scholarly journals Zmiany w produkcji i handlu soją w Polsce i wybranych krajach UE

2020 ◽  
Vol 20(35) (3) ◽  
pp. 26-35
Author(s):  
Karolina Pawlak ◽  
Karolina Sowa
Keyword(s):  
Trade Balance ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Soybean Production ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Feed Protein ◽  
The Eu

Due to the deficit in feed protein from domestic production, EU countries are significant importers of legume crops and meals, including soybean and soybean meal. The aim of the paper is to present changes in soybean production and trade in selected EU countries in 2000-2017. Secondary data from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) database were used in the research. The following issues were discussed: the changes in the volume of soybean production in the countries of its largest producers in the EU, the value and quantity of trade flows in the countries of the largest exporters and importers, their share in trade and trade balance. The volume of soybean production in the EU countries has increased more slowly than the demand for high-protein fodder raw materials, resulting in an increase in the value of soybean imports and making EU countries net importers of this raw material. Unlike in Poland, the increase in the value of imports was not due to an increase in its volume. The Netherlands, Spain and Germany were the largest soybean importers in the EU.

scholarly journals Zakres procesów internacjonalizacji na rynku serów

2019 ◽  
pp. 13-22
Author(s):  
Joanna Domagała
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Data ◽  
Geographic Scope ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization

The aim of the paper was to define geographic scope of internationalization the cheese market based on Elzinga–Hogarty method. Using secondary data (Food and Agriculture Organization, Institute of Agricultural and Food Economics) were find that the cheese market is international in the scope, and this scope is evolving from country to semi-global. Cheese market consists Poland, USA and 9th EU countries in 2014. Such market has production of 13 643 thousand tones, consumption of 12 970 thousand tones and export and import at the level of 1361 thousand tones, 688 thousand tones, respectively.

scholarly journals PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE AGRICULTURAL MARKET OF UKRAINE AT THE EXPENSE OF TRUFFLE EXPORTS TO EU COUNTRIES

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Svitlana Maschenko ◽  
◽  
Liudmyla Tiveriadska ◽  
Daria Vydai ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Land Market ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
The Past ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Livestock Products ◽  
The Eu

The article provides economic indicators of the EU and Ukraine, in particular the share of agriculture and indicators of food exports and imports. The changes that took place have been analyzed in the land market and in general in the market of agricultural products of Ukraine, and it was found that during 2015-2019 there was a negative trend of decreasing economic efficiency of agricultural production. It is concluded that the level of profitability of production of horticultural, grain and legume crops tends to decrease. It was found that the structure of exports of Ukrainian products is dominated by crop products, and the share of livestock products is insignificant. Noted that the increase in the value of exports of agricultural goods over the past three years is positive and the most profitable now will be the export of truffles from Ukraine to EU countries. According to FAOSTAT (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), namely the indicators of profitability and production of truffles, a conclusion was made on the competitiveness of Ukrainian truffles in the EU market. It has been determined that the agricultural sector activity has positive and negative moments in the territories of Ukraine. It has been concluded that the Ukrainian government has to focus on a policy aimed at balancing the tax burden, introducing certification for the European market.

scholarly journals Is the EU’s Resource Base of Copper Ore Deposits Large? A Fuzzy Set Theory Approach

Resources ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Mariusz Krzak
Keyword(s):  
Set Theory ◽  
Fuzzy Set ◽  
Fuzzy Set Theory ◽  
Imperfect Information ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Theory Approach ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Smooth Transitions ◽  
The Eu

Copper raw materials have not been identified as a critical raw material for the economy of the European Union (EU). Demand for metal for use within the EU is satisfied mainly by imports of raw materials in various processing stages and from recycling. Imports include not only copper concentrates, but also refined metals, alloys, and intermediate and finished products. In terms of EU imports, mining supplies represent a minor share of demand. It is likely that copper demand will grow in the coming decades and that global as well as European reserves of copper will be depleted more rapidly. For Europe, no complete and harmonised dataset presenting estimates of total EU copper resources and reserves exists, with the exception of the attempted Minerals4EU project. In colloquial language, many imprecise concepts aim at describing reality. Classic probability tools cannot be used to describe imperfect information. There are no sharp thresholds between the boundaries of many measurements; instead, smooth transitions are observed. This gradation between full and partial membership and non-membership is not included in classical set theory; thus, the capacity for describing such effects is provided by fuzzy set theory. An attempt is made in the present paper at a fuzzy description of the copper reserve base in the EU countries. The basic terminology of fuzzy sets is presented and useful logical operators are indicated. The copper reserve base in the EU countries was assessed in relation to world reserves and an appraisal of this base within these countries was carried out.

