Uzbekistan

2019 ◽  
pp. 95-124
Author(s):  
Richard Pomfret
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
National Economy ◽  
Public Services ◽  
World Cotton ◽  
Administrative Capacity ◽  
Transition Strategies ◽  
Military Command ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Military ◽  
New Phase

This chapter explores the national economy and transition strategies of Uzbekistan. At independence Uzbekistan inherited important assets, including the best civil aircraft fleet, the military command, and the best administrative capacity in Central Asia. Indeed, during the 1990s, Uzbekistan was the most successful of all Soviet successor states in terms of limiting the fall in output, and in the early 2000s it became the first former Soviet republic to regain its pre-independence level of GDP. Uzbekistan was fortunate that world cotton prices increased substantially after independence, providing the resources to maintain public services, and when cotton prices fell in 1996 the government overreacted by introducing foreign exchange controls. A new phase of Uzbekistan's economic development dates from the termination of forex controls at the end of 2003.

Turkmenistan

2019 ◽  
pp. 125-154
Author(s):  
Richard Pomfret
Keyword(s):  
National Economy ◽  
Economic Liberalization ◽  
World Cotton ◽  
Energy Prices ◽  
Basic Goods ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
World Markets ◽  
Transition Strategies ◽  
Central Asian Countries ◽  
The Government

This chapter assesses the national economy and transition strategies of Turkmenistan. Among all the former centrally planned economies, Turkmenistan has regularly ranked last by transition indicators measuring speed of reform or degree of economic liberalization. Indeed, apart from the cotton and gas exports, Turkmenistan remained the most closed and least reformed of the Central Asian countries during the 1990s and early 2000s. In the years after independence, Turkmenistan could sell its cotton on world markets, and like Uzbekistan benefited from buoyant world cotton prices until 1996. Exacerbated by falling output, cotton export revenues declined sharply; like Uzbekistan but with a delay, Turkmenistan imposed draconian forex controls in 1998. After the 2014–2016 collapse in energy prices, Turkmenistan was left in a vulnerable position, facing lower global energy prices, to which the government responded by reducing subsidies on basic goods and strengthening exchange controls.

scholarly journals Upaya Indonesia Meningkatkan Pariwisata Maritim melalui Diplomasi Kebudayaan di Asia Tenggara

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harits Dwi W. ◽  
Bagus Subekti N.
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
National Economy ◽  
Cultural Diplomacy ◽  
State Building ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
The State ◽  
The Third ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Government

Indonesia is one of the largest archipelagic countries in the world, having more than 17,000 islands. It becomes one priority to the state building, more importantly in the national economy. State economic development can be driven by maximizing the potential of seawater through the tourism industry, especially in maritime tourism which is one part of the third pillars of the maritime axis. Maritime tourism may serve as an instrument of Indonesian diplomacy to compete in Southeast Asia’s tourism race. It could be very significant when the government is able to manage the potential resources. This paper argues that maritime tourism is potential for Indonesian development through maritime tourism industry in the future. This paper employs cultural diplomacy concept to describe how cultural diplomacy plays role as an instrument in promoting Indonesia’s tourism industry in the region.Keywords: maritime tourism, cultural diplomacy, tourism industry

State, Market and Social Order

2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Gabusi
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Social Order ◽  
National Development ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Institutional Constraints ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
Policy Choices ◽  
Reform Plan ◽  
The Government ◽  
New Phase

Since the beginning of the latest and most convincing phase of transition, Myanmar has emerged as the new possible frontier of economic development in Southeast Asia. Investors, political analysts, businessmen and NGOs alike have all rushed to the country in search of a new El Dorado. Are these hopes justified? Can Myanmar—one of the poorest countries in Asia—start a new phase of economic development which would not only benefit the owners of global capital, but also lift Myanmar’s population from poverty? Drawing on the literature on the political economy of institutions and some field research, the paper assesses whether policy choices made by the new government are heading the country in a direction which could generate a ‘new miracle’ in East Asia. To this purpose, domestic institutional constraints and the system of patronage are examined. Looking beyond the democracy vs dictatorship debate, the paper finds that Myanmar could well start a new phase of economic growth, provided that the government builds a strong vertical and horizontal institutional capacity. However, a more open political environment, and the consequent multiplication of economic interests, could hijack the reform plan the government has adopted, unless these stakeholders are inserted into a coordinated framework revolving around a transformational project of national development.

scholarly journals Challenges of Economic of Georgia: Good and Bad Economic Growth

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 178
Author(s):  
Tea Kasradze ◽  
Nino Zarnadze
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
National Economy ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Political Crisis ◽  
Difficult Situation ◽  
Investment Projects ◽  
Education Industry ◽  
The Government ◽  
Technical Complex ◽  
The Military

