scholarly journals The use of degraded peatlands for biomass production

2021 ◽  
pp. 103-112
Author(s):  
Aleh Rodzkin ◽  
Euhenia Charnenok ◽  
Borivoj Krstic
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Production ◽  
Emissions Trading ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Common Reed ◽  
Ecological Effect ◽  
Technological Parameters ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Peat Mining ◽  
Wood Residues ◽  
The Cost

The goal of this research is an assessment of the possible use of peatlands biomass and straw for the production of mixed bio-pellets. Peaty soils are a specific type of soils formed as the result of wetlands drainage. Peat mining is completed by the factory if the layer of the peat is less than 1-2 meters and not enough deep for effective mechanical excavation. After the peat excavation is finished, the biggest problem is the use of these lands for other purposes. One of the perspective directions is rewetting of post-mining peatlands to stimulate the growth of common reed, cattail, fescue, sedge, and other grasses which may grow in natural conditions, and also improve conditions for the cultivation of other plants, including trees. The yield of wetland grass in Belarus varies from 8.1 to 14 DM g ha-1 per year. The yield of willow wood can reach 8-10 of DM g ha-1 per year. The highest prime cost of biomass is obtained for willow wood, but it will be lower with the enlargement of the plantation area. Pellets with a high content of wood residues (sawdust) have the best technological parameters including calorific value when compared to pellets from only peat and peat plus straw. Biomass production on degraded peaty soils has also an ecological effect. The cost of carbon quotas on the market varies from 20 to 25 euro per ton, and biomass production can provide additional profit in the case of CO2 emissions trading depending on the biomass content in the fuel.

ASSESSMENT OF ECOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF COMPOSITE FUEL PRODUCTION FROM THE PEAT AND BIOMASS

2021 ◽  
pp. 207-220
Author(s):  
Aleh I. Rodzkin ◽  
Evgenija V. Chernenok ◽  
Vasilij M. Sivko ◽  
Viatcheslav A. Rakovitch
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Production ◽  
Economic Efficiency ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Fuel Production ◽  
Renewable Biomass ◽  
Prime Cost ◽  
Wood Residues ◽  
Composite Fuel ◽  
Feedstock Production

The goal of investigation was assessment of environmental impact and economic efficiency of composite briquette production on the base of peat and renewable biomass. Biomass for composite briquettes was obtained from straw (cereal crops and rape) and wood residues (sawdust, chips) Experimental composite briquette were produced from the mixture of peat and biomass in relation to – 25 : 75, 50 : 50, 75 : 25. The technological cards of biomass feedstock production for 6 variants were developed. Technological cards were used for calculation of emission into the atmosphere during life cycle of biomass production and prime cost of biomass. The lowest volume of gas (SO2, NOx, CO2) and particulate matter (PM) emission was installed for biomass production from the sawdust. The highest volume of emission was installed for production of biomass from the straw with pressing it in standard bale. The volume of CO2 emission for the sawdust production was 6 kg per ton of biomass and for the standard bale of straw was 19 kg per ton of biomass. Prime cost of sawdust production (lowest) was 11 belarusian rubles per ton of biomass, for the wood chips was 19 rubles per ton and for the straw varied from 26 to 33 rubles per ton in depend of technology. It was installed that growth of biomass rate in composite briquette had a good influence on number of basic fuel characteristics (contents of ash, sulfur and moisture). The variation of calorific value of briquette was not significant in depend of biomass contents. In accordance with assessment of all characteristics the better briquettes was obtained from the peat and sawdust.

scholarly journals Growth and biochemical composition of Chlorella vulgaris in different growth media

2013 ◽  
Vol 85 (4) ◽  
pp. 1427-1438 ◽  
Author(s):  
MATHIAS A. CHIA ◽  
ANA T. LOMBARDI ◽  
MARIA DA GRACA G. MELAO
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Production ◽  
Chlorella Vulgaris ◽  
Biochemical Composition ◽  
Physiological Response ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Growth Media ◽  
Continuous Cultures ◽  
The Cost

The need for clean and low-cost algae production demands for investigations on algal physiological response under different growth conditions. In this research, we investigated the growth, biomass production and biochemical composition of Chlorella vulgaris using semi-continuous cultures employing three growth media (LC Oligo, Chu 10 and WC media). The highest cell density was obtained in LC Oligo, while the lowest in Chu medium. Chlorophyll a, carbohydrate and protein concentrations and yield were highest in Chu and LC Oligo media. Lipid class analysis showed that hydrocarbons (HC), sterol esthers (SE), free fatty acids (FFA), aliphatic alcohols (ALC), acetone mobile polar lipids (AMPL) and phospholipids (PL) concentrations and yields were highest in the Chu medium. Triglyceride (TAG) and sterol (ST) concentrations were highest in the LC Oligo medium. The results suggested that for cost effective cultivation, LC Oligo medium is the best choice among those studied, as it saved the cost of buying vitamins and EDTA associated with the other growth media, while at the same time resulted in the best growth performance and biomass production.

scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF EXTERNAL ENGINEERING NETWORK METHODS

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (157) ◽  
pp. 7-11
Author(s):  
V. Zhvan ◽  
V. Donenko ◽  
S. Kulish ◽  
A. Taran
Keyword(s):  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Directional Drilling ◽  
Horizontal Directional Drilling ◽  
Technological Parameters ◽  
Optimal Method ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Analytical Review ◽  
Conducting Research ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Selection Of

The article is devoted to the effective analysis of trench and trenchless pipeline laying technologies. In the course of the work, an analytical review of pipeline assembly was performed, the main technological parameters, the scope of each method, and their advantages and disadvantages were determined. List of considered pipeline laying methods: trenching, horizontal directional drilling, mechanical puncture, hydraulic puncture, microtunneling and punching. The article analyzes the classical trench method and the most widely used trenchless ones: horizontal directional drilling; mechanical puncture; hydraulic puncture; microtunneling; punching. Each of these methods has several advantages and disadvantages. The choice of the optimal method of laying the pipeline depends on many factors: the physical and mechanical properties of soils and hydrogeological conditions, the length and diameter of the pipeline, the presence of other communications, buildings and structures, as well as the budget that customers have. Work time is the last deciding factor. Based on the results of the analysis of pipeline laying technologies and expert survey of construction industry experts, the cost table of each method was compiled, outlining the main characteristics of the technology: length of pipeline, speed of work, scope, cost, and the advantages and disadvantages of each of the considered methods. The conclusions about the use of each of the pipeline laying methods were made. Each of the methods has its advantages and disadvantages, so to choose the method of work it is necessary to conduct a comprehensive assessment of technological parameters, cost, scope and timing of work. The cost of lay-ing the pipeline consists of the following factors: conducting research; selection of diameter and determination of pipeline length; choice of laying method and equipment necessary for the works; selection of equipment, shut-off and control equipment and other materials arranged on the pipeline; terms of performance of works. Taking into account these factors, an estimate is made, which determines the cost of installation of a particular pipeline. After the analysis, we can conclude that among the methods of trenchless laying of pipelines can be identi-fied horizontally directional drilling, it is this method of laying the pipeline will be appropriate to use for our region. The drilling technique allows to carry out pipelines under obstacles, to pull long segments of networks, to repair site damage. This method is universal and can be used in almost any environment. Keywords: trenches, horizontal directional drilling, mechanical puncture, hydraulic piercing, microtunnelling, punching, pipeline.

scholarly journals Performance Comparative Analysis of Monocrystalline and Polycrystalline Single Diode Solar Panel Models using the Five Parameters Method

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 14
Author(s):  
Rizal Akbarudin Rahman ◽  
Aripriharta Aripriharta ◽  
Hari Putranto
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Input Data ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Solar Panel ◽  
Solar Panels ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Panel Models ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Module Performance

The use of renewable energy as a source of electrical energyincreases every year. Unfortunately, Indonesia does not have manypower plants that utilize renewable energy sources. The mostpotential renewable energy in Indonesia is the sunlight with the helpof solar panels that converts solar energy into electrical energy.However, the environment could affect the solar panel module andin turn, affect the performance of solar panels or the generatedelectric energy. This research calculated the performance of solarpanels with a single-diode model using the Five Parameters methodthat required solar panel module specification data, the totalradiation absorbed by the solar panel module, and the temperatureof the environment. The Five Parameters method is a methodmodeled after solar panel module performance in the form of thesingle-diode equivalent circuit. The Five Parameters method isreliable in predicting the energy produced by the solar panels whenthe input data is limited. The results for using the Five Parametersin monocrystalline solar panels were Isc = 1.827 A, Imp = 0.662 A,Voc = 18.221 V, Vmp = 15.019 V, Pmp = 9.955 W. And the results inpolycrystalline solar panels were Isc = 1.926 A, Imp = 0.686 A, Voc =17.594 V, Vmp = 14.166 V, Pmp = 9.722 W. Based on the results; itwas concluded that the most efficient and optimised types of solarpanels on natural conditions in Sendang Biru Beach was themonocrystalline solar panel because it produced electrical outputpower of 9.955 W. Therefore, there could be a manufacturer ofsolar energy power plants to reduce the cost of electricity in thecoastal area, such as in Sendang Biru Beach.

