The bacterial infections of respiratory tract of swine

Respiratory diseases are one of the most important problem in modern, intensive swine production, in the world but also in our country. Intensifying pig production increases frequency and economic importance of this disease, regardless to the measures for its control. Great economic losses are expressed through direct losses due to death and compulsory slaughter, reduced daily gain, a larger feed intake for average daily gain, prolonged time of fattening, enlarged costs of treatment and a high percentage of light pigs in abattoirs. As a material for research we used the parts of respiratory organs (the lungs and mediastinal lymphonodes) deriving from 125 pigs in total. The evaluation included animals from: 11 industrial swine farms, four medium sized swine farms, and swine deriving from 17 individual (private) backyards. Bacterial isolation was carried out by aerobic, anaerobic and microaerophyl microorganism cultivation. The identification included determination of their phisiological properties by biochemical characteristics. From the examined samples of respiratory organs, the most frequently were isolated Pasteurella sp. (26.57%), E. coli (26.57%), Streptococcus sp. (16.7%), Staphylococcus sp. (5.59%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (4.90%). The solitary infective agens from total 72 examined samples was isolated (57.60%), while in 53 examined samples (42.4%) the presence of mixed infection was detected.

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INFLUENCE OF PORCINE IMMUNOGLOBULIN ADMINISTRATION ON SURVIVAL AND GROWTH OF PIGS WEANED AT TWO AND THREE WEEKS OF AGE

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4141/cjas79-089 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 59 (4) ◽

pp. 693-698 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

J. J. KENNELLY ◽

R. O. BALL ◽

F. X. AHERNE

Keyword(s):

Average Daily Gain ◽

Treated Group ◽

Control Group ◽

Weaned Piglets ◽

Stomach Tube ◽

E Coli ◽

Porcine Serum ◽

Neomycin Sulfate ◽

Survival And Growth ◽

Daily Gain

Three experiments were conducted to study growth, incidence of scouring and mortality of 2- and 3-wk weaned piglets fed immunoglobulins (IMG) derived from abbatoir porcine serum. In experiment 1, 20 piglets weaned at 2 wk of age were randomly divided into a control and an IMG-treated group. In both groups 1 × 1012 organisms of a pathogenic strain of Escherichia coli was administered by stomach tube. The IMG-treated group had a faster (P < 0.01) average daily gain, reduced incidence of scouring (P < 0.01) and lower mortality (P < 0.07) than the control group. In experiment 2, 36 piglets weaned at 3 wk of age were allotted to a control and IMG-treated group. In the absence of a loading dose of E. coli there were no significant differences in average daily gain, scour scores or rectal temperature between the control and the IMG-treated groups. In the third experiment, 72 piglets were weaned at 3 wk of age and randomly allotted to three treatments: a control, an IMG-treated and an antibiotic-treated (Neomycin Sulfate) group. The results of the former two groups were similar to those obtained in experiment 2. The antibiotic-treated group had a faster (P < 0.01) gain than both control and IMG group despite the similarity in the incidence of scouring.

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Antimicrobial Resistance, Serologic and Molecular Characterization of E. coli Isolated from Calves with Severe or Fatal Enteritis in Bavaria, Germany

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics11010023 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 23

Author(s):

Andrea Feuerstein ◽

Nelly Scuda ◽

Corinna Klose ◽

Angelika Hoffmann ◽

Alexander Melchner ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Virulence Factors ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia Coli ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Drug Resistant ◽

E Coli ◽

Extensively Drug Resistant ◽

Amoxicillin Clavulanate

Worldwide, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) cause neonatal diarrhea and high mortality rates in newborn calves, leading to great economic losses. In Bavaria, Germany, no recent facts are available regarding the prevalence of virulence factors or antimicrobial resistance of ETEC in calves. Antimicrobial susceptibility of 8713 E. coli isolates obtained from 7358 samples of diseased or deceased diarrheic calves were investigated between 2015 to 2019. Considerably high rates of 84.2% multidrug-resistant and 15.8% extensively drug-resistant isolates were detected. The resistance situation of the first, second and third line antimicrobials for the treatment, here amoxicillin-clavulanate, enrofloxacin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, is currently acceptable with mean non-susceptibility rates of 28.1%, 37.9% and 50.0% over the investigated 5-year period. Furthermore, the ETEC serotypes O101:K28, O9:K35, O101:K30, O101:K32, O78:K80, O139:K82, O8:K87, O141:K85 and O147:K89, as well as the virulence factors F17, F41, F5, ST-I and stx1 were identified in a subset of samples collected in 2019 and 2020. The substantially high rates of multi- and extensively drug-resistant isolates underline the necessity of continuous monitoring regarding antimicrobial resistance to provide reliable prognoses and adjust recommendations for the treatment of bacterial infections in animals.

