scholarly journals On the external standardization of the language of Serbs

2008 ◽  
pp. 365-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prvoslav Radic
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
Standard Language ◽  
Language Varieties ◽  
Language Variety ◽  
European Culture ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Language Characteristics ◽  
The One ◽  
Linguistic Engineering ◽  
The 19Th Century

The weakening of the SFRY (Socialist Federative Republic of Yugoslavia) which was followed by its dissolution, had an impact on a wide range of issues, one of them being the degradation of the so called Serbo-Croatian language. Not only did the external political influences contribute to the dissolution of the SFRY, but they also play a part in the linguistic profiling of new standard varieties today. However, as the dissolution of Yugoslavia couldn't have been imagined without consequences for Serbs primarily, the transformation of the 'Serbo-Croatian' language into a series of new language norms-successors of the old ones, cannot take place without challenging the rights of the great number of Serbs who live outside of Serbia. These are the rights that primarily refer to the linguistic and social identity - therefore the national identity. The best illustration of this are the external influences in the domain of linguistic engineering today, and these influences can basically be divided into extensive (e. g. commercials, radio and TV programmes) and intensive (textbooks, handbooks etc). The aim of this study is the analysis of those different kinds of pressures put on the standard variety of the language of Serbs. From the domain of the extensive influences (commercials) there is an example of the instruction given on a tube of toothpaste (Vademecum laboratories, Perfection 5 - Schwarzkopf & Henkel, Dusseldorf - Germany), and as an example of the intensive influences of this type, there is an American textbook (R. Alexander, E. Elias-Bursa} Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, a Textbook, With Exercises and Basic Grammar, The University of Wisconsin Press, 2006). Both of these language materials proved to be highly compatible when it comes to the characteristics that should become an integral part of the standard language variety of Serbs, and apparently only the Serbs who live in Serbia. Among the language characteristics which are 'typically Serbian' the most prominent are: ekavian dialect ('lepa deca', not: 'lijepa djeca'), the 'da + prezent' construction ('moram da citam', not: 'moram citati'), the prepositional form 'sa' ('sa limunom', not: 's limunom'), as well as many other characteristics like interrogative sentences beginning with da li ('Da li si student?', not 'Jesi li student?') etc. As it follows the newly formed political borders in the area of the former SFRY, the contemporary linguistic engineering has engaged itself in creation of the new standard language varieties, including the one (or should we say, primarily the one) that belongs to the Serbs. However, the Serbs don't have the need for the re-standardization of their language (which became widely familiar to the European community since the 17th century, and it underwent the process of standardization at the beginning of the 19th century owing to the work of Vuk Karadzic) after the dissolution of SFRY, especially if it would be carried out from the outside and not take into account all the entities of this nation, e. g. the Serbs in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro etc. Because it is those Serbs who have always contributed significantly to the culture, science, and the overall identity of the Serbs generally, doing an immense favor to the European and even the world culture, and science in general. That is why the European culture - if it seeks to remain multiethnic and democratic - and other cultures similar to her, must allow the Serbs to preserve their cultural and national identity, wherever they may live - and the best proof of this will be its attitude towards the standard language variety which was established by Serbs almost two centuries ago.

scholarly journals Opisy interiekcji w wybranych XIX-wiecznych słownikach języka polskiego

LingVaria ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-24
Author(s):  
Marek Kaszewski
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Functional Variants ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The One ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Linguistic Units

Descriptions of Interjections in Selected Polish Dictionaries from 19th Century The author of the text analyses interjections present in three Polish dictionaries from the 19th century: the dictionaries by S.B. Linde, J.S. Bandtkie and A. Osiński, which are a part of a larger linguistic collection created in order to study and describe historical Polish interjections. The article takes into account the internal diversity of the historical class of interjections in the light of the lexicographers’ attempts to describe such units. Our attention is drawn to the lack of graphical normalization of interjections in the dictionaries, as well as the inconsistency of their marking and definition on the one hand, and the wide range of functional variants on the other. Differences in the manner of presentation of interjections in these dictionaries are also taken into account. Moreover, the author emphasizes the fact that they include a large number of animal-related (hunting) interjections. The study of the dictionary materials confirmed that their authors did not work out a method of a lexicographical description of these linguistic units.

scholarly journals FDB’s centrallagre som kulturarv.