scholarly journals Constructiv and Technological Consideration on the Generation of Gear Made by the DLP 3D-Printed Methode

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 440-443
Author(s):  
Mircea Dorin Vasilescu
Keyword(s):  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Functional Domain ◽  
Conserved Quantities ◽  
Technological Parameters ◽  
Specific Design ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Cylindrical Gears ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Mechanical Elements ◽  
The Cost

The aim of the work is conduct to highlight how the technological parameters has influence of 3D printed DLP on the generation of wheel, made from resin type material. In the first part of the paper is presents how to generate in terms of dimensional aspects specific design cylindrical gears, conical and worm gear. Generating elements intended to reduce the cost of manufacturing of these elements. Also are achieve the specific components of this work are put to test with a laboratory test stand which is presented in the paper in the third part of the paper. The tested gears generated by 3D-printed technique made with 3D printed with FDM or DLP technique. After the constructive aspects, proceed to the identification of conserved quantities, which have an impact both in terms of mechanical strength, but his cinematic, in order to achieve a product with kinematic features and good functional domain specific had in mind. The next part is carried out an analysis of the layers are generated using the DLP and FDM method using an optical microscope with magnification up to 500 times, specially adapted in order to achieve both visualization and measurement of specific elements. In the end part, it will highlight the main issues and the specific recommendations made to obtain such constructive mechanical elements.

scholarly journals Efficient central heating and modern heat sources

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 28-33
Author(s):  
Monika Pawlita
Keyword(s):  
Energy Saving ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Heating System ◽  
Heat Pumps ◽  
Single Family ◽  
Heating Source ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Family House

Background: The methods of heating houses with system components determine the energy-saving systems. Energy-saving solutions allow to maintain comfortable conditions in the house, while minimizing the cost associated with its operation and at the same time helping to protect natural environment. The examples of such solutions include condensing boilers, heat pumps and solar collectors.Material and methods: The object of the analysis in this paper is typical single-family house occupying the area of 150 m². The comparison of analyzed heating system for a single-family house, including modern energy sources, allows the assessment of the most cost-effective method of heating. Results: Choosing rational method of heating for a single-family house is dictated mainly by economic reasons. The efficiency of the heating sources is also very important. In addition, an important factor is a heating period, which depends on the weather conditions in a given year.Conclusions: The costs of fuel/energy are still growing. Fuel selection is determined mainly by fuel calorific value and the price. To select the type of the heating source one must take into account the cost of kWh of heat.

scholarly journals Certain investigation on RC aircraft engine to identify the suitability of Methanol and Castor oil Alternative fuel

2021 ◽  
Vol 850 (1) ◽  
pp. 012010
Author(s):  
S Yuvaraj ◽  
C J Thomas Renald ◽  
A P Senthil Kumar ◽  
K Sadesh ◽  
D Naveen Promoth
Keyword(s):  
Castor Oil ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Aircraft Engine ◽  
Fuel Properties ◽  
Aircraft Engines ◽  
New Creation ◽  
Emission Standards ◽  
Fire Point ◽  
Alternate Fuel ◽  
The Cost

Abstract In the current age drones are broadly utilized for different applications in pretty much every field. Because of the disturbing expense of the glow fuel utilized in the RC motors, utilization of the equivalent includes a ton of capital. Adding to it, the current fuel brings about intermittent combustion is in demand of alternate fuel. This paper manages the investigation of existing fuel synthesis and discovering the cost required to dispose of the high capital included, so that considerably more tests and study utilizing the RC Engines 2.5 cc can be completed easily. Methanol and Castor oil Combination is considered as an alternate fuel. The approach includes testing of the fuel to decipher the substance parts and their individual pieces through a progression of tests. Followed by the study of possible additives to enhance the performance of the engine without actually altering the timing intervals. The new creation of the fuel showed up is blended in with extraordinary hardware and the equivalent is tried for essential fuel properties viz., Density, Flash point, Fire point, Calorific value, and so forth The productivity arrangement is made utilizing a pulley instrument and the equivalent is tried for both the energizes. Performance of the R/C aircraft engine was tested with existing glow fuel and the new blend. Results are compared and concluded that the designed blend is a potent alternate fuel for R/C aircraft engines. *Future scope: It can be further tested for its SFC and emission standards. The outcome shows that the new fuel is exceptionally cost productive and the essential substance properties are profoundly improved.