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Short communication: Concentrate supplementation strategies in ryegrass pasture for productive performance in lambs

Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.5424/sjar/20181614-11067 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. e06SC02 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Sthefany K. Santos ◽

Margarete K. Falbo ◽

Itacir E. Sandini ◽

Fabiano Pacentchuk ◽

Mikael Neumann ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lolium Multiflorum ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Live Weight ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Control Group ◽

Economic Return ◽

Nutrient Quality ◽

Concentrate Supplementation ◽

The Impact ◽

Daily Gain

This study evaluated the effect of two concentrate supplementation strategies on performance, metabolic profile and economic evaluation of suckling lambs and ewes in ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) pasture. Twenty-seven ewes and 45 lambs were divided into three groups: (1) ryegrass pasture without supplementation - control (CON); (2) CON plus supplemented ewes and lambs at 1% of live weight (SEL), and (3) CON plus creep feeding supplemented lambs at 1% of live weight (CSL). Concentrate use increased (p<0.05) average daily gain (ADG) by 19.95% over CON (21.6 and 18.3% for SEL and CSL, respectively). Concentrate use contributed to minimizing forage quality fluctuation and provided greater ADG stability, mainly when ryegrass nutritional content and digestibility decreased. Blood metabolites profiles did not differ between groups, with exception of phosphorus which was higher for CON than SEL, and calcium which was higher for CSL than CON (p<0.05). Compared to CON, stoking rate values were greater to SEL (p<0.05). Compared to CSL, ewe and total stocking rate were greater (p<0.05) to SEL. Considering the control group as break even feed investment, SEL strategy had a positive economic return, while CSL showed economic losses. Concentrate use increased ADG of lambs and decrease the impact of nutrient quality changes of forage on daily gains, but must be considered that supplemental strategy used could affect negatively economic return.

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Effect of Edema Disease Vaccination on Mortality and Growth Parameters in Nursery Pigs in a Shiga Toxin 2e Positive Commercial Farm

Vaccines ◽

10.3390/vaccines9060567 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (6) ◽

pp. 567

Author(s):

Susana Mesonero-Escuredo ◽

Joaquín Morales ◽

Raúl Carlos Mainar-Jaime ◽

Gonzalo Díaz ◽

José Luís Arnal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth Parameters ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Previous History ◽

Antibiotic Use ◽

Swine Industry ◽

Nursery Pigs ◽

Edema Disease ◽

E Coli ◽

History Of ◽

Daily Gain

Diseases caused by Escherichia coli are recognized as major problems in the swine industry, one of them being edema disease (ED). Importantly, the current decrease in antibiotic use may cause difficulties in controlling the disorders caused by E. coli. Therefore, this study assessed the efficacy of a commercial vaccine against ED in nursery pigs from a farm with previous history of ED. A total of 1344 pigs were monitored; half of them were randomly assigned to a vaccinated group (VG) and the other half to a non-vaccinated group (NVG). The vaccine was administered at 7 days of age. Animals received a pre-starter feed with 2500 ppm of zinc oxide (ZnO) for 2 weeks and a starter feed without ZnO for another 3 weeks. Pen-group weights were recorded at 28 (weaning), 42 (end of pre-starter phase), and 63 days of life (end of nursery phase). Death/culling rates, average daily gain (ADG), and average daily feed intake (ADFI) were calculated for each group at each phase. The overall relative risk of dying/being culled for a pig in the NVG was 5 times higher than that of the VG group but increased to 12 times higher during the starter period. ADG and ADFI were also significantly higher in the VG group for that period. Vaccination against ED significantly reduced pig losses and improved ADG and ADFI, particularly when ZnO was not used.

