Kondisi Sosial-Ekonomi Masyarakat Kuna Tatar Sunda (Abad V –XVI)

Metahumaniora ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 85
Author(s):  
Mumuh Muhsin Zakaria
Keyword(s):  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
Geographical Factors ◽  
Export Crops ◽  
Very High ◽  
Fertile Land

Artikel ini bertujuan menganalisis kondisi sosial-ekonomi masyarakat Tatar Sunda pada abad ke-5 hingga abad ke-16. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode sejarah yang meliputi empat tahapan kerja, yaitu heuristik, kritik, interpretasi, dan historiografi.  Hasil dari kajian ini adalah bahwa wilayah Tatar Sunda memiliki potensi ekonomi yang  sangat tinggi. Hal ini dimungkinkan berkat faktor-faktor geografis. Tatar Sunda memiliki tanah yang sangat subur dan bisa ditanami oleh beragam jenis tanaman, termasuk tanaman ekspor yang sangat laku di pasar internasional. Di samping itu, wilayah Tatar Sunda pun cukup strategis karena memiliki banyak pelabuhan yang bisa dijadikan akses ke luar dan masuknya barang dan orang dari dalam dan luar Tatar Sunda.This article aims to analyze the socio-economic conditions of the Tatar Sunda community in the 5th to the 16th century.The method used is a historical method that includes four stages of work, namely heuristics, criticism, interpretation, and historiography.The result of this study is that the Tatar Sunda region has very high economic potential.This is possible because of geographical factors. Tatar Sunda has very fertile land and can be planted by various types of plants, including export crops needed on the international market.In addition, the Tatar Sunda region is also quite strategic because it has many ports that could be used as access to the outside and the entry of goods and people from inside and outside the Tatar Sunda.    

Kondisi Sosial-Ekonomi Masyarakat Kuna Tatar Sunda (Abad V –XVI)

Metahumaniora ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 85
Author(s):  
Mumuh Muhsin Zakaria
Keyword(s):  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
Geographical Factors ◽  
Export Crops ◽  
Very High ◽  
Fertile Land

Artikel ini bertujuan menganalisis kondisi sosial-ekonomi masyarakat Tatar Sunda pada abad ke-5 hingga abad ke-16. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode sejarah yang meliputi empat tahapan kerja, yaitu heuristik, kritik, interpretasi, dan historiografi.  Hasil dari kajian ini adalah bahwa wilayah Tatar Sunda memiliki potensi ekonomi yang  sangat tinggi. Hal ini dimungkinkan berkat faktor-faktor geografis. Tatar Sunda memiliki tanah yang sangat subur dan bisa ditanami oleh beragam jenis tanaman, termasuk tanaman ekspor yang sangat laku di pasar internasional. Di samping itu, wilayah Tatar Sunda pun cukup strategis karena memiliki banyak pelabuhan yang bisa dijadikan akses ke luar dan masuknya barang dan orang dari dalam dan luar Tatar Sunda.This article aims to analyze the socio-economic conditions of the Tatar Sunda community in the 5th to the 16th century.The method used is a historical method that includes four stages of work, namely heuristics, criticism, interpretation, and historiography.The result of this study is that the Tatar Sunda region has very high economic potential.This is possible because of geographical factors. Tatar Sunda has very fertile land and can be planted by various types of plants, including export crops needed on the international market.In addition, the Tatar Sunda region is also quite strategic because it has many ports that could be used as access to the outside and the entry of goods and people from inside and outside the Tatar Sunda.    

scholarly journals Gayo Highland Takengon from 1904 To 1942: A Historical Analysis of Coffee Plantations at the Era of Dutch Colonialism

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-82
Author(s):  
Sufandi Iswanto ◽  
Zulfan Zulfan ◽  
Nina Suryana
Keyword(s):  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Coffee Plantation ◽  
Coffee Plantations ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
Geographical Factors ◽  
History Of ◽  
Background History ◽  
Labor System ◽  
Dutch Colonialism