Kulturstudier ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mette Tapdrup Mortensen
Keyword(s):  
Retail Trade ◽  
Industrial Heritage ◽  
Continuous Innovation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Usa ◽  
History Of ◽  
Self Service ◽  
The One ◽  
Storage Distribution ◽  
The 19Th Century

<p>I disse år tales meget om velfærdssamfundets eller efterkrigstidens kulturarv. Hvordan skal vi forholde os til de mange bygninger i nye materialer, der samtidigt er udtryk for nye måder at indrette samfundet på? Denne artikel bygger på en undersøgelse af FDB’s centrallagre, der i mere end 50 år har været produktions- og lagringssted for detailhandlens vareflow.</p><p><strong><em>Abstract</em></strong></p><p><em>Since the first member-owned co-operative shops emerged in Denmark in the second half of the 19th century, and organised themselves as the FDB in 1896, the latter’s prime objective has been to provide its members with a wide range of products at the most favourable prices. This has required continuous innovation and change, not least in the second half of the 20th century, as competition in the retailing market intensified. In the mid-1950s, the management of FDB implemented a comprehensive rationalisation of production, transport, storage, distribution and sales, as well as the overall structure connecting these aspects of its enterprise. Drawing on inspiration from the USA, within a decade this process radically transformed both the FDB itself and Danish retail trade in its entirety.</em></p><p><em>In a broader perspective, this rationalisation process and its consequences  is a part of the history of the Danish welfare society, since it concerns the emergence of the modern consumer, as well as technical, economic and administrative innovation of the retail trade. The local co-operative shop with the manager behind the desk and the goods sold loose was replaced by modern self-service shops with standardised equipment, and numerous multi-storey warehouses distributed in the old city centres were in the early 1960s substituted by seven, strategically located central warehouses serviced by fork-lift trucks. The one located in Albertslund functioned from 1964 onwards as the organization’s headquarters.. In 2007 Kulturarvsstyrelsen (The Heritage Agency of Denmark) proclaimed this warehouse in Alberslund, today the headquarters of the Coop, to be one of 25 national sites of industrial heritage.</em></p>

Urban Native Food in Johannesburg

Africa ◽  
1936 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen Hellmann
Keyword(s):  
Urban Environment ◽  
Food Habits ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Free Play ◽  
The Other ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
European Culture ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
The One

There are two factors affecting the diet of urban Natives: on the one hand there is the expansive influence of assimilation to and adoption of European food habits, and on the other hand there is active a restrictive influence in the shape of poverty. The urban Native, through his close contact with European culture which residence in an urban environment inevitably entails, has been introduced to an extraordinarily wide range of new foodstuffs and new ways of preparing food. Consequently the range of his food desires has been much increased. But his desires are not allowed free play among this new and wide selection. The factor which narrows down his choice and curbs his desire is his poverty. The urban Native eats according to the capacity of his pocket and his food is usually the first item of expenditure which is marked out for especial economy.

The importance of intra-linguistic diversity in teaching Slovenian as the first language

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Jerca Vogel
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
Linguistic Diversity ◽  
Language Teaching ◽  
First Language ◽  
Standard Language ◽  
Language Varieties ◽  
Stratification Theory ◽  
Language Variety ◽  
Main Culture

Abstract In recent decades, Slovenian sociolinguistic situation and within the functions of different language varieties have dramatically changed. In spite of this process, the standard language remains a language variety that enables an individual to participate equally in educational and public life. As the Slovenian schools are not successful enough in developing of the discursive flexibility and mastering of the standard language, in the article, the functions of Standard language in modern Slovenian-speaking society is described; the specific groups of primary Slovenian language speakers are defined, and some solutions for improving the first language learning are suggested. In 1990’s, in opposite to the prevailing traditional structural language-stratification theory, the new classification of the primary sociolects, based on the English functional linguistics, by A. E. Skubic was represented. According to his theory, the sociolects are defined as non-hierarchically ordered cultivated or marginal language varieties that are used and identified with by different social groups. Based on Skubic’s classification, two main groups of primary-Slovenian language speakers can be described. The speakers of the cultivated primary sociolects are mostly self-confident users of language, identifying themselves with the main culture. In opposite, the speakers of the marginal sociolects could be de-privileged due to their linguistic deficit in standard language and micro-cultural discursive patterns, used in educational or public contexts. As it is suggested, to improve students’ linguistic competence and diminish deficits, the discursive flexibility should be understood as a complex awareness, consisting of cognitive, emotional-evaluative and active dimensions. Therefore, the basic principle of first language teaching should become the extended holistic principle, emphasizing the inclusion of standard and different non-standard language varieties, observation of their different functions in specific communicative situations and reflection about the complex context, that can be implemented to first language teaching in all basic phases of learning.

