The Nature of Protestantism

1937 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-23
Author(s):  
Wilhelm Pauck
Keyword(s):  
General Character ◽  
Wilhelm Dilthey ◽  
Common Features ◽  
Form Of Life ◽  
Reformed Church ◽  
The World ◽  
State Of Mind ◽  
Life Context ◽  
Total State ◽  
Total Life

In dealing with a subject of such a general character, I am well aware of the limitations of the undertaking. It is not possible to define the nature of Protestantism in such a manner as to establish certain principles to which all its historical expressions must or do conform. I accept the statement of Wilhelm Dilthey which reads as follows:The religions which appear within a developed civilization have common features. They lift the human consciousness to a point at which, by its connection with divinity and the invisible, it renders itself independent from the world. Hence it is the aim of these religions to overcome the contradictions and repressions of life (Hemmungen) by an inner connection with God. Beatitude signifies the developing total state of mind in which all single emotions arising from participation in the world are resolved. Hence religion is neither a cult nor a dogma nor a mode of action but the total life context of a person in which this aim has been attained. From this there result significant consequences for the historian. No religion or communion can be represented by a principle from which cult, dogma, and morality can be derived. The endless theological debates about a principle of Christianity, of Reformed religiousness, of the Lutheran or Reformed church, are without object. This life context cannot even be wholly analysed. As in every form of life, there remains something unanalysable also in every form of religiousness. Just therein religion is, like art; superior to scientific knowledge. One cannot state in one sentence the essence of Christianity. Every attempt of such a sort is historical metaphysics. Knowledge of Christianity is the analysis of the Christian religiousness in individual Christians and in society.

scholarly journals Daily reality as a relevant form of life

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 377-381
Author(s):  
Daniela N. Ivanova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Human Activity ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Public Life ◽  
Philosophical Discourse ◽  
Form Of Life ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
Life Context ◽  
Philosophical Nature ◽  
Activity Organization

The article focuses on the phenomenon of daily reality as an element of public life. The author analyses the principles this notion is based on. Daily reality is a mode that states the authenticity of a man’s being. The premises which have led to the necessity of the notion’s study are defined, the latter being a fundamental rethinking of rationality’s role as a method to figure out where a man’s place in the world is. The author analyses methodology of the problem within the philosophical discourse, and gives a socio-cultural justification of daily reality structures and levels. To formulate the social and philosophical nature of daily reality clearly actual historical and public life context is considered. Potentially this approach helps investigate the practical side of being, which earlier has been considered by philosophers unessential from the standpoint of motives of a man’s life. The author argues that the rationalization of all the spheres of life is not the only way to regulate social being. Processes which go beyond rationality play a very significant role in human activity organization. Daily reality is not a form of passive, irresponsible living, it is viewed as the human mode of authentic being and one of the phases of active, creative, responsible existence constructing.

Ч. АЙТМАТОВДУН «ТООЛОР КУЛАГАНДА» РОМАНЫНДАГЫ ПЕЙЗАЖДЫК СҮРӨТТӨӨЛӨР

2020 ◽  
pp. 92-94
Author(s):  
Н. Алтыкеева ◽  
Б. Ниясалиева
Keyword(s):  
Full Moon ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Additional Tool ◽  
The Sublime ◽  
The World ◽  
State Of Mind ◽  
Inner World ◽  
Aesthetic Values