This article analyzes the history of Coffee Plantations in Gayo Highland Takengon at the time of the Dutch Colonialism era from 1904 to 1942. This historical research aimed to reveal the social and economic background, history, and the labors' condition of Gayo Highland Takengon Coffee Plantations. The historical method, which consisted of five analytical stages, was used as the method to reconstruct the history of the coffee plantations in Gayo. The findings of the research show that the geographical factors supported Gayo Highland Takengon as the area of the coffee plantation. Coffee was firstly developed at Gayo Highland by Veenhuyzen in 1908. From 1908 to 1918, coffee was a non-commercial commodity and produced on a small scale. In 1918, after the establishment of Wilhelmina Blang Gele Coffee Plantation and other plantations managed by both private and state companies, coffee increasingly became a commercial commodity. Private and state-owned companies started to employ Javanese laborers or popularly known as Jawa Kontrak and Jawa Kolonisasi. The laborers were brought in gradually from Java and bounded by the Labor System based on the Staatsblad 1911 and Staatsblad 1915. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that the geographical factors and the spirit of capitalism had driven the Dutch private and state companies to develop coffee plantations in Gayo Highland by employing the Javanese contract laborers.Tulisan ini merupakan kajian tentang analisis historis perkebunan kopi di Dataran Tinggi Gayo Takengon pada era kolonial Belanda (1904-1942). Tujuannya tidak lain untuk mengetahui faktor dibukanya perkebunan, sejarah perkebunan pertama dan buruh yang berkerja pada perkebunan kopi. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode sejarah dengan menggunakan lima tahapan. Adapun hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa secara geografis Dataran Tinggi Gayo cocok dijadikan sebagai kawasan perkebunan kopi, hal tersebut telah mendorong adanya penerapan kapitalisme Barat. Tanaman kopi untuk pertama kalinya dikembangkan di Dataran Tinggi Gayo pada tahun 1908, pelopor pertamamnya seorang Belanda bernama Veenhuyzen. Tanaman kopi tersebut awalnya hanya sebagai tanaman non komersial dengan jumlah terbatas, namun sejak tahun 1918 dengan dibukanya perkebunan kopi Wilhelmina Blang Gele, tanaman kopi menjadi tanaman komersial baik yang dikelola oleh Belanda maupun swasta. Buruh yang diperkerjakan pada perkebunan baik Belanda maupun swasta merupakan buruh kontak orang-orang Jawa yang disebut sebagai Jawa Kontrak dan Jawa Kolonisasi. Para buruh tersebut didatangkan dari Pulau Jawa secara bergelombang dan terikat dengan sistem kontak yang mengacu pada staatsblad tahun 1911 dan staatsblad tahun 1915. 

Demographic characteristics of a rural area in Kenya in 1974–80

1984 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 411-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. K. van Ginneken ◽  
A. S. Muller ◽  
A. M. Voorhoeve ◽  
Omondi-Odhiambo
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Birth Rate ◽  
Crude Birth Rate ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Natural Increase ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Permanent Migration ◽  
Very High

SummaryA longitudinal, epidemiological study was carried out in a rural area of Kenya with a population of about 28,000 between 1974 and 1980. Population registration during this time showed that population growth was very high between 1974 and 1978 (4·4% per year) and much lower in 1979 and 1980 (1·1%). Natural increase was nearly as high as in Kenya as a whole (3·7%) in this period. Fertility was somewhat lower than in all Kenya (the crude birth rate was 46 per 1000) while mortality was substantially lower (7 per 1000). Evidence is presented supporting the argument that these low mortality rates are genuine. Levels of temporary and permanent migration are high and probably characteristic for many parts of Kenya. The change in population growth in 1979 and 1980 is probably due to changes in economic conditions leading in particular to less in-migration and to more out-migration.

scholarly journals Argentina

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (83) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Debt Sustainability ◽  
Financial Conditions ◽  
High Volatility ◽  
Broad Policy ◽  
Precise Content ◽  
Very High ◽  
The Imf

This Technical Assistance report on Argentina sets out IMF staff’s views on a feasible macroeconomic framework that could underpin a debt restructuring operation that would restore debt sustainability with high probability. Given that the authorities are in the process of elaborating the precise content of their policy agenda, the feasible macroeconomic framework is anchored around the authorities’ broad policy announcements and predicated on the IMF staff’s view that a set of policies could be fully developed and implemented to render the macroeconomic framework achievable. However, there are important downside risks to the feasible macroeconomic framework, especially if the adverse global and domestic economic effects of the fast-moving COVID-19 pandemic are larger and more prolonged than assumed in this note. Economic conditions are rapidly worsening, and financial conditions are characterized by very high volatility. This greatly increases the uncertainty about the macroeconomic framework, with potential implications for the IMF staff’s assessment of debt sustainability.

