Bacillus Politicus and the Diseased State

Exosomes have attracted considerable attention as drug delivery vehicles because their biological properties can be utilized for selective delivery of therapeutic cargoes to disease sites. In this context, analysis of the in vivo behaviors of exosomes in a diseased state is required to maximize their therapeutic potential as drug delivery vehicles. In this study, we investigated biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of HEK293T cell-derived exosomes and PEGylated liposomes, their synthetic counterparts, into healthy and sepsis mice. We found that biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of exosomes were significantly affected by pathophysiological conditions of sepsis compared to those of liposomes. In the sepsis mice, a substantial number of exosomes were found in the lung after intravenous injection, and their prolonged blood residence was observed due to the liver dysfunction. However, liposomes did not show such sepsis-specific effects significantly. These results demonstrate that exosome-based therapeutics can be developed to manage sepsis and septic shock by virtue of their sepsis-specific in vivo behaviors.

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The Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis and Alzheimer Disease. From Dysbiosis to Neurodegeneration: Focus on the Central Nervous System Glial Cells

Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.3390/jcm10112358 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. 2358

Author(s):

Maria Grazia Giovannini ◽

Daniele Lana ◽

Chiara Traini ◽

Maria Giuliana Vannucchi

Keyword(s):

Alzheimer Disease ◽

Glial Cells ◽

Cell Types ◽

The Past ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

Diseased State ◽

The Brain ◽

Alzheimer Disease Pathogenesis ◽

Brain Homeostasis

The microbiota–gut system can be thought of as a single unit that interacts with the brain via the “two-way” microbiota–gut–brain axis. Through this axis, a constant interplay mediated by the several products originating from the microbiota guarantees the physiological development and shaping of the gut and the brain. In the present review will be described the modalities through which the microbiota and gut control each other, and the main microbiota products conditioning both local and brain homeostasis. Much evidence has accumulated over the past decade in favor of a significant association between dysbiosis, neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Presently, the pathogenetic mechanisms triggered by molecules produced by the altered microbiota, also responsible for the onset and evolution of Alzheimer disease, will be described. Our attention will be focused on the role of astrocytes and microglia. Numerous studies have progressively demonstrated how these glial cells are important to ensure an adequate environment for neuronal activity in healthy conditions. Furthermore, it is becoming evident how both cell types can mediate the onset of neuroinflammation and lead to neurodegeneration when subjected to pathological stimuli. Based on this information, the role of the major microbiota products in shifting the activation profiles of astrocytes and microglia from a healthy to a diseased state will be discussed, focusing on Alzheimer disease pathogenesis.

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Targeting unfolded protein response: a new horizon for disease control

Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine ◽

10.1017/erm.2021.2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 23 ◽

Author(s):

Madhu Khanna ◽

Nishtha Agrawal ◽

Ramesh Chandra ◽

Gagan Dhawan

Keyword(s):

Unfolded Protein Response ◽

Disease Progression ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Cancer Type ◽

Unfolded Protein ◽

Diseased State ◽

Protein Response ◽

And Control ◽

Er Homeostasis ◽

Signalling Cascade

Abstract Unfolded protein response (UPR) is an evolutionarily conserved pathway triggered during perturbation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis in response to the accumulation of unfolded/misfolded proteins under various stress conditions like viral infection, diseased states etc. It is an adaptive signalling cascade with the main purpose of relieving the stress from the ER, which may otherwise lead to the initiation of cell death via apoptosis. ER stress if prolonged, contribute to the aetiology of various diseases like cancer, type II diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, viral infections etc. Understanding the role of UPR in disease progression will help design pharmacological drugs targeting the sensors of signalling cascade acting as potential therapeutic agents against various diseases. The current review aims at highlighting the relevance of different pathways of UPR in disease progression and control, including the available pharmaceutical interventions responsible for ameliorating diseased state via modulating UPR pathways.

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Determination of Blood Flow in Superficial Arteries of Human Face using Doppler Ultrasonography in Young Adults

The International Journal of Frontier Sciences ◽

10.37978/tijfs.v5i1.339 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Nedal Iqbal ◽

Khubaib Shahid ◽

Muhammad Imtiaz ◽

Faiqua Yasser ◽

Ayesha Ashraf ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Flow ◽

Peak Systolic Velocity ◽

Vascular Diseases ◽

Facial Artery ◽

Categorical Variables ◽

Human Face ◽

Important Indicator ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Health And Disease ◽