The Georgian economy has been undergoing serious transformations over the years. The reforms carried out by the government affected all spheres of the economy - health care, education, industry, the military-technical complex, etc. The annual growth of the economy is approximately 4.8%. The EU, partner developed countries and donor international organizations allocate huge financial resources for the implementation of the changes planned by the government. Despite this, the economy of Georgia is in a difficult situation. The reason of economic stagnation in which the country has been for years is an extensive vector of development of the national economy. Investment projects carried out in the country in recent years are extensive in most cases. These projects are aimed at increasing current profits. They mostly are not oriented to long-term perspective. Intensification projects based on scientific and technical progress that are capable to change the level of production qualitatively are few. Despite the lack of an innovative scientific and technical background the economic indicators are increasing. However, the analysis of the indicators’ growth factors shows the lack of development of the national economic system. The data does not reflect the real economic statement and point to an extensive (so-called bad growth) growth of the national economy and will lead to economic and political crisis. The intensive and extensive factors of economic growth is discussed and analyzed in the paper. The recommendations and measures are developed by the authors for improving the economy through the intensification of production processes.

Conflict of Coal and Electricity Price's Impact on National Economic Development

2013 ◽  
Vol 734-737 ◽  
pp. 1675-1678
Author(s):  
An Peng Deng ◽  
Yi Xuan Deng
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
National Economy ◽  
Electricity Prices ◽  
National Economic ◽  
Price Negotiations ◽  
National Economic Development ◽  
The Government ◽  
Coal Enterprises ◽  
Two Sides

Since the electricity coal prices in China liberalizing, the negotiation between coal enterprises and electricity enterprises is often an impasse on the annual coal ordering meeting, which causes "the conflict of coal". The two sides each sticks to his argument on coal prices without mutual concessions, and eventually broken the deadlock by the government to step in price negotiations, or the two sides finally signed contract in few number, even amount of priceless. Coal and power are seen as important energy of our country, the standoff relation between coal and electricity will affect the entire national economy development. Under this background, what the conflict of coal and electricity prices impact will make on national economic development has become a problem that worth exploring.

Manajemen Ekonomi Outopilot: Kegagalan Negara Mencari Identitas?

Liquidity ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 142-152
Author(s):  
Mukhaer Pakkanna
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
National Economy ◽  
The State ◽  
Political Democracy ◽  
Economic Democracy ◽  
Quality Of Democracy ◽  
Economic Disparities ◽  
National Economic ◽  
Production And Distribution

Political democracy should be equivalent to the economic development of the quality of democracy, economic democracy if not upright, even the owner of the ruling power and money, which is parallel to force global corporatocracy. Consequently, the economic oligarchy preservation reinforces control of production and distribution from upstream to downstream and power monopoly of the market. The implication, increasingly sharp economic disparities, exclusive owner of the money and power become fertile, and the end could jeopardize the harmony of the national economy. The loss of national economic identity that makes people feel lost the “pilot of the state”. What happens then is the autopilot state. Viewing unclear direction of the economy, the national economy should clarify the true figure.

Regime Change in Contemporary Turkey

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Necati Polat
Keyword(s):  
Recent Change ◽  
Political Regime ◽  
New Order ◽  
Making Sense ◽  
Turkish Politics ◽  
Subsequent Phase ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Public Sphere ◽  
The Arab Spring ◽  
The Military

This book explores the transformation of Turkey’s political regime from 2002 under the AKP rule. Turkey has been through a series of major political shifts historically, roughly from the mid-19th century. The book details the most recent change, locating it in its broader historical setting. Beginning with the AKP rule from late 2002, supported by a wide informal coalition that included liberals, it describes how the ‘former’ Islamists gradually acquired full power between 2007 and 2011. It then chronicles the subsequent phase, looking at politics and rights under the amorphous new order. This highly accessible assessment of the change in question places it in the larger context of political modernisation in the country over the past 150 or so years, covering all of the main issues in contemporary Turkish politics: the religious and secular divide, the Kurds, the military, foreign policy orientation, the state of human rights, the effective concentration of powers in the government and a rule by policy, rather than law, initiated by Erdogan’s increasingly authoritarian populism. The discussion at once situates Turkey in the broader milieu of the Arab Spring, especially in terms of Islamist politics and Muslim piety in the public sphere, with some emphasis on ‘Islamo-nationalism’ (Millî Görüş) as a local Islamist variety. Effortlessly blending history, politics, law, social theory and philosophy in making sense of the change, the book uses the concept of mimesis to show that continuity is a key element in Turkish politics, despite the series of radical breaks that have occurred.