Dialectal speech of youth as a part of their personal and national identity

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-151
Author(s):  
Melita Zemljak Jontes ◽  
Simona Pulko
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
Influence Factors ◽  
Negative Attitude ◽  
Standard Language ◽  
Social Language ◽  
Language Varieties ◽  
A Value ◽  
Language And Literature ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Formal Communication

Abstract The article presents the research findings on the use of various social varieties of the Slovenian language, i. e. Standard and Non–standard language, by the students studying Slovenian language and literature in Maribor. A brief introduction is followed by a description of language culture and its efforts to improve the subject matter and the importance of the norm in a language with rich social language varieties use. The research indicates the largely positive attitude of young people to the use of their own dialect in different language situations thus shifting the society’s traditionally negative attitude towards the use of dialectal language, perceiving it as a value and as an indicator of one’s personal and national identity. General dialectal characteristics are distinguished in non-formal communication and the informants' switching between the Standard language and the dialect in non-formal communication is a rare occurance, showing that the environment of schooling and the field of study are not prevailing influence factors in choosing a specific social language variety.

scholarly journals Identity at Intersection of Cross-National Relations (Ukrainian Issue in Polemics with Cultural Vision of S. Hurban-Vajanský)

2019 ◽  
pp. 64-73
Author(s):  
Ivana Taranenkova
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Young Generation ◽  
Critical Approach ◽  
Cultural Center ◽  
National Movement ◽  
National Life ◽  
The One ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Cultural Movement

The paper focuses on the ways of interpreting the Ukrainian issue (manifestations of independent Ukrainian national identity) by representatives of the Slovak national movement. At the late 19th and early 20th century this issue became a part of polemics between two opposite strategies of contemporary Slovak culture. On the one hand, there were prominent figures of the national life whose activities were connected to Martin, contemporary Slovak cultural center. On the other hand, there were representatives of a young generation who proposed their own solutions for improving the Slovak political and cultural situation. The journal “Hlas” provided coverage of their activities. The periodical was launched with the help of Czech politic and philosopher Tomáš Garique Masaryk.  His ideas influenced the members of the Slovak cultural movement who called themselves ‘hlasisti’. Above all, they were opposed to the cultural and ideological views of Svetozár Hurban Vajanský who was the key figure of Slovak national movement in the last two decades of the 19th century. His vision was deeply influenced by the idea of Slavic unity and conservative rusophilia. Ukrainian issue questioned the legitimacy of the idea of a unified Slavonic world with accepted hegemony of Russia. It revealed contemporary antagonisms between Slavic nations that were ignored by the earlier generations of the Slovak national movement. The impulses from Czech cultural background, where emancipation of Ukrainian nation was discussed with more attention at the end of the 19th century, played a crucial role in this differentiation of the Slovak national life. The main point was the refusal to identify own national identity with a common Slavic one. The key figures of the Czech national movement had an uncertain and critical approach to social and political circumstances of contemporary Russia. In Slovak and Czech context, the reflection of Ukrainian efforts to reach national emancipation gave an opportunity to clarify questions connected to their own national and cultural identity.

scholarly journals Diglossia

Linguistics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lotfi Sayahi
Keyword(s):  
Language Contact ◽  
Central Concept ◽  
Language Varieties ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Family ◽  
New Varieties ◽  
Functional Distribution ◽  
The One ◽  
Arabic Speaking ◽  
Range Of Variation