Diseased State

Background: Human face is highly vascular region and vascularity to the skin and other organs is an important indicator of health and disease. Change in blood flow is affected by aging, diabetes, high blood triglycerides, cigarette smoking etc. With so many factors that can alter blood flow in the skin, normal blood flow is important to know for comparison to diseased state. Blood flow in superficial arteries of face has not yet been described, therefore this study was designed to establish baseline blood flow values in arteries of face. Materials and Methods: Blood flow of right and left side was assessed at level of facial and infraorbital artery. Categorical variables were presented in form of frequency and percentages was done by using Mann-Whitney U. Wilcoxon Signed Ranks test was used to compare left and right facial and infra orbital arteries. Results: Peak systolic velocity of right and left facial artery had a significant difference having right side mean of 67.02±12.48 and left side mean as 72.67±11.69. Facial artery diameter of right and left side also had significant difference with mean of 0.14±0.02 and 0.15±0.02 respectively. Conclusion: No difference was found between vascularity in male & female and left or right side. The study might be useful to establish normal baseline values of various parameters on both sides of face in male and female adults. This study may become important reference for future studies measuring blood flow and even progression of vascular diseases may be assessed by indexes developed on the basis of these studies.

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Development of an in vitro co-culture model to mimic the human intestine in healthy and diseased state

Toxicology in Vitro ◽

10.1016/j.tiv.2017.08.011 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 45 ◽

pp. 31-43 ◽

Cited By ~ 36

Author(s):

Angela A.M. Kämpfer ◽

Patricia Urbán ◽

Sabrina Gioria ◽

Nilesh Kanase ◽

Vicki Stone ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Intestine ◽

Culture Model ◽

Diseased State

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WASH Practices and Its Association With Disease and Nutritional Status of Under Five Children: Evidence From Rural Bangladesh

10.20944/preprints202201.0187.v1 ◽

2022 ◽

Author(s):

Mohammad Abdul Kuddus ◽

Atiqur Rahman Sunny ◽

Mizanur Rahman

Keyword(s):

Rural Communities ◽

Nutritional Status ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Disease Outbreaks ◽

Nutrition Status ◽

Chi Square ◽

Under Five ◽

Knowledge And Practice ◽

Diseased State ◽

Nutritional Status Of Children

This study aimed to assess knowledge and practice of caregivers and its relationship to the disease and nutritional status of children under five years of age in rural areas of Sylhet, Bangladesh. A total of 110 households having 6 to 59 months aged children was selected by simple random method from ten rural communities of three Upazila of Sylhet during September 2019 to February 2020. Descriptive statistics were used to assess the WASH knowledge & practice and multivariate chi-square analyses were performed to assess associations among diseases & nutritional status with WASH following a structured questionnaire. The study found a significant association of WASH with childhood disease and nutritional status, and 65% of children were found to be in a diseased state and 35% of children were found to be in a disease-free state within the last six months. The findings sketched that mother with poor wash knowledge and practice was at greater risk for disease outbreaks, disease frequency and duration. The highest incidence of diarrhea was 17% in children aged 12 to 23 months. Significant effect of WASH was also found in children nutrition status, that was reflected in the ratio of stunted, underweight and wasted children. Integrated convergent work focusing on the provision of clean water within the household, stop open defecation, promotion of hand washing, behavior change and poverty alleviation is needed to improve the situation. Health, nutrition and livelihood programs should be uninterrupted, and mothers or caregivers should be encouraged to participate in these programs.

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Role of Samyoga Viruddha Ahara in Kustha Vyadhi - An Observational Study

Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences (JAIMS) ◽

10.21760/jaims.5.4.15 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (04) ◽

pp. 86-91

Author(s):

Raosaheb A. Deshmukh

Keyword(s):

Observational Study ◽

Decisive Role ◽

Causative Factor ◽

Human Beings ◽

Diseased State

Food plays a decisive role in development, sustain, reproduction and termination of life. Through centuries, Food has been recognized as an important factor for human beings, in health and diseased state. Viruddha Ahara is one potent causative factor for several diseases. Consumption of Viruddha Ahara gives rise to various disturbances of mild to violent nature and disease of acute to chronic nature including the eight Maharogas, genetic disturbances and even sometimes causes death of the person. To conduct on observational study to access the role of Samyoga Viruddha Ahara is one of the Nidana for manifestation of Kustha Vyadhi. In the present observational study were selected of total 50 patients was conducted at O.P.D, Patients were screened on the basis of specially prepared questionnaires format. On Observational study majority of patients i.e. 82% of patients were consumed Samyoga Viruddha Ahara majority of patients i.e. 58% were consuming Viruddha Ahara (Samyogaja Viruddha Ahara), 26% were doing Malamutra Vega Dharana, 16% were doing Vyayama after Bhojana and 36% patients were doing Diwaswapna.