Living on a low income as a systemic impediment to socio-economic development of Ukraine

2020 ◽  
pp. 99-109
Author(s):  
NATALIIA TOLSTYKH
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Social Welfare ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Human Potential ◽  
Subsistence Level ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
The Government

The article sheds light on various approaches that seek to determine how widespread poverty and life on a low income are in Ukraine nowadays. As a social phenomenon, poverty has traditionally been associated with destitution and living below the subsistence level set by the government. However, the author holds the view that life on a low income not only means living near or below the poverty line. There is another part of Ukraine’s population that should also be considered needy — those whose income is less than twice as the subsistence level, and most of them are also subject to socio-economic deprivation. Drawing upon the findings of a social survey conducted by the Institute of Sociology of the NAS of Ukraine in 2019, the paper analyses the standard of living among different income groups. Particular attention is given to consumption patterns and social well-being of respondents in the lower income brackets. From the data, it can be inferred that living conditions of many Ukrainians are inadequate to sustain and develop human potential; furthermore, the low-income households have literally to struggle every day to make ends meet. The author brings into focus the main macroeconomic factors contributing to this situation and its adverse effect on the nation’s social potential. Some of the most common social consequences of living on a low income have been identified, such as limited consumption, a person’s dissatisfaction with life and his/her position in society. The above-mentioned survey also provides the estimates of how much the current subsistence level (with regard to Ukraine) should be. Having been made by different socio-demographic and occupational groups of Ukraine’s population, these estimates are a useful source of information — given that subsistence level is considered the basic social standard. According to the survey, all these figures are at variance with the official subsistence level, which is noticeably lower, and this indicates that the current subsistence level needs an upward revision. Today, the overall socio-economic situation in Ukraine is unfavourable for neoliberal economic reforms initiated by the government. Since these policies are primarily designed to reduce the role of state in managing the economy and implementing social welfare programmes, following this path will inevitably result in the entrenchment of mass poverty and in a major loss of Ukraine’s human potential, as well as labour force. The author argues that tackling the country’s chronic low income problem is only possible if a new strategy for socio-economic development is adopted, where social welfare is prioritised.

Recommendations of The Ombudsman’s Dilemma: Between Law Enforcement Officials and Protection of Credibility

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Dyah Adriantini Sintha Dewi
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Public Service ◽  
Public Services ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Law Enforcement Officials ◽  
Muslim Majority ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Government ◽  
The One ◽  
Oversight Body

The Ombudsman as an external oversight body for official performance, in Fikih Siyasah (constitutionality in Islam) is included in the supervision stipulated in legislation (al-musahabah al-qomariyah). Supervision is done so that public service delivery to the community is in accordance with the rights of the community. This is done because in carrying out its duties, officials are very likely to conduct mal administration, which is bad public services that cause harm to the community. The Ombudsman is an institution authorized to resolve the mal administration issue, in which one of its products is by issuing a recommendation. Although Law No. 37 of 2018 on the Ombudsman of the Republic of Indonesia states that the recommendation is mandatory, theombudsman's recommendations have not been implemented. This is due to differences in point of view, ie on the one hand in the context of law enforcement, but on the other hand the implementation of the recommendation is considered as a means of opening the disgrace of officials. Recommendations are the last alternative of Ombudsman's efforts to resolve the mal administration case, given that a win-win solution is the goal, then mediation becomes the main effort. This is in accordance with the condition of the Muslim majority of Indonesian nation and prioritizes deliberation in resolving dispute. Therefore, it is necessary to educate the community and officials related to the implementation of the Ombudsman's recommendations in order to provide good public services for the community, which is the obligation of the government.

Artificial Intelligence as a Technological Innovation to Accelerate Economic Development

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 125-133
Author(s):  
S. V. Shchurina ◽  
A. S. Danilov
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Technological Innovation ◽  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Retail Trade ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Industrial Complex ◽  
Technological Gap ◽  
The Government

The subject of the research is the introduction of artificial intelligence as a technological innovation into the Russian economic development. The relevance of the problem is due to the fact that the Russian market of artificial intelligence is still in the infancy and the necessity to bridge the current technological gap between Russia and the leading economies of the world is coming to the forefront. The financial sector, the manufacturing industry and the retail trade are the drivers of the artificial intelligence development. However, company managers in Russia are not prepared for the practical application of expensive artificial intelligence technologies. Under these circumstances, the challenge is to develop measures to support high-tech projects of small and medium-sized businesses, given that the technological innovation considered can accelerate the development of the Russian economy in the energy sector fully or partially controlled by the government as well as in the military-industrial complex and the judicial system.The purposes of the research were to examine the current state of technological innovations in the field of artificial intelligence in the leading countries and Russia and develop proposals for improving the AI application in the Russian practices.The paper concludes that the artificial intelligence is a breakthrough technology with a great application potential. Active promotion of the artificial intelligence in companies significantly increases their efficiency, competitiveness, develops industry markets, stimulates introduction of new technologies, improves product quality and scales up manufacturing. In general, the artificial intelligence gives a new impetus to the development of Russia and facilitates its entry into the five largest world’s economies.

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