations made during this study.


2005 ◽  
Vol 871 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benoît Racine ◽  
Christophe Féry ◽  
Armand Bettinelli ◽  
Henri Doyeux ◽  
Salvatore Ciná

AbstractThe main mechanisms responsible for the luminance degradation in OLEDs driven under constant current has not yet been identified. In this paper we propose a new approach to describe the intrinsic mechanisms involved in the OLED aging. We will first show that a stretched exponential decay can be used to fit almost all the luminance vs time curves obtained under different driving conditions. In this way we are able to prove that they can all be described by employing a single free parameter model.By using as an approach based on local relaxation events, we will demonstrate that a single mechanism is responsible for the dominant aging process. Furthermore, we will demonstrate that the main relaxation event is the annihilation of one emissive center.We will then use our model to fit all the experimental data measured under different driving condition, and show that by carefully fitting the accelerated luminance lifetime-curves, we can extrapolate the low-luminance lifetime needed for real display applications, with a high degree of accuracy.


2018 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 364-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikhail F Butman ◽  
Nikolay L Ovchinnikov ◽  
Nikita S Karasev ◽  
Nataliya E Kochkina ◽  
Alexander V Agafonov ◽  
...  

We report on a new approach for the synthesis of TiO2-pillared montmorillonite, where the pillars exhibit a high degree of crystallinity (nanocrystals) representing a mixture of anatase and rutile phases. The structures exhibit improved adsorption and photocatalytic activity as a result of hydrothermally activated intercalation of titanium polyhydroxo complexes (i.e., TiCl4 hydrolysis products) in a solution with a concentration close to the sol formation limit. The materials, produced at various annealing temperatures from the intercalated samples, were characterized by infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)/thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction, dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements, and liquefied nitrogen adsorption/desorption. The photocatalytic activity of the TiO2-pillared materials was studied using the degradation of anionic (methyl orange, MO) and cationic (rhodamine B, RhB) dyes in water under UV irradiation. The combined effect of adsorption and photocatalysis resulted in removal of 100% MO and 97.5% RhB (with an initial concentration of 40 mg/L and a photocatalyst-sorbent concentration of 1 g/L) in about 100 minutes. The produced TiO2-pillared montmorillonite showed increased photocatalytic activity as compared to the commercially available photocatalyst Degussa P25.


1991 ◽  
Vol 75 (6) ◽  
pp. 930-934 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuji Saito ◽  
Yosihiro Nakada ◽  
Takuhiro Hotta ◽  
Takasi Mikami ◽  
Kaoru Kurisu ◽  
...  

✓ Cell lines resistant to 1-(4-amino-2-methyl-5-pyrimidinyl)methyl-3-(2-chloroethyl)-3-nitrosourea hydrochloride (ACNU) show a high degree of collateral sensitivity to L-asparaginase. The mechanism for this phenomenon was investigated by comparing the nutritional requirements and asparagine synthetase activity of the resistant sublines to those of parent cells. Nine ACNU-resistant sublines were isolated from rat glioma 9L cells after incubation with various concentrations of ACNU in Ham's F-12 medium. The 9L cells grew independently of asparagine, developing well in asparagine-deficient Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium. In contrast, the growth rates of all nine ACNU-resistant sublines decreased under the same conditions and required the addition of 10−4 M asparagine for maximum growth. Asparagine synthetase activity in the ACNU-resistant cells was much lower than in the 9L cells, suggesting that the requirement for asparagine in the resistant sublines was due to reduced activity of this enzyme. A growth-inhibition assay showed that the ACNU-resistant sublines were more sensitive to L-asparaginase than 9L cells by up to 2 × 105-fold. These results suggest that L-asparaginase therapy has the potential to become a new approach for treating acquired ACNU resistance.