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Digestion, growth performance and caecal fermentation in growing rabbits fed diets containing foliage of browse trees

World Rabbit Science ◽

10.4995/wrs.2016.4359 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 24 (4) ◽

pp. 283 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

S.H. Abu Hafsa ◽

A.Z.M. Salem ◽

A.A. Hassan ◽

A.E. Kholif ◽

M.M.Y. Elghandour ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth Performance ◽

Control Diet ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

E Coli ◽

Feed Digestibility ◽

Acid Detergent Fibre ◽

Concentrate Mixture ◽

Caecal Fermentation ◽

Daily Gain

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of feeding dried foliage (leaves and petioles) of Acacia saligna, Leucaena leucocephala or Moringa oleifera on the performance, digestibility, N utilisation, caecal fermentation and microbial profiles in New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits. One hundred weaned male NZW rabbits weighing 819.2±16.6 g and aged 35±1 d were randomly allocated into 4 groups of 25 rabbits each. Rabbits were fed on pelleted diets containing 70% concentrate mixture and 30% Egyptian berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum) hay (Control diet) or one of the other 3 experimental diets, where 50% of berseem hay was replaced with A. saligna (AS), L. leucocephala (LL) or M. oleifera (MO). Compared to Control diet, decreases in dry matter (DM; P=0.004), organic matter (P=0.028), crude protein (CP; P=0.001), neutral detergent fibre (P=0.033) and acid detergent fibre (P=0.011) digestibility were observed with the AS diet. However, DM and CP digestibility were increased by 3% with the MO diet, and N utilisation was decreased (P<0.05) with AS. Rabbits fed AS and LL diets showed decreased (P=0.001) average daily gain by 39 and 7%, respectively vs. Control. Feed conversion was similar in Control and MO rabbits, whereas rabbits fed AS diet ate up to 45% more feed (P=0.002) than Control rabbits to gain one kg of body weight. Caecal ammonia-N was increased (P=0.002) with LL, while acetic acid was decreased (P=0.001) with AS diet vs. other treatments. Caecal E. coli and Lactobacillus spp. bacteria counts were decreased with MO by about 44 and 51%, respectively, vs. Control. In conclusion, under the study conditions, tree foliage from M. oleifera and L. leucocephala are suitable fibrous ingredients to be included up to 150 g/kg in the diets of growing rabbits, and can safely replace 50% of berseem hay in diets of NZW rabbits without any adverse effect on their growth performance. Foliage from M. oleifera had a better potential as a feed for rabbits than that from L. leucocephala. Although foliage from A. saliga may be also used at 150 g/kg in the diets of growing rabbits, this level of inclusion may result in reduced feed digestibility and growth performance.

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86 Anthelmintic Resistance in Angus Bulls Participating in Regional Performance Tests

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skab235.083 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽

pp. 47-47

Author(s):

Roger T Rohrbaugh ◽

Scott P Greiner ◽

Scott A Bowdridge

Keyword(s):

Negative Correlation ◽

Transition Period ◽

Anthelmintic Resistance ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Parasite Infection ◽

Performance Tests ◽

Fecal Egg Count ◽

Regional Performance ◽

Daily Gain

Abstract Resistance to anthelmintics, more commonly referred to as “de-wormers,” has been on the rise in parasites that affect cattle. Parasite infection can have severe impacts on calf productivity resulting in reduced profitability. Therefore, we sought to better understand anthelmintic resistance in Appalachia by surveying Angus bulls entering performance tests in VA and WV. During a four-year period, over 1050 Angus bulls were tested at bull development facilities in Wardensville, WV, Culpeper, VA, and Wytheville, VA. Fecal samples were collected at arrival and 14 days later for determination of fecal egg count (FEC) reduction. Upon arrival, all bulls received either fenbendazole (Wardensville, WV) or moxidectin (both VA tests). In Wardensville, treatment with albendazole had a 96.7% FEC reduction, whereas, treatment with moxidectin at Culpeper and Wytheville stations resulted in FEC reduction of 29% and 34.9%, respectively. Gain during these 14 days was significantly lower for bulls from Wytheville (0.87 kg/d) than those of Culpeper and Wardensville (1.87 and 2.1 kg/d; respectively). These data can be partially explained by higher bull FEC after treatment in Wytheville (101 eggs/g) compared to bulls in Wardensville and Culpeper (3.4 and 46.4 eggs/g respectively). Additionally, there was a negative correlation between delivery FEC and average daily gain. Taken together these data demonstrate resistance to moxidectin in bulls from the Appalachian region, and that elevated parasite infection may have contributed to reduced gain during the transition period.

