EMPLOYING ANTIMICROBIAL NANOPARTICLES TO REDUCE ORAL BIOFILMS

Oral biofilm is a major problem in almost all individuals as they cause dysbiosis of the oral cavity and lead to various microbial infections and related ailments. Currently, antibiotics and antifungal drugs are the major way to control oral biofilm, but the rapid increase in antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains has limited the treatment options and increased the virulence factors of these bacteria. With the inception of nanotechnology, metals such as gold, silver, copper and titanium can be converted to nanoparticles, which are target-oriented particles with enhanced therapeutic values and antimicrobial efficacy with minimum side effects. The application of nanoparticles in antimicrobial drugs increases in potential, as a function of their biocidal, anti-adhesive, and delivery capabilities, shows much potential.

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Multidrug Resistance: An Emerging Crisis

Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1155/2014/541340 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 145

Author(s):

Jyoti Tanwar ◽

Shrayanee Das ◽

Zeeshan Fatima ◽

Saif Hameed

Keyword(s):

Multidrug Resistance ◽

Resistance Mechanisms ◽

Natural Phenomenon ◽

Infection Prevention And Control ◽

Antimicrobial Drugs ◽

Inappropriate Use ◽

Risk Of Death ◽

Microbial Response ◽

Microbial Infections ◽

Almost All

The resistance among various microbial species (infectious agents) to different antimicrobial drugs has emerged as a cause of public health threat all over the world at a terrifying rate. Due to the pacing advent of new resistance mechanisms and decrease in efficiency of treating common infectious diseases, it results in failure of microbial response to standard treatment, leading to prolonged illness, higher expenditures for health care, and an immense risk of death. Almost all the capable infecting agents (e.g., bacteria, fungi, virus, and parasite) have employed high levels of multidrug resistance (MDR) with enhanced morbidity and mortality; thus, they are referred to as “super bugs.” Although the development of MDR is a natural phenomenon, the inappropriate use of antimicrobial drugs, inadequate sanitary conditions, inappropriate food-handling, and poor infection prevention and control practices contribute to emergence of and encourage the further spread of MDR. Considering the significance of MDR, this paper, emphasizes the problems associated with MDR and the need to understand its significance and mechanisms to combat microbial infections.

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Inactivation of oral biofilms using visible light and water-filtered infrared A radiation and indocyanine green

Future Medicinal Chemistry ◽

10.4155/fmc-2018-0522 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (14) ◽

pp. 1721-1739 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Thomas Burchard ◽

Lamprini Karygianni ◽

Elmar Hellwig ◽

Marie Follo ◽

Thomas Wrbas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Indocyanine Green ◽

Visible Light ◽

Bactericidal Effect ◽

Positive Control ◽

Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy ◽

Bacterial Strains ◽

Oral Biofilm ◽

Colony Forming Units ◽

Oral Biofilms ◽

Oral Microorganisms

Aim: To investigate the antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) of visible light and water-filtered infrared A radiation in combination with indocyanine green (ICG) on planktonic oral microorganisms as well as on oral biofilm. Methods: The irradiation was conducted for 5 min in combination with ICG. Treatment with chlorhexidine served as a positive control. The number of colony forming units and bacterial vitality were quantified. Results: All tested bacterial strains and salivary bacteria were killed at a level of 3log10. The colony forming units of the initial mature oral biofilms were strongly reduced. The high bactericidal effect of aPDT was confirmed by live/dead staining. Conclusion: The aPDT using visible light and water-filtered infrared A radiation and ICG has the potential to treat periodontitis and peri-implantitis.

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Inorganic Nanoparticles and Composite Films for Antimicrobial Therapies

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22094595 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (9) ◽

pp. 4595

Author(s):

Vera Alexandra Spirescu ◽

Cristina Chircov ◽

Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu ◽

Bogdan Ștefan Vasile ◽

Ecaterina Andronescu

Keyword(s):

