Metarhizium brunneum Petch Fungi is Effective as a Bioinsecticide Against Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren Termite Pests in the Laboratory

Abstract: Nutmeg is a plantation crop and has high economic value. Currently, the cultivation of nutmeg is experiencing many obstacles. One of them is termite pests. So far, the control is carried out using chemical insecticides and hurts the environment. Therefore it is necessary to control other environmentally friendly ways, and one of them is by using the fungi M. brunneum as an ecologically friendly bioinsecticide. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effectiveness of M. brunneum as a bioinsecticide against the termite C. curvignathus as an essential pest in nutmeg plantations. This research using a completely randomized design (CRD). The results showed that the mean percentage viability of M. brunneum conidia at each observation time was classified as useful. The germination of conidia increased to 89.78 % after 72 hours of observation. Conidia density 103/ mL distilled water. The highest mortality rate of C. curvignathus was found at a density of 1010 conidia/ mL of distilled water. The mean time of death for C. curvignathus after application of conidia density treatment of 1010/ mL of distilled water was 2.15 days and the death of C. curvignathus was 3.35 days using conidia density treatment 103/ mL of distilled water. 1 day after application reaches 33.20 % and increases to observation at 5 days after application reaches 100 %. The highest food inhibition occurred in treatment 1010/ mL distilled water (65.81 %) which was significantly different from treatment 105/ mL distilled water (43.23 %), and 103/ mL distilled water (41.61 %) and control (0.00).Abstrak: Pala merupakan tanaman perkebunan dan bernilai ekonomi tinggi. Pada saat ini budidayanya mengalami banyak hambatan. Satu diantaranya adalah serangan hama rayap. Selama ini pengendalian hama rayap dilakukan dengan menggunakan insektisida kimia dan berpengaruh negatif terhadap lingkungan. Oleh karenanya perlu pengendalian cara lain yang ramah lingkungan dan satu diantaranya dengan menggunakan cendawan M. brunneum sebagai bioinsektisida yang ramah lingkungan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menganalisis efektivitas M. brunneum sebagai bioinsektisida terhadap hama rayap C. curvignathus. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Hama Tanaman dan Laboratorium Dasar Proteksi Tanaman Program Studi Proteksi Tanaman Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Syiah Kuala, sejak bulan Februari hingga September 2018, dengan menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa persentase viabilitas rata-rata dari konidia M. brunneum pada setiap waktu pengamatan tergolong efektif. Perkecambahan konidia semakin meningkat hingga mencapai 89,78 % setelah diamati pada jam yang ke 72. Rata-rata waktu kematian rayap C. curvignathus setelah aplikasi perlakuan kerapatan konidia 1010/ mL akuades adalah 2,15 hari dan terjadi kematian rayap C. curvignathus 3.35 hari dengan menggunakan perlakuan kerapatan konidia 103/ mL akuades. Rata-rata mortalitas tertinggi rayap C. curvignathus ditemukan pada perlakuan kerapatan konidia 1010/mL aquades. 1 HSA mencapai 33,20% dan meningkat hingga pengamatan pada 5 HSA mencapai 100%. Daya hambat makan tertinggi terjadi pada perlakuan 1010/ mL aquades (65,81%) yang berbeda nyata dengan perlakuan 105/mL aquades (43,23%) dan 103/ mL aquades (41,61%) serta kontrol (0,00%).

Download Full-text

Effect of gibberellic acid, stratification and salinity on seed germination of Echinacea purpurea cv. Magnus

Herba Polonica ◽

10.1515/hepo-2015-0019 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 61 (3) ◽

pp. 13-22 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Shamila Yadolahi Zadeh ◽

Ali Akbar Ramin ◽

Bahram Baninasab

Keyword(s):

Seed Germination ◽

Gibberellic Acid ◽

Salinity Stress ◽

Echinacea Purpurea ◽

Purple Coneflower ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Salinity Levels ◽