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ZnO Modulates Swine Gut Microbiota and Improves Growth Performance of Nursery Pigs When Combined with Peptide Cocktail

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms8020146 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 146 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Xiaoyuan Wei ◽

Tsungcheng Tsai ◽

Joshua Knapp ◽

Kristopher Bottoms ◽

Feilong Deng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiota ◽

Growth Performance ◽

Rectal Swab ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Swine Production ◽

Deficient Diet ◽

Nursery Pigs ◽

High Zinc ◽

Daily Gain ◽

Different Levels

Zinc has been very efficacious in reducing post-weaning diarrhea, whereas animal-derived peptides are suggested to improve the growth performance of weaned piglets. However, the combined effect of zinc and peptides on swine production and swine gut microbiota is still largely unknown. In this study, we followed 288 nursery pigs from the age of d30 to d60 to evaluate the growth performance and gut microbiota of weanling pigs subjected to different levels of a fish-porcine-microbial peptide cocktail (0.05%, 0.25%, and 0.5%) with or without the pharmaceutical level of zinc oxide (ZnO) (2500 ppm) supplementation in a nutrient-deficient diet. Rectal swab samples were collected from pigs with body weight (BW) approach average at each pen on d30, d42, and d60 to determine gut microbiota. Average daily gain (ADG) and BW in piglets fed high zinc (HZ) increased with increasing levels of peptide. The microbiota of the HZ group also diverged from those of the standard zinc (SZ) group from d30 to d60. Adding peptide did not alter community structure regardless of zinc supplementation. Collectively, these findings demonstrated that the pharmaceutical level of zinc as ZnO conditioned the gut community to the point where peptide could effectively restore growth performance in nursery pigs fed nutrient-deficient diets.

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Bacteriocin-producing strain of Enterococcus faecium EK 13 with probiotic character and its application in the digestive tract of rabbits

Biologia ◽

10.2478/s11756-006-0191-9 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 61 (6) ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Andrea Lauková ◽

Viola Strompfová ◽

Viera Skřivanová ◽

Zdeněk Volek ◽

Eva Jindřichová ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Enterococcus Faecium ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Standard Diet ◽

Probiotic Properties ◽

Resistant Variant ◽

E Coli ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Enterocin A ◽

Daily Gain

AbstractEnterococcus faecium EK 13 is a bacteriocin-enterocin A producing strain with probiotic properties. In this study its colonization, stability and effect on microflora in rabbits was studied as well as its influence on zootechnical parameters. Fifty rabbits of both sexes (HYPLUS, 30-day old; after weaning) were divided into control (CG) and experimental (EG) groups. They were fed a standard diet. Moreover, 25 rabbits in EG were fed daily (for 4 weeks) 15 g (separate doses ∼1.6 g) of lyophilized EK13 strain (rifampicin resistant variant — rifR; 109 cfu/g) dissolved in drinking water. After cessation of EK13 (rifR) strain application, the rabbits in both groups were fed a standard diet for the next 2 weeks. Sampling was performed in double on day 0 (at the beginning of experiment), weekly during EK13 (rifR) strain application as well as on week 1 and 2 after cessation of EK13 (rifR) strain application. The counts of EK13 (rifR) strain reached 7.1 ± 2.6 log10 cfu/g after 4 weeks and even on week 2 after its cessation the counts 5.6 ± 2.3 log10 cfu/g were determined. The total counts of enterococci in the rabbits were already increased in EG comparing with CG (p < 0.05); even 2 weeks after EK13 (rifR) strain cessation, their counts in EG were 7.2 ± 2.6 log10 cfu/g (p < 0.001). Enterococci in CG reached at the same time the value 3.7 ± 2.6 log10 cfu/g. The counts of E. coli were significantly reduced in EG during 4 weeks (p < 0.05, p < 0.001). Even 2 weeks after EK13 (rifR) strain cessation significant difference in E. coli counts between CG and EG was detected (p < 0.001). Enterobacteria in EG were significantly reduced (p < 0.001). Average daily gain in EG was 41.0 ± 3.83 in comparison to CG (40.6 ± 3.72); it means almost the same; although rabbits in EG showed higher feed intake per kg of gain than rabbits in CG. Preliminary results demonstrated that EK13 is a perspective probiotic candidate for rabbits.