Metal Oxide Nanoparticles ◽

Treatment Options ◽

Composite Films ◽

Antimicrobial Properties ◽

Critical Issue ◽

Modern Medicine ◽

Inorganic Nanoparticles ◽

Wound Dressings ◽

Antimicrobial Drugs ◽

Gold Silver

The development of drug-resistant microorganisms has become a critical issue for modern medicine and drug discovery and development with severe socio-economic and ecological implications. Since standard and conventional treatment options are generally inefficient, leading to infection persistence and spreading, novel strategies are fundamentally necessary in order to avoid serious global health problems. In this regard, both metal and metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) demonstrated increased effectiveness as nanobiocides due to intrinsic antimicrobial properties and as nanocarriers for antimicrobial drugs. Among them, gold, silver, copper, zinc oxide, titanium oxide, magnesium oxide, and iron oxide NPs are the most preferred, owing to their proven antimicrobial mechanisms and bio/cytocompatibility. Furthermore, inorganic NPs can be incorporated or attached to organic/inorganic films, thus broadening their application within implant or catheter coatings and wound dressings. In this context, this paper aims to provide an up-to-date overview of the most recent studies investigating inorganic NPs and their integration into composite films designed for antimicrobial therapies.

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A Brief Review on Dual Target of PARP1 and STAT3 for Cancer Therapy: A Novel Perception

Current Enzyme Inhibition ◽

10.2174/1573408016666200316114209 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

pp. 115-134

Author(s):

Kaviarasan Lakshmanan ◽

Gowramma Byran ◽

Manal Mohammed

Keyword(s):

Signaling Pathways ◽

Single Molecule ◽

Treatment Options ◽

Poor Response ◽

Cytotoxic Agents ◽

Acquired Drug Resistance ◽

Single Target ◽

New Strategy ◽

Cancer Multiple ◽

Almost All

Background: Cancer is a disease characterized by the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells. Around the world, over 10 million cancer cases occur annually. Half of all men and one-third of all women will develop some form of cancer during their lifetime. It is one of the most feared diseases, primarily because half of those diagnosed with cancer die from it. There are several treatments available for cancer. Almost all traditional cytotoxic agents suffer from severe toxicities and other undesirable side effects. Objective: In recent years, the development of targeted medicines has made significant achievements. Unfortunately, though these agents can block key regulators of signaling pathways in cancer, multiple compensatory pathways always attenuate pharmacological effect of single-target drugs. In addition, poor response rates and acquired drug resistance also represent a significant barrier to widespread use of targeted medicines. More recently, a number of combinatorial therapies have expanded treatment options, which can directly block several key signaling pathways and create a synergistic effect. Conclusion: Therefore, in order to overcome these barriers, the present investigation aims to develop a new strategy for designing a single molecule with inhibition of two receptors (PARP1 and STAT3) simultaneously and producing enhanced anti-cancer activity with less and/or null toxicity.

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Studies on antibacterial potential and phytochemical screening of different extract of Achyranthes aspera

International Journal of Bioassays ◽

10.21746/ijbio.2016.12.005 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 5 (12) ◽

pp. 5138

Author(s):

Shyamji Shukla* ◽

Priyanka Soni ◽

Harish K. Kewat

Keyword(s):

Methanolic Extract ◽

Salmonella Typhi ◽

Maximum Activity ◽

Phytochemical Screening ◽

Bacterial Strains ◽

Antibacterial Compounds ◽

Achyranthes Aspera ◽

Biological Sources ◽

Almost All ◽

Antibacterial Potential

There is an alarming increase in the problem of resistance towards antibiotics amongst most of the pathogenic bacterial strains in recent years. This has drawn the attention of researchers around the world to search for novel and eco-friendly antibacterial compounds. Several biological sources have been explored in this respect but medicinal plants have taken a centre stage out of all. Plants have been known as a reservoir of number of bioactive compounds specially the antibacterial ones since time immemorial. Therefore, the present investigation was undertaken to analyze the antibacterial potential of the medicinal plant Achyranthes aspera. This study revealed that highest antibacterial activity was observed in the methanolic extract of stem against almost all test Bacteria. It showed maximum activity against E.coli (30 mm), followed by S. aureus (28 mm), Enterococcus sp.(25mm), Salmonella typhi ( 20 mm) and least activity was recorded in same extract against K.pneumoniae (6 mm). Four phytochemicals were screened in various solvent extracts. They are alkaloid, flavonoids, saponins and tannins.