The Mean ◽

Completely Randomized Design ◽

Mean Time

SummaryThis study was conducted in order to determine the appropriate treatment for breaking dormancy and the effect of salinity on seed germination of purple coneflower (Echinacea purpureacv. Magnus), in two separate experiments. In the first experiment, five levels of gibberellic acid (GA3) (0, 250, 500, 1000, and 1500 mg×L−1) with four levels of cold moist stratification period of seeds at 5°C (0, 5, 10 and 15 days) were launched. A factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with four replications. The statistical analysis showed that concentration of 250 mg×L−1GA3with 10 days of cold moist chilling significantly increased the percentage of germination of normal seedlings and reduced the mean time of germination. In the second experiment, the seeds were chilled for 10 days at 5°C and half of them treated with 250 mg×L−1GA3for 24 hours. The seeds treated with GA3, and those non-treated were subjected to NaCl for salinity stress. The experiment was conducted using five salinity levels (0, 20, 40, 60 and 80 mM NaCl) in four replications in a completely randomized design. The results showed that purple coneflower is highly sensitive to salinity in the germination stage. The results also showed that by increasing salinity levels, the percentage of germination and normal seedlings significantly decreased and the mean time to germination increased, compared to the control treatment. But the seeds treated with GA3showed higher viability and better performance under salinity stress condition.

Download Full-text

VIABILITAS DAN EFEKTIVITAS FORMULA NEMATODA Steinernema sp. TERHADAP HAMA PENGGEREK BUAH KAPAS Helicoverpa armigera HUBNER

Jurnal Penelitian Tanaman Industri ◽

10.21082/jlittri.v18n4.2012.151-155 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 18 (4) ◽

pp. 151

Author(s):

HERI PRABOWO ◽

IGAA INDRAYANI

Keyword(s):

Helicoverpa Armigera ◽

Insect Pests ◽

Infective Juvenile ◽

Distilled Water ◽

Insect Pathology ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Helicoverpa Armígera ◽