Аннотация. Макалада романдын мазмунунан орун алган пейзаждык сүрөттөөлөр талкууланат. Пейзаждык сүрөттөөлөр чыгарманын көркөмдүүлүгүн, эстетикалык баалуулугун арттыруу менен катар эле каармандардын образын тереңден ачып берүүдө, окуялардын өнүгүп-өсүшү жана алдыда боло турган окуялар тууралуу окурманга маалымат берүүдө кошумча каражат катары колдонулат. Жазуучу романда пейзаждык сүрөттөөлөрдү өтө кылдат колдонгону байкалат. Алсак, тоо адамдагы улуулук жана бийиктикти айгинелейт, толукшуган ай жан- дүйнөнүн бөксөрбөй толуп турушун көрсөтөт, ачык асмандын алай-дүлөй түшкөн көрүнүшкө айланышы - каармандын ички сезими, уйгу-туйгу ойлонуусу, жан дүйнөсүнүн бурганак болушун ачып көрсөтүүдө маанилүү болсо, чабалекейлердин тынымсыз учуп чабалакташы, жан алакетке түшүп чыйпылдашы – алдыда боло турган кырсыктуу окуя тууралуу кабар берсе, согуштун апааты жашыл шибердин, бак-дарактардын күлгө айланышы, чымчык-куштардын күздү күтпөй кайдадыр учуп кетип жатышы менен түшүндүрүлөт. Tүйүндүү сөздөр: пейзаж. роман, идея, легенда, эпилог, каарман, негизги окуялар. Аннотация. В статье дается пейзажное описание. Пейзажное описание используется в произведении как дополнительное средство эстетических ценностей и помогает раскрыть образы героев, и действия произведения. Писатель в романе тонко использует пейзажное описание. Например горы возвышенное и самое ценное в человеке, а полная луна – счастливое душевное состояние человека, а превращение безоблачного неба в бущующий вид – указывает, как неспокойно в душе главного героя, его беспокойные мысли, как бушует его внутренний мир, а ласточки неспокойно летающие, предвещают несчастье, птицы улетающие раньше времени, превращение зелёной травы, деревьев в пепел предвещают ужасы войны. Ключевые слова: пейзаж. роман, идея, легенда, эпилог, герой, главное событие Annotation. The article discusses the landscape description. The landscape description is used in the work as an additional tool for aesthetic values and helps to reveal the images of heroes, and in the development of the action of the work/ The writer in the novel subtly uses the landscape description. The mountains are the sublime and the most valuable in a person, and the full moon is a happy state of mind of a person, and the transformation of a cloudless sky into a raging view indicates how restless the soul of the protagonist is, his restless thoughts. How his inner world is raging, and the swallows are restlessly flying, foreshadow the misfortune, the birds flying away ahead of time, the transformation of green grass, trees in the forehead the horrors of war. This article describes the idea of the story "Do not kill" which is given instead of the epilogue in the novel "When the mountains fall" which was written by Ch.Aitmatov. It considers the role of a story that calls to live in peace and to end wars that are occurring in the world. Keywords: Landscapе, novel, idea, legend, epilogue, hero, main event.

A comparison of the changes in the patterns of the usage and categorization of the classifier ‘ben 本’ in Korean, Chinese, and Japanese

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-51
Author(s):  
Jeong-A Jo
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Chinese Character ◽  
Chinese Characters ◽  
Common Features ◽  
The World ◽  
The Common ◽  
Korean Chinese ◽  
The Relationship

This study aims to examine the common features and differences in how the Chinese-character classifier ‘ ben 本’ is used in Chinese, Korean, and Japanese, and will explore the factors that have affected the categorization processes and patterns of the classifier ‘ ben 本.’ Consideration of the differences in the patterns of usage and categorization of the same Chinese classifier in different languages enables us to look into the perception of the world and the socio cultural differences inherent in each language, the differences in the perception of Chinese characters, and the relationship between classifiers.

A comparison of the changes in the patterns of the usage and categorization of the classifier ‘ben 本’ in Korean, Chinese, and Japanese

2021 ◽  
pp. 251385022098177
Author(s):  
Jeong-A Jo
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Chinese Character ◽  
Chinese Characters ◽  
Common Features ◽  
The World ◽  
The Common ◽  
Korean Chinese ◽  
The Relationship

This study aims to examine the common features and differences in how the Chinese-character classifier ‘ ben 本’ is used in Chinese, Korean, and Japanese, and will explore the factors that have affected the categorization processes and patterns of the classifier ‘ ben 本.’ Consideration of the differences in the patterns of usage and categorization of the same Chinese classifier in different languages enables us to look into the perception of the world and the socio cultural differences inherent in each language, the differences in the perception of Chinese characters, and the relationship between classifiers.

The Latah Reaction: Its Pathodynamics and Nosological Position

1952 ◽  
Vol 98 (413) ◽  
pp. 515-564 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. M. Yap
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
English Literature ◽  
Intrinsic Interest ◽  
Common Features ◽  
Malay Archipelago ◽  
Mental Diseases ◽  
The World ◽  
The Common ◽  
Unusual Symptoms

Few mental diseases have attracted the attention of medical men working in outlandish parts of the world more than Latah. This is due, not only to its intrinsic interest, showing as it regularly does the unusual symptoms of echolalia, echopraxia, and automatic obedience, but also to its remarkable geographical distribution. This illness was described by travellers to the Malay Archipelago in the latter part of the nineteenth century, but very similar reactions were later found to exist in other lands, known to the native peoples by other names. The term “Latah,” however, is the best known, and as the common features between these various reactions became apparent, it has been used as an inclusive name for them all. It is to-day employed with much the same connotation in the French, Dutch, Italian, and English literature, but the discussion of its nature betrays inadequate understanding, attempts at its nosological classification remain unsatisfactory, and speculations as to its aetology continue to be somewhat fanciful.