scholarly journals Influence of natural and climatic factors on the organization of construction

2020 ◽  
Vol 164 ◽  
pp. 08006
Author(s):  
Marat Kuzhin ◽  
Ekaterina Chepik ◽  
Angelina Baranova
Keyword(s):  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Technical Documentation ◽  
Construction Work ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Monolithic Structures ◽  
Cost Of Construction

In this research the influence of natural and climatic conditions on the organization of construction production are examined. Our purpose was to identify the nature of the dependence of the duration of construction work on natural and climatic factors. The analysis of normative and technical documentation in terms of accounting for the influence of natural and climatic factors was made. The system of estimation of influence of natural conditions on preparatory, ground, facade, roofing works, and also the appliance of monolithic structures, installation of prefabricated ferroconcrete items, and on works – implementation of internal finishing is offered. It was estimated, that the norms of construction production take into account a certain number of natural and climatic factors affecting the performance of work, but most of these factors have not yet been given in the normative and technical documentation. It is necessary to study this issue more comprehensively and to establish exact dependences on natural and climatic conditions, which will allow to quantify these factors already while calculating. This is necessary to compile more accurate calendar plans and schedules of production of works, as close as possible to real conditions. The study of this issue is one of the most important issues in the design of construction production. With insufficient consideration of these factors, the final actual figures are very different from the projected ones, which also lead to an increase in the cost of construction and installation work and the duration of their implementation. Taking into consideration the influence of natural and climatic factors will allow planning construction production more accurate.

Design of special tools by CAD/CAM systems

1998 ◽  
Vol 212 (5) ◽  
pp. 357-371
Author(s):  
J C Rico ◽  
S Mateos ◽  
E Cuesta ◽  
C M Suárez
Keyword(s):  
Computer Aided Design ◽  
Automatic Identification ◽  
Automatic Design ◽  
Technological Parameters ◽  
Optimum Cutting ◽  
Cad Cam ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Aided Design ◽  
Cam Systems ◽  
Selection Of

This paper presents a program for the automatic design of special tools developed under a CAD/CAM (computer aided design/manufacture) system. In particular, the special tools made with standard components have been considered. Since the design of these types of tools was essentially related to the selection of their components, this paper deals with this aspect, insisting upon the selection of those components directly related to the removal of material: the toolholders or cartridges and the inserts. To select these components it is necessary to take into account not only geometrical or technological rules but also economical ones, owing to the high amount of possible components they can select. Consideration of economical aspects required the formulation of the cost equation associated with the use of these types of tools, characterized because their cutting edges coincide with different cutting velocities. Likewise, consideration of economical aspects allows the selection of the optimum cutting conditions and the cutting components to take place at the same time. Some of the geometrical and technological parameters related to the selection of cutting components are automatically identified by the system through an automatic identification of the workpiece profile.

scholarly journals Extruded Solid Biofuels of Rice Straw Plus Oriented Strand Board Residues at Various Proportions

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 3468
Author(s):  
Feiyu Tian ◽  
Deliang Xu ◽  
Xinwu Xu
Keyword(s):  
Rice Straw ◽  
Oriented Strand Board ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Extrusion Process ◽  
Agricultural Residues ◽  
Bonding Agents ◽  
Solid Biofuels ◽  
Wood Residues ◽  
Biomass Resources

Disposal of vast agricultural residues has been a nerve-wracking social problem in many agriculture-intensive regions. Open-field combustion both squanders those biomass resources and causes severe atmospheric pollution and hazards. In addition, wood industries yield residues such as sanding powders without value application. Production of biofuels out of these biomass provides a multiple beneficial solution. To that end, this work focused on fabrication of biomass fuels using rice straws (Calorific value: 14.7 MJ/Kg) and wood residues from OSB industries (Calorific value: 17.3 MJ/Kg). Biofuel sticks from various proportions of biomass residues were made using an 18.5 KW industrial biomass extruder without adding bonding agents, achieving densities of 1.0–1.6 g/cm3 and comparative calorific values. The biofuel sticks exhibit moisture sensitivity when subjected to a ten-day conditioning. Release of residual stresses that were created during the densification process led to structural destruction of the products under moisture aggression. It’s highlighted that combination of rice straw particles with OSB residues gives sound extrusion process ability and high combustibility. The blend of rice straws and OSB residues are proven practically feasible for making solid biofuels. It’s suggested to promote the waste-to-wealth technological scheme in addressing the energy crisis worldwide, especially in those regions rich in agricultural residues while poor in non-renewable energy sources.

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