Completely Randomized Design ◽

Biological Pesticide ◽

And Control

ABSTRAK Entomopatogen dari genus Steinernema berpotensi digunakan sebagai pengendali berbagai serangga hama, terutama ordo Lepidoptera, seperti Helicoverpa armigera. Penggunaan Steinernema untuk pengendalian H. armigera akan menguntungkan karena aman terhadap lingkungan, mudah diproduksi massal, toleran terhadap berbagai macam pestisida, dapat aktif mencari serangga sasaran, tidak menyebabkan resisten dan resurjensi, serta dapat diaplikasikan dengan alat semprot standar. Namun, formula pestisida hayati mengandung Steinernema masih sangat terbatas. Tujuan penelitian adalah membuat formula Steinernema sp. yang efektif terhadap hama penggerek buah kapas (H. armigera). Penelitian dilaksanakan di laboratorium Patologi Serangga, Balai Penelitian Tanaman Pemanis dan Serat, Malang mulai bulan Mei-Juli 2010. Larva instar III Steinernema sp. dibuat dalam 6 macam formula perlakuan dengan bahan pembawa (carrier) berbeda-beda, yaitu (1) suspensi (akuades + sukrosa), (2) pellet-2 (sekam padi), (3) pellet-1 (tanah liat + arang), (4) agar + spon, (5) kapsul (Ca-alginat), dan (6) kontrol (akuades). Setiap formula diinokulasikan 10 6 juvenil infektif (JI). Masing-masing perlakuan disusun dalam rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) dengan tiga kali ulangan. Penurunan jumlah juvenil infektif (JI) pada setiap formula yang diamati per minggu selama ± 4 minggu. Isolat yang digunakan untuk penelitian ini berasal dari Asembagus. Untuk mengevaluasi efektivitas formula, larva H. armigera diperlakukan dengan JI yang berasal dari masing-masing formula setiap minggu selama empat minggu. Perlakuan ini menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap dengan empat ulangan. Jumlah penurunan JI setiap minggu selama empat minggu setelah perlakuan. Persentase JI yang hidup pada pellet-1, suspensi, pellet- 2, agar + spon, kapsul, dan kontrol berturut-turut sebesar 53; 12,4; 44; 63,8; 17,6; dan 5%. Pada minggu pertama sampai minggu keempat setelah perlakuan terlihat bahwa formula yang paling baik mempertahankan JI adalah agar + spon dan kemudian berturut-turut diikuti oleh pellet-1, pellet-2, kapsul, suspensi. Steinernema sp. yang disimpan selama empat minggu dalam berbagai bentuk formula terhadap H. armigera berkisar antara 80-99%. Formula agar dan spon paling baik untuk menyimpan Steinernema sp. selama empat minggu, karena formula ini memberikan tingkat viabilitas dan efektivitas Steinernema sp. paling tinggi. Kata kunci : efektivitas, formula, Helicoverpa armigera, Steinernema sp., viabilitasABSTRACT Entomopathogenic nematodes genus Steinernema for are potential to be used as a control for various insect pests, especially ordo Lepidoptera, such as Helicoverpa armigera. The use of Steinernema to control H. armigera is beneficial because it is environmentally friendly, easy to produce, tolerant to several pesticides, actively search the target insect, does not cause resistance and resurgence, and can be applied by using standard sprayer. Unfortunately, biological pesticide containing Steinernema is still limited. The study was aimed at formulating a biological agen containing Steinernema sp. to control the cotton bollworm weevil (H. armigera). The experiment was conducted at insect pathology laboratory, Indonesian Sweetener and Fiber Crops Research Institute, Malang from May to July 2010. Steinernema sp. instar III larvae was formulated in six different forms such as Pellet-1 (clay+carbon), suspension (distilled water+sucrose), Pellet-2 (rice husk), agar+sponge, capsule (Ca-alginate), and control (distilled water). Each formulation was inoculated with 10 6 Infective Juvenile (IJ). Each treatment was arranged in completely randomized design (CRD) with three replicates. Each formulation observed showed decrease in IJ number every week for + 4 weeks. Isolates used for this research were originated from Asembagus experimental station. For evaluation of the formulation effectiveness, H. armigera larvae was treated using IJ from the formula weekly for four weeks. On the first week after treatment, the percentages of living IJ in Pellet-1, suspension, Pellet-2, agar+sponge, capsule, and control were 53; 12.4; 44; 63.8; 17.6; and 5%, respectively. Effectiveness of Steinernema sp. stored for four weeks in various formulations against H. armigera ranged from 80-99%. The best formula of Steinernema sp for storage was agar+sponge because of its ability to viability and effectiveness of Steinernema sp. Key words: effectiveness, formulation, Helicoverpa armigera, viability, Steinernema sp.,

Download Full-text

Germination and survival of Aechmea gamosepala on different substrates

Ornamental Horticulture ◽

10.1590/2447-536x.v25i3.2037 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 25 (3) ◽

pp. 225-230 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Adilson Anacleto ◽

Luís Fernando Roveda ◽

Rafaela Aparecida Santoro Ramos

Keyword(s):

Agricultural Land ◽

Seedling Survival ◽

Ornamental Plants ◽

Sprinkler Irrigation ◽

Easy Access ◽

Experimental Unit ◽

Randomized Design ◽

The Mean ◽

Completely Randomized Design ◽

Mean Time

Abstract The State of Parana is one of the Brazilian regions with the highest incidence of extraction of bromeliads, among the factors for the occurrence of this situation, they highlight a great demand for this species as ornamental flowers and the easy access to forests, few cultivation ponds and difficulties for farmers in cultivation processes, especially in the early stages of cultivation. The species Aechmea gamosepala Wittmack stands out among the species of this group of ornamental plants (Bromeliaceae) with strong commercial appeal and consequently of extraction. Given this context, a study was carried out to evaluate the germination and survival of seeds of the species. Five alternative types of substrates easily accessible to farmers were tested: coconut husk fiber, Plantmax®, earthworm humus, humidified Pinnus husk and sieved agricultural land. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with 4 replications and 25 seeds per experimental unit at room temperature in a greenhouse, with sprinkler irrigation for a period of 90 days. The mean time for the onset of germination was 6.95 days, averaging 74.8% at the peak of germination, but there were no significant statistical differences between the treatments. For the seedling survival, humidified Pinnus husk substrates (70.8%) and coconut fiber house (80.4%) proved to be the best substrates for Aechmea gamosepala Wittmack.