Agricultural waste as a source of innovative and compostable composite biopolymers for food packaging: a scientific review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Ronzano ◽  
Roberta Stefanini ◽  
Giulia Borghesi ◽  
Giuseppe Vignali
Keyword(s):  
Food Packaging ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Natural Fibers ◽  
Scientific Review ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Regional Project ◽  
Materials Used

"The recovery of agriculture waste is one of the challenges of 2030 Agenda. Food and Agriculture Organization states that 30 % of the world’s agricultural land is used to produce food that is later lost or wasted, and the global carbon footprint corresponds to 7% of total greenhouse gases emissions. Alternatively, natural fibers contained in food and agricultural waste could be a valuable feedstock to reinforce composite biopolymers contributing to increase mechanical properties. In addition, the use of biopolymers matrix could contribute significantly to reduce the environmental footprint of the biobased compounds. Based on these premises, a regional project in Emilia-Romagna, aims to enhance agricultural waste to produce food packaging materials which in turn would contribute to the reduction of green raw materials used. This article reviews the state of art of composite biopolymers added with fillers extracted by food and agricultural waste, analyzing the literature published on scientific databases such as Scopus. The characteristics, advantages and drawbacks of each innovative sustainable material will be studied, trying to compare their various properties. The results of the work could guide companies in the choice of eco-sustainable packaging and lay the foundations for the development of the mentioned regional project."

scholarly journals Sustainable and Environmentally Friendly Essential Oils Extracted from Pineapple Waste

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 6833-6844
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Ananas Comosus ◽  
Pineapple Waste ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Aldehydes And Ketones ◽  
United Nations Food

Pineapple (Ananas comosus (L.) Merril), one of the major fruit crops, is mainly used for raw consumption and for industrial juice production, which creates large amounts of residues. The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) has estimated that pineapple waste accounts for between 50 to 65 % of the total weight of the fruit. Industrial pineapple waste is a major source of pollution as important quantities of primary residues are not further processed. Pineapple waste contains bioactive compounds such as carotenoids, polyphenols, fibers, vitamins, enzymes, and essential oils. These phytochemicals can be used in the food industry, medicine and pharmacy, textile, and others. This review highlights essential oil and other bioactive compounds extracted from pineapple waste and the composition of pineapple essential oil. Pineapple peels are the potential raw material for essential oil extraction through various methods. Modern spectrometric methods have shown that essential oil extracted from pineapple waste comprises esters, alcohols, aldehydes, and ketones. From this overview, it can be concluded that there is an important need for further research into pineapple waste as a potential source of valuable byproducts, as well as new techniques to studying industrial organic residuals to achieve higher recovery rates of valuable bioactive compounds used in pharmaceuticals, cosmetic and chemical industries as well as for developing new functional foods.

The EU in other International Organizations

2021 ◽  
pp. 128-176
Author(s):  
Jan Wouters ◽  
Frank Hoffmeister ◽  
Geert De Baere ◽  
Thomas Ramopoulos
Keyword(s):  
International Organizations ◽  
World Trade ◽  
European Court Of Justice ◽  
Full Member ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
European Court ◽  
The Status ◽  
International Body ◽  
The Eu

This chapter presents the rules under EU law and international law that enable the EU to participate in the work of other international organizations. It explains the process of the EU becoming and acting as a full member in an international body composed of States, such as the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) or the World Trade Organization (WTO). When full membership is legally not possible, the EU is often granted the status of an observer. In this regard, the chapter presents pertinent examples from the UN and its specialized organizations. It puts particular emphasis on recent European Court of Justice (ECJ) case law, including Germany v Council (‘OTIF I’), where the Court underlined that the presentation of common EU positions is necessary in international organizations, even if the EU is not a full member thereof and has not legislated in the entire field of action covered by that organization.