1997 ◽  
Vol 75 (12) ◽  
pp. 1972-1981 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yves de Repentigny ◽  
Henri Ouellet ◽  
Raymond McNeil

In studies of sexual selection in birds, it is necessary to quantify the conspicuousness and sexual dimorphism of the plumage. We present a method, based on the Munsell colour system, that is easier to use than spectroradiometric techniques. It is based on measurable and repeatable data, although it is dependent on human vision. It provides indices of sexual dimorphism and incorporates aspects of close-range and long-distance conspicuousness. Ten species of Emberezidae were chosen to illustrate the procedure, and it was tested using naive observers. It consists of dividing the body of a bird into regions and matching the colour of each region to chips in a colour guide. The following indices based on the parameters of the Munsell system were selected: value (V), chroma (C), and Munsell power (V∙C), which measure conspicuousness independently of the background; Wv, Wc, and Wv∙c, which measure the contrast between the colours in the plumage; Bv, Bc, and Bv∙c, which measure the contrast between the bird and its background; and Dv, Dc, and Dv∙c, which are the indices of sexual dimorphism of the plumage. There was a high degree of agreement among the naive observers, and the scores obtained using field guides did not differ significantly from those recorded on museum specimens. One of the dimorphism indices (Dv∙c) was found to give more information than the others. However, our results indicate that conspicuousness and dimorphism indices should not be used individually because they are interdependent, and that they should be used in conjunction with multivariate analyses. Also, the proposed method incorporates long-distance conspicuousness into the results.


2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 1287-1320
Author(s):  
E. Simoncini ◽  
N. Virgo ◽  
A. Kleidon

Abstract. It has long been observed that Earth's atmosphere is uniquely far from its thermochemical equilibrium state in terms of its chemical composition. Studying this state of disequilibrium is important both for understanding the role that life plays in the Earth system, and for its potential role in the detection of life on exoplanets. Here we present a methodology for assessing the strength of the biogeochemical cycling processes that drive disequilibrium in planetary systems. We apply it to the simultaneous presence of CH4 and O2 in Earth's atmosphere, which has long been suggested as a sign of life that could be detected from far away. Using a simplified model, we identify that the most important property to quantify is not the distance from equilibrium, but the power required to drive it. A weak driving force can maintain a high degree of disequilibrium if the residence times of the compounds involved are long; but if the disequilibrium is high and the kinetics fast, we can conclude that the disequilibrium must be driven by a substantial source of energy. Applying this to Earth's atmosphere, we show that the biotically-generated portion of the power required to maintain the methane-oxygen disequilibrium is around 0.67 TW, although the uncertainty in this figure is about 50% due to uncertainty in the global CH4 production. Compared to the chemical energy generated by the biota by photosynthesis, 0.67 TW represents only a very small fraction and, perhaps surprisingly, is of a comparable magnitude to abiotically-driven geochemical processes at the Earth's surface. We discuss the implications of this new approach, both in terms of enhancing our understanding of the Earth system, and in terms of its impact on the possible detection of distant photosynthetic biospheres.


2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-34
Author(s):  
Beatriz S. Sangalette ◽  
Larissa V. Vieira ◽  
Felippo R. Verri ◽  
Leandro R. Mestrener ◽  
Sandra R. Mestrener ◽  
...  

Introduction: The success of anterior rehabilitation requires more skills than knowledge. It is necessary that the professional has updates on a new approach to obtain the best result considering the high degree of the exigency of these cases. The relationship between red and white esthetic is known and consolidated in the literature. Then, to achieve success in an esthetic smile is indispensable to apply periodontal surgery associated with restorative technique. Methods: In this report, a 28-year-old female patient sought care in a private clinic with a major cosmetic complaint due to disproportion of the clinical crown and gingival smile. Result: After planning, a clinical crown increase was performed, followed by the labial repositioning technique after the healing time of the initial surgery. Conclusion: It can be concluded that some of the surgical techniques, demonstrated in the literature, for gingival correction are feasible when correctly indicated. The best esthetic results will be achieved when the professional can understand the necessity to correct the disharmony of white and red esthetic.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document