Download Full-text

Identification of the Effect of Sulfur Spray on Okra (AbelmoschusesculentusL. var. MI 5)Seedlings

Journal of AgriSearch ◽

10.21921/jas.v3i4.6704 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 3 (4) ◽

Author(s):

NILANTHI DAHANAYAKE ◽

DDPBD DEHIGASPITIYA ◽

AG MAYURI DHANANJANIE ◽

AGKMWS ATAPATTU ◽

PCD PERERA

Keyword(s):

Growth Parameters ◽

Disease Incidence ◽

Foliar Spray ◽

Leaf Length ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Number Of Leaves ◽

The Mean ◽

Completely Randomized Design ◽

Mean Time ◽

Range Test

The study investigated that the effect of sulfur solutions as foliar spray with different concentrations on some selected growth parameters of ladies fingers plants. Pot experiment was conducted with six treatments (2g/L, 4g/L, 6g/L, 8g/L and 10g/L sulfur solutions) and three replicates. For each pot,two plants were maintained throughout the experiment. After seedling emerging, sulfur solutions were sprayed in every week using OSATU sprayer (5 L), until all the leaves got wet. After 30 days physiological features (Number of leaves, leaf length andleaf width) were recorded. Pest and disease incident also recorded at the mean time. Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with five replicates was used. Statistical analysis was performed with Duncan’s multiple range test using SAS software (version 9.1.3). Result showed that the highest significant values in number of leaves (26), leaf length (21cm) and leaf width (24cm) were observed that in 10g/L solution of sulfur applied as foliar spray. With the increasing concentration of sulfur solutions the values for the selected physiological features also increased. Pest and disease incidence was significantly higher in control experiment while all the other treated plants don’t showed any physiological damage or symptom. The results revealed that the application of sulfur as a foliar spray can be effectively use in increase the net photosynthetic area and to reduce the pest and disease incidence.

Download Full-text

Pengaruh Level Energi Dalam Pakan Terhadap Kualitas Spermatozoa Ayam Kampung Secara Mikroskopis

Jurnal Ilmu Peternakan Terapan ◽

10.25047/jipt.v4i1.2342 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 7-13

Author(s):

Nining Haryuni ◽

Anna Lidyawati ◽

Binti Khopsoh ◽

Niswatin Hasanah

Keyword(s):

Sodium Chloride ◽

Energy Level ◽

Energy Levels ◽

Mass Motion ◽

Distilled Water ◽

Randomized Design ◽

The Mean ◽

Completely Randomized Design ◽

Native Chickens ◽

Materials Used

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of energy levels in feed on the quality ofspermatozoa. The materials used in this study were 80 weeks old male native chickens, rations, 3%sodium chloride, eosin, and distilled water. This study used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD)consistied of 4 treatments and each treatment was repeated 4 times. Each repeatation was a malenative chicken. Collection of semen used the massage method on the abdominal area. The results ofthe study showed that the energy level in the rations increased (P<0.01) the mass motion anddecreased the motility of spermatozoa. The mean of mass motion scores obtained ranged 1.50% to3.00%, and the motility ranged 68.75% to 80.0%. The energy level in the rations increased(P<0.05) on the concentration and the number of live spermatozoa. The mean of concentrationobtained ranged 2.75x109 cells/ml to 3.75x109 cells/ml and the number of live spermatozoa ranged from 89.50% to 92.50%. Energy level in rations had no significant effect (P>0.05) on spermatozoaabnormality. The mean percentage of abnormal spermatozoa obtained ranged 2.27% to 2.38%.Based on this result, it can be concluded that the energy level in the rations could improve thequality of spermatozoa

Download Full-text

Pengaruh Ekstrak Buah Lerak (Sapindus rarak) dan Beberapa Adjuvan terhadap Perkecambahan Gulma Fimbristylis miliacea

JURNAL AGROTROPIKA ◽

10.23960/ja.v20i2.5205 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 104

Author(s):

Hidayat Pujisiswanto ◽

Yayuk Nurmiaty ◽

Nanik Sriyani ◽

Annisa Efrima

Keyword(s):

Mean Value ◽

Polysorbate 80 ◽

Fruit Extract ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Bartlett Test ◽