Certification of cheeses and cheese products origin by EU countries

2015 ◽  
Vol 117 (7) ◽  
pp. 1843-1858 ◽  
Author(s):  
Šárka Velčovská ◽  
Tomáš Sadílek
Keyword(s):  
Research Study ◽  
Country Of Origin ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Similar Distribution ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Protected Designation Of Origin ◽  
Cheese Products ◽  
Practical Implications ◽  
The Eu

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyze the Protected Designation of Origin (PDO), Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) and Traditional Speciality Guaranteed (TSG) utilization on European Union (EU) cheese market. Design/methodology/approach – Secondary data comes from the database of origin and registration. In total, 235 product names registered in the database for cheeses and cheese products were analyzed according to type of label and country of origin. To discover a dependences between the variables, χ2 test and contingency coefficients were calculated. Hierarchical clustering method enabled to identify the clusters of countries with similar distribution of products in the database. Findings – More than 80 percent of cheeses and cheese products are certified with PDO. Leading countries in number of certified products are France and Italy. Taking into account all product classes in the database, only 6 percent of all PGIs, 33 percent of PDOs and 15 percent of TSGs were awarded for cheeses and cheese products. A middle weak correlation between the number of certified products and the country of origin was confirmed. Research limitations/implications – The number of certified products is continuously increasing, their distribution between countries may change slightly over time. Only cluster analysis and two criteria of comparison were used. Practical implications – To local food producers, the findings provide a more deep insight to the EU cheese market. It could stimulate their effort in products certification. Originality/value – The paper brings findings about PDO/PGI/TSG utilization for cheese products in EU countries. There is not research study carried out from the same perspective.

scholarly journals The Efficiency of Health Systems in Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic: Evidence from the EU Countries

2022 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-15
Author(s):  
Tamara Rađenović ◽  
◽  
Vladimir Radivojević ◽  
Bojan Krstić ◽  
Tanja Stanišić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health System ◽  
Health Systems ◽  
International Health ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Health Security ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Public Health Emergencies ◽  
Comprehensive Health ◽  
The Eu

The COVID-19 pandemic has revealed the insufficient capacities and capabilities of countries around the world to deal with global infectious diseases and stressed the need to improve the international health security frame-work. An efficient and comprehensive health system that is able to cope with public health emergencies is an essential prerequisite for strengthening health security. The paper analyzes the efficiency of health systems in the European Union (EU) countries and their responsiveness to the COVID-19 pandemic. The research covers 27 EU countries and it is based on the secondary data contained in the 2019 Global Health Security Index Re-port. The aim of the paper is to identify key determinants for improving the efficiency of health systems in the EU, as well as to examine the interdependence between health expenditures and the efficiency of health system in this sample of countries. The research is conducted through descriptive statistics and correlation and regression analysis. The conclusions can be useful for the EU policy makers in formulating a strategy to improve the efficiency of Member States’ health systems and preparedness for possible new pandemics.

scholarly journals POLA PERDAGANGAN INDONESIA-TIONGKOK

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Manat Rahim ◽  
Heppi Millia
Keyword(s):  
Trade Balance ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Chinese Market ◽  
Stable Position ◽  
Oil Exports ◽  
Strong Position ◽  
Export Destination ◽  
Balance Deficit

Abstract: This study aimed to analyze the pattern of trade between Indonesia and China, the role of China as a market commodity exports, and as a supplier of imported commodities Indonesia. And identify commodities that include strong, stable and weak in entering the Chinese market. By using secondary data and descriptive quantitative analysis tools, this research generates; (1) The development of Indonesia's export destination is smaller than the development of China's imports from China, the trade balance deficit continues to expand, the intensity of the small trade and tends to decline. (2) The role of China in the larger Indonesian International trade, both as a market share of non-oil exports as well as suppliers of raw materials and capital goods. Even has shifted USA, EU, and Japan. (3) commodity exports has a strong position is; Nickel, coal, crabs, and plywood. While commodities are in a stable position is; Shrimp, palm oil, rubber, power tools, fruits, and copper and copper products have a stable position. Brown, Paper and paper products, as well as computers and computer parts in Chinese market. Keywords: Patterns of Trade, Indonesia, China Abstrak : Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pola perdagangan Indonesia-Tiongkok, peran Tiongkok sebagai pasar komoditas ekspor, dan sebagai pemasok komoditas impor Indonesia. Serta mengidentifikasi komoditas yang termasuk kuat, stabil dan lemah dalam memasuki pasar Tiongkok. Dengan menggunakan data sekunder dan alat analisis kuantitatif deskriptif, penelitian ini menghasilkan; (1)  Perkembangan ekspor Indonesia tujuan Tiongkok lebih kecil dari perkembangan impor asal Tiongkok, neraca perdagangan defisit makin membesar, intensitas perdagangan kecil dari satu dan cendrung menurun.(2) Peran Tiongkok  dalam perdagangan Internasional Indonesia semakin besar, baik sebagai pangsa pasar ekspor non migas maupun sebagai pemasok bahan baku dan barang modal. Bahkan telah menggeser posisi USA, Uni Eropa, dan Jepang . (3) Komoditas ekspor yang mempunyai posisi kuat adalah; Nikel, batu bara, kepiting, dan kayu lapis.  Sedangkan komoditas yang berada pada posisi stabil adalah; Udang, minyak sawit, karet,  alat-alat listrik, buah-buahan, dan tembaga serta produk dari tembaga mempunyai posisi stabil. Coklat, Kertas dan barang dari kertas, serta komputer beserta bagiannya di pasar Tiongkok. Kata Kunci: Pola Perdagangan, Indonesia, Tiongkok