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Dietary manipulation post weaning to improve piglet performance and gastro-intestinal health

Animal Science ◽

10.1079/asc50400347 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 81 (3) ◽

pp. 347-356 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

K.M. Pierce ◽

T. Sweeney ◽

P.O. Brophy ◽

J.J. Callan ◽

P. McCarthy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lactic Acid ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Basal Diet ◽

Linear Increase ◽

Dietary Manipulation ◽

Intestinal Health ◽

Tissue Samples ◽

E Coli ◽

Villous Height ◽

Daily Gain

AbstractTwo experiments were conducted to investigate the use of dietary manipulation as a means of improving piglet post-weaning performance and gastro-intestinal health. In experiment 1, 144 piglets (24 days old) in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement were offered diets containing 65, 170 and 280 g lactose per kg with or without lactic acid (16 g/kg) for 28 days. In experiment 2, 20 piglets (24 days old) (in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement were offered the following diets for 7 days and then sacrificed: T1) basal diet; T2) basal diet + 15 g inulin per kg; T3) basal diet + 16 g lactic acid per kg and T4) basal diet + 15 g inulin per kg + 16 g lactic acid per kg. After slaughtering, tissue samples were taken from the duodenum, jejunum and ileum for morphological measurements. Digesta samples were taken from the ileum, caecum and colon for microbiology and volatile fatty acid analysis. In experiment 1, pigs offered diets containing lactic acid had improved daily gain (P< 0·01) and food efficiency (P< 0·05) from days 0 to 7 compared with pigs offered diets containing no lactic acid. There was a linear increase (P< 0·05) in average daily gain (ADG) from days 0 to 28 and a linear decrease in faecal pH (P< 0·01) with increasing lactose levels. There was a quadratic effect of lactose on food conversion ratio from days 0 to 28 (P< 0·05). In experiment 2, there was a significant interaction between inulin and lactic acid in villous height in the jejunum (P< 0·001) and the concentrations of lactobacilli (P< 0·1) andE. coli(P< 0·05) in the colon. The inclusion of inulin and lactic acid resulted in a significant increase in villous height compared with the inulin only diet (P< 0·001). However, lactic acid had no effect on villous height in pigs offered diets without inulin supplementation. The inclusion of lactic acid and inulin caused a significant increase in both lactobacilli andE. coliconcentrations compared with the inulin only diets (P< 0·05). However, neither inulin nor lactic acid had an effect on lactobacilli andE. colinumbers in isolation of the other. In conclusion, in experiment 1, lactic acid improved performance in the 1st week post weaning. There was a linear increase in ADG with increasing lactose levels. In experiment 2, the combination of lactic acid and inulin increased villous height in the jejunum and concentrations of lactobacilli andE. coliin the colon.

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The effect of the halothane gene on pork production and meat quality of pigs reared under commercial conditions

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4141/cjas91-117 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 71 (4) ◽

pp. 959-967 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

A. P. Sather ◽

A. C. Murray ◽

S. M. Zawadski ◽

P. Johnson

Keyword(s):

Meat Quality ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Carcass Quality ◽

Swine Production ◽

Anterior Portion ◽

Pork Production ◽

Longissimus Dorsi Muscle ◽

Reflectance Meter ◽

Daily Gain

Production and meat quality traits were evaluated on 74 commercially raised heterozygous pigs (Nn) and 50 homozygous normal pigs (NN) at the halothane locus, with an average carcass weight of 79.7 kg. Eight-week weight, average daily gain and age to market, as well as measures of carcass quality (i.e., dressing percent, grade site fat and muscle depths and predicted lean yield) did not differ among pigs with Nn and NN genotypes. The longissimus dorsi muscle from Nn and NN pigs had similar subjective colour and structure scores. Reflectance meter readings (CIE L*-values) were significantly higher on chops from Nn than from NN pigs taken from the centre (57.4 vs. 55.6) and from the anterior portion (56.2 vs. 54.5) of the loin. Drip loss among Nn pigs was higher than among NN pigs for chops taken from the centre (4.8 vs. 3.8 g 100 g−1) and from the anterior portion (3.7 vs. 2.9 g 100 g−1) of the loin (P < 0.01). Soluble protein was 1.7% lower (P < 0.001) in Nn pigs compared with the NN pigs. Barrows attained market weight earlier (P < 0.05) than gilts, but they had a lower dressing percentage (P < 0.05) and greater grade fat depth (P < 0.001) and had 1.2% less predicted lean yield of carcass (P < 0.001) than gilts. Since meat quality declined without concomitant increases in growth rate or improvements in carcass quality, it was concluded that the intentional use of the halothane gene should be discouraged. Key words: Swine, production, carcass quality, meat quality, halothane gene

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