Homogeneity Of Variance ◽

The Mean ◽

Completely Randomized Design ◽

And Control

Adjuvant is an ingredient added in a formulation to increase the effectiveness of lerak fruit in inhibiting weeds. This study aims to determine the type of adjuvant in lerak fruit extract that can increase the inhibition of germination of Fimbristylis miliacea and to determine the type of adjuvant in lerak fruit extract that is most effective in inhibiting the germination of F. miliacea. The research was conducted from December 2019 to March 2020 in the Weed Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Lampung. This study used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) to determine the type of adjuvant given to lerak fruit extract on F. miliacea germination with 4 replications. The treatments consisted of lerak fruit extract, lerak fruit extract + VCO adjuvant, lerak fruit extract + KAO adjuvant, lerak fruit extract + Polysorbate 80 adjuvant, and control. The Bartlett test was used to test the homogeneity of variance, if the assumptions of the analysis of variance were met, then the mean value of the treatment was continued with the Least Significant Difference (LSD) test at the 5% level. The results showed that adjuvants and without adjuvants added to lerak fruit extract at a concentration of 50% (500 g/l) were able to suppress the percentage of germination and the speed of germination of Fimbristylis miliace seeds.Keywords: adjuvants, lerak fruit extract, Fimbristylis miliacea, weed

Download Full-text

Effect of Ethephon and Packaging Practices On Ripening of Mango cv. Maldah

SAARC Journal of Agriculture ◽

10.3329/sja.v19i1.54786 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 155-163

Author(s):

S Sapkota ◽

D Kc ◽

H Giri ◽

M Saud ◽

M Basnet ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chemical Properties ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Quality Performance ◽

Plastic Packaging ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Acid Ratio ◽

Ethephon Treatment ◽

Completely Randomized Design ◽

And Control ◽

Juice Content

The present research was conducted on two factor Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with eight treatments and three replications. A set of experiments were carried out to evaluate the effect of postharvest ethephon treatment and packaging on ripening of mango cv. Maldah. The treatments consisted of ripening agent i.e., ethephon and control treatment under different packaging condition i.e., fiber with hole, fiber without hole, plastic with hole and plastic without hole. The result revealed that different packaging condition and ripening agents influenced the ripening behavior of mango. The highest TSS (15.26), sugar-acid ratio (23.66) and juice content (126.05) were recorded with fiber (without hole) and the lowest TSS (12.60), sugar-acid ratio (9.01) and juice content (116.05) with plastic (without hole). The highest TA (1.44) was recorded with plastic (without hole) and the lowest (0.66) with fiber (without hole). Similarly, the highest BT (2.83) was recorded with fiber (with hole) and the lowest (1.66) with plastic (without hole). Firmness, sweetness, TSS and juice content were the highest with the interaction effect of fiber bag (without hole) and ethephon treatment. In conclusion, mango fruits with ethephon treatment packed in fiber bag (without hole) enhances quality and ripening of mango whereas under controlled condition and without hole plastic packaging mangoes had low quality performance in terms of physio-chemical properties. SAARC J. Agric., 19(1): 155-163 (2021)

Download Full-text

Effect of pasteurization and starter cultures on physicochemical and microbiological properties of costeño cheese

Revista Facultad Nacional de Agronomía Medellín ◽

10.15446/rfna.v69n2.59145 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 69 (2) ◽

pp. 8007-8014 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

José G. Serpa ◽

Tulia I. Pérez ◽

Elvis J. Hernández

Keyword(s):

Lactococcus Lactis ◽

Control Sample ◽

Raw Milk ◽

Starter Cultures ◽

Sensorial Analysis ◽

Pasteurized Milk ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Completely Randomized Design ◽