scholarly journals Dampak Kebijakan Tarif Impor Terhadap Ekonomi Kedelai Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 73
Author(s):  
Dona Wahyuning Laily ◽  
Ida Syamsu Roidah ◽  
Ika Purnamasari
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Soybean Production ◽  
National Economic ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Government ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Home Industries

Soybean is the main crop of the palawija system which is commonly applied in Indonesia. In the national economic system, soybean is a commodity owning strategic values due to its ability to supply nutrients needed by the community and a source of income for farmers. Demand for soybean is likely to continue to increase in line with population growth, increase in per capita income, increase in public awareness of nutritional adequacy, and the development of livestock preparation and silage industries. Given the high trend of soybean demand in the future, efforts to increase domestic soybean production are becoming increasingly important. Meanwhile in the future, the policy to protect domestic soybean farmers will be limited due to the demands of free trade. Considering that soybean is consumed in the form of processed food, the increasing demand for soybeans in the future indicates that there will be more opportunities for the development of home industries to produce this food. The need for soybeans as raw material for agro-industry cannot currently be met by domestic soybean production, both in terms of quality and quantity. This causes the need for imported soybeans to be even greater. Domestic soybean production, both in quality and quantity, seems to be unable to meet the soybean needed for industrial raw materials, thus causing a higher tendency for imported soybean demand. Therefore, import tariff policies in the face of world trade liberalization must be regulated in such a way by taking into account the interests of producers, consumers, and the government. This policy is still needed in realizing the independence of export quality soybeans. Kedelai adalah tanaman utama Sistem Palawija yang umum diterapkan di Indonesia. Dalam sistem perekonomian nasional, kedelai menjadi komoditas yang memiliki nilai strategis karena memiliki kemampuan untuk memasok hara yang dibutuhkan oleh masyarakat dan merupakan sumber pendapatan bagi petani. Permintaan kedelai akan terus meningkat seiring dengan adanya peningkatan jumlah penduduk, pertambahan pendapatan perkapita tiap penduduk, meningkatnya kesadaran masyarakat akan gizi yang cukup, serta berkembangnya industri persiapan dan silase ternak. Melihat masih tingginya trend permintaan kedelai di masa datang, upaya peningkatan produksi kedelai di dalam negeri menjadi semakin penting. Sementara itu di masa depan kebijaksanaan untuk melindungi petani kedelai di dalam negeri semakin terbatas peluangnya karena tuntutan perdagangan bebas. Mengingat sebagaian besar kedelai dikonsumsi dalam bentuk bahan pangan olahan, meningkatnya permintaan kedelai di masa depan menunjukkan semakin terbukanya peluang pengembangan industri rumah tangga untuk memproduksi bahan pangan tersebut. Kebutuhan akan kedelai sebagai bahan baku agroindustri saat ini tidak dapat dipenuhi oleh produksi kedelai dalam negeri baik dari segi kualitas maupun kuantitas. Hal ini menyebabkan kebutuhan akan kedelai impor akan semakin besar. Kedelai yang dibutuhkan untuk bahan baku industri tampaknya tidak dapat dipenuhi oleh produksi kedelai dalam negeri, baik kualitas maupun kuantitasnya, sehingga menyebabkan kecenderungan permintaan kedelai impor semakin tinggi. Oleh karena itu, kebijakan tarif impor dalam menghadapi liberalisasi perdagangan dunia harus diatur sedemikian rupa dengan memperhatikan kepentingan produsen, konsumen, dan pemerintah. Kebijakan ini tetap diperlukan dalam mewujudkan kemandirian kedelai kualitas ekspor.

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