Deflation trend in Central Europe will keep rates low

2015 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Investor Sentiment ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Bond Markets ◽  
Government Bond ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Government Bond Markets ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Very High

Significance The pick-up in growth contrasts markedly with the sharp falls in inflation across Central Europe (CE). With CE government bond markets under renewed pressure, monetary policy is likely to remain extremely loose as inflation struggles to rise above zero. Impacts CE is enjoying 'Goldilocks' economic conditions, with deflation requiring extremely loose monetary policy amid brisk growth. The ECB's aggressive bond-buying programme will keep yields anchored at extremely low levels, benefiting CE's local debt markets. While investor sentiment is favourable, very high foreign participation in Polish and Hungarian domestic bond markets is causing concern.

scholarly journals Ընտրությունները Հայաստանի Հանրապետությունում: Աշխարհագրական Վերլուծություն

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Husik Ghulyan
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Political Science ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
The Political ◽  
Electoral Geography ◽  
Electoral Process ◽  
Spatial Allocation ◽  
Geographical Factors ◽  
Territorial Organization ◽  
First Time

Armenian abstract: Գրքում հայ իրականության մեջ առաջին անգամ ընտրությունների աշխարհագրությունը ներկայացվում է որպես գիտության ինքնուրույն ճյուղ, որը զբաղվում է ընտրական գործընթացների տարածքային կազմակերպման հիմնահարցերով: Վերլուծվում է մեր հանրապետությունում ընտրությունների ընդհանուր աշխարհագրական առանձնահատկությունները, ընտրական պրոցեսների վրա այնպիսի աշխարհագրական գործոնների ազդեցությունը, ինչպիսիք են` ուրբանիզացիան, տարաբնակեցման կառուցվածքը, սոցիալ-տնտեսական պայմանների տարածքային անհամամասնությունները և այլն: Գիրքը կարող է օգտակար լինել ոչ միայն աշխարհագետների, այլ նաև քաղաքագիտության, սոցիոլոգիայի և այլ ոլորտների մասնագետների համար: Այն կարող է նաև օգտակար լինել բոլոր նրանց համար, ովքեր հետաքրքրված են մեր հանրապետությունում ընթացող քաղաքական և ընտրական երևույթներով:English Abstract: This book, for the first time in Armenian experience, presents Electoral Geography as an independent scientific branch, engaged in exploring the territorial organization of the electoral process. In the book the general geographical features of the elections in our republic, the influence on the electoral process of such geographical factors as urbanization, spatial distribution of settlements, spatial allocation of socio-economic conditions, etc., are analyzed. This book can be useful not only for geographers, but also for the specialists of Political science, Sociology, etc. It can also be useful for all those who are interested in the political and electoral phenomena in our republic.

scholarly journals Land Revenue Assessment: A Case Study

1973 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 232-246
Author(s):  
B. A. Azhar
Keyword(s):  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Traditional Procedure ◽  
Primary Object ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Village ◽  
Fertile Land

This study has two objects: the primary object is to analyse the traditional procedure of land revenue assessment, and to examine its relevance under present conditions. An ancillary object is to calculate the existing burden of land revenue and to explore the scope for additional taxation. Land revenue settlement work is undertaken on a district basis but assessments are made tehsil-wise. Each tehsil is divided into a number of assessment circles which comprise groups of villages with similar fiscal and agricultural features. Thus the unit of land revenue assessment is the assessment circle and not the village. Nili Bar circle in Tehsil Lodhran of Multan District has been selected for study for two reasons. Firstly, its fertile land, perennial irrigation and fairly intensive cultivation make it representative of the irrigated areas in the province. Secondly, its revenue settlement was done recently (1966), nearly half a century after the last settlement in 1921. This provides a unique opportunity to study changes in economic conditions, the relevance of old methods of assessment and the incidence of land revenue before and after assessment.

scholarly journals Islam Wasatiyah dan Kontestasi Wacana Moderatisme Islam di Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 115
Author(s):  
Muhammad Ainun Najib ◽  
Ahmad Khoirul Fata
Keyword(s):  
Religious Organizations ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
Fertile Land ◽  
Muslim Scholars