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Glioblastoma and MiRNAs

Cancers ◽

10.3390/cancers13071581 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (7) ◽

pp. 1581

Author(s):

Swalih P. Ahmed ◽

Javier S. Castresana ◽

Mehdi H. Shahi

Keyword(s):

Brain Tumors ◽

Human Body ◽

Diagnostic Tool ◽

Poor Prognosis ◽

Treatment Options ◽

Diagnosis And Treatment ◽

Therapeutic Success ◽

Knowing That ◽

Almost All ◽

Cell Signaling Pathways

Glioblastoma (GB) is one of the most common types of lethal brain tumors. Although several treatment options are available including surgery, along with adjuvant chemo and radiotherapy, the disease has a poor prognosis and patients generally die within 14 months of diagnosis. GB is chemo and radio resistant. Thus, there is a critical need for new insights into GB treatment to increase the chance of therapeutic success. This is why microRNA (miRNA) is being potentially considered in the diagnosis and treatment of glioblastoma. The objective of our review is to provide a holistic picture of GB up-regulated and down-regulated miRNA, in relationship with the expression of other genes, cell signaling pathways, and their role in GB diagnosis and treatment. MiRNA treatment is being considered to be used against GB together with radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Moreover, the use of miRNA as a diagnostic tool has also begun. Knowing that miRNAs are isolated in almost all human body fluids and that there are more than 3000 miRNAs in the human genome, plus the fact that each miRNA controls hundreds of different mRNAs, there is still much study needed to explore how miRNAs relate to GB for its proliferation, progression, and inhibition.

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Diversity of Biodeteriorative Bacterial and Fungal Consortia in Winter and Summer on Historical Sandstone of the Northern Pergola, Museum of King John III’s Palace at Wilanow, Poland

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11020620 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 620

Author(s):

Magdalena Dyda ◽

Agnieszka Laudy ◽

Przemyslaw Decewicz ◽

Krzysztof Romaniuk ◽

Martyna Ciezkowska ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Seasonal Changes ◽

Microbial Community Composition ◽

Fungal Communities ◽

Bacterial Strains ◽

Microbial Biodiversity ◽

Acidophilic Bacteria ◽

Almost All ◽

Generation Sequencing ◽

King John

The aim of the presented investigation was to describe seasonal changes of microbial community composition in situ in different biocenoses on historical sandstone of the Northern Pergola in the Museum of King John III’s Palace at Wilanow (Poland). The microbial biodiversity was analyzed by the application of Illumina-based next-generation sequencing methods. The metabarcoding analysis allowed for detecting lichenized fungi taxa with the clear domination of two genera: Lecania and Rhinocladiella. It was also observed that, during winter, the richness of fungal communities increased in the biocenoses dominated by lichens and mosses. The metabarcoding analysis showed 34 bacterial genera, with a clear domination of Sphingomonas spp. across almost all biocenoses. Acidophilic bacteria from Acidobacteriaceae and Acetobacteraceae families were also identified, and the results showed that a significant number of bacterial strains isolated during the summer displayed the ability to acidification in contrast to strains isolated in winter, when a large number of isolates displayed alkalizing activity. Other bacteria capable of nitrogen fixation and hydrocarbon utilization (including aromatic hydrocarbons) as well as halophilic microorganisms were also found. The diversity of organisms in the biofilm ensures its stability throughout the year despite the differences recorded between winter and summer.

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Spectroscopic Study of the Molecular Structure of the New Hybrid with a Potential Two-Way Antibacterial Effect

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26051442 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (5) ◽

pp. 1442

Author(s):

Dorota Kowalczuk ◽

Agata Gładysz ◽

Monika Pitucha ◽

Daniel M. Kamiński ◽

Agnieszka Barańska ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Spectroscopic Study ◽

Good Alternative ◽

Structure Characterization ◽

Resonance Spectroscopy ◽

Spectroscopic Techniques ◽

Bacterial Strains ◽

Active Components ◽

Hybrid Compound ◽

Coordination Sites ◽

Almost All

Bacterial strains become resistant to almost all classes of antibiotics, which makes it necessary to look for new substitutes. The non-absorbable ciprofloxacin–biguanide bismuth complex, used locally, may be a good alternative to a conventional therapy. The purpose of this study was to study the structure of the proposed ciprofloxacin (CIP) -bismuth(III)—chlorhexidine (CHX) composite (CIP-Bi-CHX). The spectroscopic techniques such as UV-VIS (ultraviolet-visible) spectroscopy, FTIR (Fourier-transform infrared) spectroscopy and NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) spectroscopy were used for structure characterization of the hybrid compound. The performed analysis confirmed the presence of the two active components—CIP and CHX and revealed the possible coordination sites of the ligands with bismuth ion in the metallo-organic structure. Spectroscopic study showed that the complexation between Bi(III) and CIP occurs through the carboxylate and ketone groups of the quinolone ring, while CHX combines with the central ion via the biguanide moieties.