And Control ◽

Microbiological Properties

The effect of pasteurization and starter cultures on physicochemical, microbiological and sensorial characteristics of costeño cheese was determined. A completely randomized design was conducted, three treatments (T) and three replicates: Treatment 1 (T1): cheese manufactured with pasteurized milk without starter cultures, Treatment 2 (T2): cheese manufactured with pasteurized milk with Lactococcus lactis and Lactococcus cremoris (1:1) and Treatment 3 (T3): cheese manufactured with pasteurized milk with Lactococcus lactis, Lactococcus cremoris and Streptococcus thermophillus(0.5:0.5:1). Treatments were compared to a control sample that was prepared with raw milk without starter cultures. Concentration of 1.5% (v/v) of culture was used in relation to the amount of used milk in each treatment. Moisture content was higher in all treatments compared to the control and protein and fat content were significantly lower. Acidity was significantly higher in samples from T2 y T3 compared to T1 and control, due to the metabolism of starter cultures. Total coliforms, yeast and mold counts showed a significant reduction due to pasteurization process in all treatments. Regarding sensorial analysis, hedonic test showed a greater preference in cheese manufactured with T2 (P<0.05). There were no significant preferences between T1, T3 and control. Additionally, yield was significantly higher with T1 (22%) and T3 (23%) compared to control.

Download Full-text

Pemanfaatan sukun muda untuk peningkatan nilai gizi abon ikan tongkol

Jurnal SAGO Gizi dan Kesehatan ◽

10.30867/gikes.v2i2.667 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 185

Author(s):

Eva Fitriyaningsih

Keyword(s):

Experimental Design ◽

Nutritional Value ◽

Economic Value ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Animal Nutrition ◽

P Value ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Study Results ◽

Completely Randomized Design ◽

Actual Participation

Background: Using young breadfruit to increase the breadfruit usability and economic value, one of the efforts is through the enrichment of the type of processed breadfruit products, breadfruit provides nutritional value that is beneficial to health, one of the help of breadfruit is increasing breadfruit for shredded products.Objectives: This study aims to find out how to improve young breadfruit 20%, 30%, 40% of the chemical properties (carbohydrate, protein, and fiber) of shredded tuna.Methods: This study used an experimental design with a non-factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three preparations and three repetitions. Then the chemical tests (carbohydrate, protein, and fiber) at the Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology of the Faculty of Agriculture, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh.Results: The study results showed actual participation in young breadfruit 20%, 30%, and 40% of the chemical properties (carbohydrate, protein, and fiber) in shredded tuna with a p-value < 0.05.Conclusion: Agreeing that 20%, 30%, and 40% of young breadfruit were approved for shredded tuna's chemical properties (carbohydrate, protein, and fiber).

Download Full-text

Integrated management of tough lovegrass (Eragrostis plana Nees): associating chemical control tools and plant physiology

Ciência Rural ◽

10.1590/0103-8478cr20200271 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 51 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Eduardo Avelino Faleiro ◽

Diego Martins Chiapinotto ◽

Fabiane Pinto Lamego ◽

Carlos Eduardo Schaedler ◽

Eduardo Bohrer de Azevedo

Keyword(s):

Solar Radiation ◽

Integrated Management ◽

Dry Mass ◽

Radiation Factor ◽

Factor B ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Completely Randomized Design ◽

Factor C ◽

Resource Conditions ◽

And Control

ABSTRACT: The objective of the study was to evaluate the efficiency of herbicides use in the control of tough lovegrass according to the availability of solar radiation and the presence or absence of flooded. Two experiments were conducted in a completely randomized design, in a 2x2x4 and 2x2x5 factorial scheme, where factor A was equivalent to the environment (natural or reduced radiation); factor B to water condition (with a 2 cm flooded or without); and, factor C the herbicides: cyhalofop butyl (315 g ha-1), glyphosate (1080 g ha-1), cyhalofop butyl + glyphosate (315 g ha-1 + 1080 g ha-1) and control (without application) in the first experiment. In the second experiment, the herbicides used were cyhalofop butyl (315 g ha-1), glyphosate (1080 g ha-1), sethoxydim (184g ha-1), imazethapyr (106 g ha-1) and control (without application). Glyphosate efficiently controls plants of tough lovegrass with four tillers (>90%), being superior to cyhalofop, imazethapyr and sethoxydim; independently, of resource conditions. Reduction in the availability of solar radiation generates less shoot dry mass production from the weed, and improves the control only by imazethapyr and cyhalofop. In general, a flooded condition does not affect tough lovegrass control by herbicides.

Download Full-text