<pre><em><span lang="IN">Moderate Islamic discourse began to develop in Indonesia in early 2015. One such discourse is Islam Wasatiyah. Using the historical method of thought, this article answers three questions. First, the historical background of the Wasatiyah Islamic discourse in Indonesia. Second, Wasatiyah Islam which was conceptualized by religious organizations and Indonesian Muslim scholars. Two important subjects that introduced Wasatiyah Islam in Indonesia are the Indonesian Ulama Council (MUI) and Azyumardi Azra. Third, at almost the same time, the Wasatiyah Islamic discourse competed against Islamic moderatism with other Indonesian Islamic discourses, such as the Islam of the Nahdaltul Ulama and the Advancing Islam of Muhammadiyah. This article finds the correlation between Wasitiyah Islamic discourse in Indonesia and Wasatiyah Islam which originated from the ideas of Malaysian intellectual, Mohammad Hashim Kamali. Wasatiyah Islam in Indonesia, as initiated by Mohammad Hashim Kamali, gave rise to a moderate and tolerant Islam which was based on the values contained in Islam. Like fertile land, Indonesian Islam has indeed become a nursery and contestation of various Islamic discourses, both from Indonesia and abroad. In this article it is also found that a massive support base will mainstream the discourse itself. Therefore, the Wasatiyah Islamic discourse does not have sufficient resonance for the breeding of Islamic moderation in Indonesia, and is drowning in the midst of other Islamic discourses.</span></em></pre>

scholarly journals Effects of Climate Change on Vegetation Cover in the Oued Lahdar Watershed. Northeastern Morocco

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1624
Author(s):  
Hind Khalis ◽  
Abdelhamid Sadiki ◽  
Fatimazahra Jawhari ◽  
Haytam Mesrar ◽  
Ehab Azab ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Vegetation Cover ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Protective Strategies ◽  
Very High

Episodes of drought that Morocco experienced in the years 1984–1986, 1993–1995, and 1997–2000 had repercussions that were felt many years later and continue to pose serious problems for environmentalists, as some of the affected lands have become practically deserted. These problems acted on the socio-economic conditions and created severe constraints for the development of the country. This work was conducted to study and identify changes that occurred in vegetation cover in the Oued Lahdar watershed (Rif, Morocco) between 1984 and 2017 using Land Surface Temperature (LST), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Landsat TM 5, and Landsat OLI 8. The LST had significantly increased overall from 1984 to 2017, where it moved from a mean value of 29.4 °C in 1984 to 40.4 °C in 2007 and then reduced slightly to 37.9 °C in 2017. The vegetation cover index for the study area indicates that in 1984, fully vegetated areas represented 94.3% before deteriorating to 35.4% in 2007 and recovering in 2017 to 54.3%. While bare soil, which previously constituted 5.7%, reached a very high value of 64.6% in 2007 and then decreased to 47.7%. This study contributes towards society as it provides interesting data about the consequences of climate change in the area studied as well as potential protective strategies to protect vegetation cover.

Community-Based Ecotourism and Its Impact on the Social and Economic Conditions: A Case Study in Blekok, Situbondo Regency, Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 797
Author(s):  
Sulastri ARSAD ◽  
Afif Olivian DARYANTO ◽  
Luthfiana Aprilianita SARI ◽  
Dhira Kurniawan SAPUTRA ◽  
Fika Dewi PRATIWI
Keyword(s):  
Income Group ◽  
High Income ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
High Income Group ◽  
Community Based ◽  
The People ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Very High

This study aims to analyse the impact of the implementation of community-based ecotourism on the social and economic conditions of the people of Kampung Blekok. Primary data were obtained from 79 respondents who were selected by purposive sampling. The research method used a descriptive quantitative method. The data used were the characteristics of the people of Kampung Blekok, data on the social and economic conditions of the people of Kampung Blekok before and after the inauguration of the Kampung Blekok Ecotourism. The results show that the group of low and high income showed the decrease of percentage (11.39 and 8.87%, respectively), otherwise the middle and very high-income group presented an increase percentage (8.85 and 11.39%, consecutively). It means people who gained low and high income are reduced and middle and very high-income group are increased. It can conclude that ecotourism activities could affect the social economic of people in kampung Blekok.

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