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Systems Modeling of Proliferation Mechanisms in Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

E-Health Technologies and Improving Patient Safety: Exploring Organizational Factors ◽

10.4018/978-1-4666-2657-7.ch015 ◽

2013 ◽

pp. 227-256

Author(s):

George I. Lambrou ◽

Apostolos Zaravinos ◽

Maria Adamaki ◽

Spiros Vlahopoulos

Keyword(s):

Cell Proliferation ◽

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia ◽

Systems Approach ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Lymphoblastic Leukemia ◽

Leukemic Cell ◽

Systems Modeling ◽

Global Patterns ◽

Diseased State

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) is the most common neoplasm in children, but the mechanisms underlying leukemogenesis are poorly understood, despite the existence of several theories regarding the mechanics of leukemic cell proliferation. However, with the advent of new biological principles, it appears that a systems approach could be used in an effective search of global patterns in biological systems, so as to be able to model the phenomenon of proliferation and gain a better understanding of how cells may progress from a healthy to a diseased state. This chapter reviews the current knowledge on proliferation dynamics, along with a discussion of the several existing theories on leukemogenesis and their comparison with the theories governing general oncogenesis. Furthermore, the authors present some “in-house” experimental data that support the view that it is possible to model leukemic cell proliferation and explain how this has been performed in in vitro experiments.

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Renal reabsorption in 3D vascularized proximal tubule models

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ◽

10.1073/pnas.1815208116 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 116 (12) ◽

pp. 5399-5404 ◽

Cited By ~ 68

Author(s):

Neil Y. C. Lin ◽

Kimberly A. Homan ◽

Sanlin S. Robinson ◽

David B. Kolesky ◽

Nathan Duarte ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Proximal Tubule ◽

Disease Modeling ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Kidney Tissue ◽

Renal Reabsorption ◽

Native Kidney ◽

Glucose Reabsorption ◽

Diseased State ◽

And Function

Three-dimensional renal tissues that emulate the cellular composition, geometry, and function of native kidney tissue would enable fundamental studies of filtration and reabsorption. Here, we have created 3D vascularized proximal tubule models composed of adjacent conduits that are lined with confluent epithelium and endothelium, embedded in a permeable ECM, and independently addressed using a closed-loop perfusion system to investigate renal reabsorption. Our 3D kidney tissue allows for coculture of proximal tubule epithelium and vascular endothelium that exhibits active reabsorption via tubular–vascular exchange of solutes akin to native kidney tissue. Using this model, both albumin uptake and glucose reabsorption are quantified as a function of time. Epithelium–endothelium cross-talk is further studied by exposing proximal tubule cells to hyperglycemic conditions and monitoring endothelial cell dysfunction. This diseased state can be rescued by administering a glucose transport inhibitor. Our 3D kidney tissue provides a platform for in vitro studies of kidney function, disease modeling, and pharmacology.

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Patient-specific three-dimensional simulation of LDL accumulation in a human left coronary artery in its healthy and atherosclerotic states

AJP Heart and Circulatory Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpheart.01182.2008 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 296 (6) ◽

pp. H1969-H1982 ◽

Cited By ~ 66

Author(s):

Ufuk Olgac ◽

Dimos Poulikakos ◽

Stefan C. Saur ◽

Hatem Alkadhi ◽

Vartan Kurtcuoglu

Keyword(s):

Shear Stress ◽

Coronary Artery ◽

Left Coronary Artery ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Arterial Blood Flow ◽

Patient Specific ◽

Computed Tomography Images ◽

Arterial Blood ◽

Diseased State ◽

Stress Dependent

We calculate low-density lipoprotein (LDL) transport from blood into arterial walls in a three-dimensional, patient-specific model of a human left coronary artery. The in vivo anatomy data are obtained from computed tomography images of a patient with coronary artery disease. Models of the artery anatomy in its healthy and diseased states are derived after segmentation of the vessel lumen, with and without the detected plaque, respectively. Spatial shear stress distribution at the endothelium is determined through the reconstruction of the arterial blood flow field using computational fluid dynamics. The arterial endothelium is represented by a shear stress-dependent, three-pore model, taking into account blood plasma and LDL passage through normal junctions, leaky junctions, and the vesicular pathway. Intraluminal pressures of 70 and 120 mmHg are employed as the normal and hypertensive operating pressures, respectively. By applying our model to both the healthy and diseased states, we show that the location of the plaque in the diseased state corresponds to one of the two sites with predicted high-LDL concentration in the healthy state. We further show that, in the diseased state, the site with high-LDL concentration has shifted distal to the plaque, which is in agreement with the clinical observation that plaques generally grow in the downstream direction. We also demonstrate that hypertension leads to increased number of regions with high-LDL concentration, elucidating one of the ways in which hypertension may promote atherosclerosis.

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