A Russian Mystic Faces the Age of Rationalism and Revolution: Thought and Activity of Ivan Vladimirovich Lopukhin

1967 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 170-188
Author(s):  
Alexander Lipski
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
The State ◽  
Russian Culture ◽  
Peter The Great ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Western Influence ◽  
The World ◽  
Extreme Degree ◽  
State Of Mind

It is generally accepted that even though rationalism was predominant during the eighteenth century, a significant mystical trend was simultaneously present. Thus it was not only the Age of Voltaire, Diderot, and Holbach, but also the Age of St. Martin, Eckartshausen and Madame Guyon. With increased Western influence on Russia, it was natural that Russia too would be affected by these contrary currents. The reforms of Peter the Great, animated by a utilitarian spirit, had brought about a secularization of Russian culture. Father Florovsky aptly summed up the state of mind of the Russian nobility as a result of the Petrine Revolution: “The consciousness of these new people had been extroverted to an extreme degree.” Some of the “new people,” indifferent to their previous Weltanschauung, Orthodoxy, adopted the philosophy of the Enlightenment, “Volter'ianstvo” (Voltairism). But “Volter'ianstvo” with its cult of reason and belief in a remote creator of the “world machine,“ did not permanently satisfy those with deeper religious longings. While conventional Orthodoxy, with its emphasis on external rites, could not fill the spiritual vacuum, Western mysticism, entering Russia chiefly through freemasonry, provided a satisfactory alternative to “Volter'ianstvo.”

CHARACTERISTIC OF THE CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN, COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (10) ◽  
pp. 5-11
Author(s):  
Muzaffar Nurbaev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Best Practices ◽  
International System ◽  
Individual State ◽  
Universal System ◽  
Common Features ◽  
World Community ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
The Republic ◽  
System States

The world community will turn into a common international system. States, which are a separate independent part of this universal system, develop in all spheres in interaction, interdependence and interdependence. Each individual state can benefit from the best practices of another state in the field of political, legal, legislative and state building.Naturally, the study of the experience of foreign parliamentarism is of great importance for Uzbekistan, which democratically restructures its political and legal system and moves towards the formation of a bicameral legislature through parliamentary reforms. Over the past two hundred years of the historical development of parliamentarism, an incredibly rich and meaningful experience has been accumulated. No matter how diverse the diversity in this regard, comparing the activities of existing parliaments on the planet, it will be possible to identify all important aspects, common features and features of this state-legal phenomenon. The essence, traditions and general laws of parliamentarism can be understood by comparing the legislative practice that has developed in advanced countries with the procedures formed in them. At the same time, it should be noted that a number of rare works have been published based on a comparison of the experience of different parliaments

Continuity and Peculiarities in Proto-Kazakh and Ancient Indian Early Religious Beliefs

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (121) ◽  
pp. 185-195
Author(s):  
Zatov Zatov
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Life Forms ◽  
Religious Knowledge ◽  
Concept Of God ◽  
Common Features ◽  
The World ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Universe

A comparative study of the mythological picture of the world, early forms of religion allows us to identify common features characteristic of the worldview and spiritual guidelines of mankind as a whole. These features can be traced in archaic ideas about the structure of the universe, in understanding their spiritual and bodily essence, the infinity of God and the eternity of the soul, the relationship and interdependence of life forms in the world. This allows us to assert the thesis of the unity of mankind in its spiritual origins, despite racial and ethnic diversity. In the process of a comparative analysis of mythology, early forms of religion, the concept of God, the pantheon and the function of the gods, similar moments and ethnological specifics of understanding the essence of the soul and reincarnation in totemistic beliefs, in cosmological and theogonistic concepts are revealed.The author also analyzes the role and significance of the cult of ancestors, traces the evolution of the idea of proto-monotism (the creative function of Tengri and Brahma, the intention of henotheistic faith) and its place in religious knowledge.

scholarly journals MUSICALISATION OF J. BUNYAN’S AND H. SKOVORODA’S LITERARY DISCOURSE