Diglossia describes a situation of a complementary functional distribution of two or more language varieties. The varieties in question may belong to the same historical language, as in the case of standard Arabic and the Arabic dialects across the Arabic-speaking world (this first type of diglossia is referred to in the literature as classical, genetic, or endoglossic diglossia), or they may be more separate and genetically distant languages, as in the case of Spanish and Guarani in Paraguay (this second type of diglossia is referred to as extended, non-genetic, or exoglossic diglossia). The complementary functional distribution is often assumed, as opposed to strictly adhered to. Domains of use tend to overlap, and increasingly so since the advent of digital communication. In cases when the varieties that are in a diglossic situation are part of the same language, the differences between them are usually more prominent at the lexical level, but there may also be divergent phonological and morphosyntactic features. Most commonly, diglossia implies the existence of one High (H) variety and one Low (L) variety (Ferguson 1959, cited under Ferguson’s Classical Diglossia: Definition). The H variety is the code associated with education, government, religion, and other institutional domains. The H variety is also the one that tends to be the standardized form of the historical language and the one used for writing and scripted communication. By contrast, the L variety is the code used extemporaneously for daily communication within the family and in other informal domains of interaction. Generally, the L variety is not standardized and shows a wide range of variation along geographical and socioeconomic lines. Another distinction between the H variety and the L variety has to do with attitude and language ideology: while speakers may not naturally transmit the H variety to their children, and while these children acquire the L variety as a native language, speakers in diglossic situations tend to have much more favorable attitudes toward the H variety. In fact, the L variety often is perceived as a “corrupt” form of the H variety, or in cases of separate languages, as a less sophisticated form of communication. Diglossia is a central concept for the study of both dialect drift and the emergence of new varieties, and language contact and contact-induced change, with implications for a variety of issues that relate broadly to language in society.

scholarly journals Belgian Standard Dutch

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jo Verhoeven
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Regional Variability ◽  
Standard Language ◽  
Language Varieties ◽  
Speech Communities ◽  
The One ◽  
Syntactic Differences

Dutch is a language spoken by about 20 million people in the Netherlands and Belgium. This region is not only characterised by a complex dialect situation, but also by the use of two institutionalised varieties of the Standard language: Netherlandic Dutch is spoken in the Netherlands and is documented in Collins & Mees (1982), Mees & Collins (1983) and Gussenhoven (1999), while Belgian Dutch is spoken in the northern part of Belgium (Flanders) by approximately 6 million speakers. This variety is the same as what is commonly referred to internationally as ‘Flemish’. However, the term ‘Flemish’ is avoided here since it erroneously suggests that this language is different from the one spoken in the Netherlands: the lexical and syntactic differences between the two language varieties are very small. Nevertheless, there are significant phonetic differences as well as substantial regional variability within the two speech communities.

Mutual Intelligibility of Standard and Regional Dutch Language Varieties

2008 ◽  
Vol 2 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 101-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leen Impe ◽  
Dirk Geeraerts ◽  
Dirk Speelman
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Lexical Decision Task ◽  
Decision Task ◽  
Standard Language ◽  
Language Varieties ◽  
Language Variety ◽  
Computer Controlled ◽  
Dutch Language

In this experimental study, we aim to arrive at a global picture of the mutual intelligibility of various Dutch language varieties by carrying out a computer-controlled lexical decision task in which ten target varieties are evaluated – the Belgian and Netherlandic Dutch standard language as well as four regional varieties of both countries. We auditorily presented real as well as pseudo-words in various varieties of Dutch to Netherlandic and Belgian test subjects, who were asked to decide as quickly as possible whether the items were existing Dutch words or not. The experiment's working assumption is that the faster the subjects react, the better the intelligibility of (the language variety of) the word concerned.

scholarly journals Over de tweestrijd tussen taalnorm en taalrealiteit : Hoe NT2-leerkrachten uit een Gentse school worstelen met niet-standaardtalige variatie in het NT2-onderwijs

2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 205-224
Author(s):  
Chloé Lybaert ◽  
Ella van Hest ◽  
Sara Van Cleemputte
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Empirical Study ◽  
Official Language ◽  
Standard Language ◽  
Language Varieties ◽  
Regional Dialects ◽  
Language Variety ◽  
Daily Interactions

Abstract Flanders, the Dutch-speaking part of Belgium, shows a strong presence of non-standard language varieties, such as tussentaal (lit. ‘in-between language’) or regional dialects. However, Dutch as a second language (L2) education in Flanders mainly focuses on (Belgian) Standard Dutch, the official language variety in Flanders. Newcomers settling in Flanders seem to experience a large gap between the standard language advocated in policy and education and the multitude of non-standard language varieties they encounter in daily interactions. L2 teachers in Flanders are thus dealing with students who often struggle to communicate with L1 speakers of Dutch. In this empirical study, we address this issue by probing the opinions of L2 teachers: do they believe tussentaal and dialects form a communication threshold for their students? To what extent do they focus on non-standard language during their lessons, and what reservations or doubts do they possibly have about teaching non-standard language in the classroom? To answer these questions, we draw on fieldwork conducted in the East Flemish city of Ghent.

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