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Susceptibility of the Candida haemulonii Complex to Echinocandins: Focus on Both Planktonic and Biofilm Life Styles and a Literature Review

Journal of Fungi ◽

10.3390/jof6040201 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

pp. 201

Author(s):

Lívia S. Ramos ◽

Laura N. Silva ◽

Marta H. Branquinha ◽

André L. S. Santos

Keyword(s):

Literature Review ◽

Therapeutic Potential ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Antifungal Drugs ◽

Clinical Isolates ◽

Published Data ◽

Life Styles ◽

Fungal Isolates ◽

Candida Haemulonii ◽

Almost All

Candida haemulonii complex (C. haemulonii, C. duobushaemulonii and C. haemulonii var. vulnera) is well-known for its resistance profile to different available antifungal drugs. Although echinocandins are the most effective class of antifungal compounds against the C. haemulonii species complex, clinical isolates resistant to caspofungin, micafungin and anidulafungin have already been reported. In this work, we present a literature review regarding the effects of echinocandins on this emergent fungal complex. Published data has revealed that micafungin and anidulafungin were more effective than caspofungin against the species forming the C. haemulonii complex. Subsequently, we investigated the susceptibilities of both planktonic and biofilm forms of 12 Brazilian clinical isolates of the C. haemulonii complex towards caspofungin and micafungin (anidulafungin was unavailable). The planktonic cells of all the fungal isolates were susceptible to both of the test echinocandins. Interestingly, echinocandins caused a significant reduction in the biofilm metabolic activity (viability) of almost all fungal isolates (11/12, 91.7%). Generally, the biofilm biomasses were also affected (reduction range 20–60%) upon exposure to caspofungin and micafungin. This is the first report of the anti-biofilm action of echinocandins against the multidrug-resistant opportunistic pathogens comprising the C. haemulonii complex, and unveils the therapeutic potential of these compounds.

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Naturally occurring heterocyclic anticancer compounds

Physical Sciences Reviews ◽

10.1515/psr-2021-0038 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Shashi Kiran Misra ◽

Kamla Pathak

Keyword(s):

Anticancer Agents ◽

Topoisomerase I ◽

Heterocyclic Ring ◽

Cytotoxic Action ◽

Extrinsic Pathway ◽

Anticancer Compounds ◽

Halichondrin B ◽

Naturally Occurring ◽

Microbial Infections ◽

Almost All

Abstract Naturally occurring heterocyclic scaffolds are key ingredients for the development of various therapeutics employed for biomedical applications. Heterocyclic pharmacophores are widely disseminated and have been befallen in almost all categories of drugs for the alleviation of myriad ailments including diabetes, neurodegenerative, psychiatric, microbial infections, disastrous cancers etc. Countless fused heterocyclic anticancerous templates are reported to display antimetabolite, antioxidant, antiproliferative, cytostatic etc. pharmacological actions via targeting different signaling pathways (cell cycle, PI-3kinase/Akt, p53, caspase extrinsic pathway etc.), overexpressive receptors (EGRF, HER2, EGF, VEGF etc.) and physiological enzymes (topoisomerase I and II, cyclin dependent kinase etc.). A compiled description on various natural sources (plants, microbes, marine) containing anticancer agents comprising heterocyclic ring specified with presence of nitrogen (vincristine, vinblastine, indole-3-carbinol, meridianins, piperine, lamellarins etc.), oxygen (paclitaxel, halichondrin B, quercetin, myricetin, kaempferol etc.) and sulphur atoms (brugine, fucoidan, carrageenan etc.) are displayed here along with their molecular level cytotoxic action and therapeutic applications.

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