2019 ◽  
pp. 372-384
Author(s):  
O. Shykyrynska
Keyword(s):  
Significant Influence ◽  
Musical Instrument ◽  
Musical Instruments ◽  
Common Features ◽  
Musical Space ◽  
The Bible ◽  
Musical Theme ◽  
The World ◽  
Musical Sounds ◽  
Artistic Heritage

The article deals with the musical space of the artistic heritage of J. Bunyan and H. Skovoroda that has many common features. The general place in the heritage of both writers is reference to solemn church or angelic singing, accompanying the scenes of triumph of the heroes. There are numerous quotations from the Bible psalms, that both writers mastered perfectly. Outplaying of the mythologemes “a man as a musical instrument” and “a world as a musical instrument” became common for both authors. Musical code is expressed in comparison with man’s features and musical sounds; assimilation of the world with a musical instrument, desire to hear “the music of spheres”. The comparison of a man’s emotional impulse with the sounds of musical instruments reveals willingness of the man of the Baroque age for the search of correspondence and for the synthesis of arts in a broad sense. Music as an art differs in the ability to reveal symbols by means of a sound, having a significant influence on the recipient. The analysis of musical component of H. Skovoroda and J. Bunyan’s work demonstrates its precise orientation on musicalisation of writers’ discourse. In the meantime musical theme is represented much wider in Skovoroda’s work than in the work of the English writer. The article introduces J. Bunyan and H. Skovoroda as bright representatives of national variants of baroque aesthetics.

People’s Confessor of the Caves of Gethsemane Skete: The Image of St. Barnabas of Gethsemane in Prose by I. S. Shmelev

2020 ◽  
pp. 324-342
Author(s):  
Денис Владимирович Макаров
Keyword(s):  
Short Story ◽  
Personal Relationship ◽  
Cultural Tradition ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
The World ◽  
Monastic Life ◽  
State Of Mind ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
Aesthetic Thinking

Основная цель исследования - изучить образ преподобного Варнавы Гефсиманского в творчестве Ивана Сергеевича Шмелёва, а также показать значение в судьбе писателя личного общения со старцем Варнавой. В работе применяется сравнительно-исторический метод и метод филологического анализа. Для достижения указанной цели анализируется биография писателя, художественные произведения И.С. Шмелёва, в которых встречается образ преподобного Варнавы Гефсиманского, в частности романы «История любовная», «Лето Господне», «Пути Небесные», повесть «Богомолье», очерк «У старца Варнавы» и другие. Наиболее важные результаты исследования: И. С. Шмелёв создаёт образы праведников, опираясь на эстетическую традицию православия изображать святых и праведников в сиянии света. Немаловажным эстетическим приёмом является изображение человека глазами ребенка, стоящего на границе «ангельского» возраста, который, глядя на людей, воспринимает в силу своей духовной чистоты не столько их внешний облик, сколько состояние души: светлое или тёмное. При этом светоносность выстраивается в художественной системе И. С. Шмелёва в чёткую иерархию, которая основана на святоотеческой православной иерархии, выраженной словами преподобного Иоанна Лествичника: «Свет монахам - ангелы, а свет для всех мирских - монахи и монашеское житие», что наглядно показывает глубокую укорененность эстетического мышления писателя в православной культурной традиции. The main goal of the study is to evaluate the image of the Monk Barnabas of Gethsemane in the work of Ivan Sergeyevich Shmelev, as well as the significance of the writer’s personal relationship with elder Barnabas. The work uses the comparative historical method and the method of philological analysis. To achieve this goal, an analysis is made of the biography and works of I. S. Shmelyov, in which the image of the Monk Barnabas of Gethsemane is found, in particular, in the novels The Story of a Love, The Summer of the Lord, The Heavenly Ways, The Pilgrimage (Bogomoliye), the short story A Visit to Elder Barnabas, and others. The most important results of the study show that I. S. Shmelev creates images of the righteous, relying on the aesthetic tradition of Orthodoxy- he depicts saints and the righteous in a radiant and favourable light. An important aesthetic device is the image of a person through the eyes of a child, soon to cross the “angelic” age, who (due to his spiritual purity), looking at people, perceives not only their appearance, but their state of mind: light or dark. At the same time, luminosity is built in the artistic system of I. S. Shmelyov in a clear hierarchy, which is based on the patristic Orthodox hierarchy, expressed by the words of St. John Climacus: «Angel are an example for monks and monks and monastic life are a light to to all in the world», which clearly show the deep-rooted aesthetic thinking of the writer in the Orthodox cultural tradition.

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