Antimicrobial activities of citronella (Cymbopogon nardus) essential oil against several oral pathogens and its volatile compounds

Introduction: Cymbopogon nardus is a strong aromatic plant with relevant medicinal properties due to its essential chemical compounds and its potential therapeutic effects. This study was aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activities of citronella essential oil against several oral pathogens and to identify the volatile compounds. Methods: The essential oil of C. nardus was purchased from Excellent Wisdom Sdn. Bhd., Malaysia. The source of raw material was collected from Malacca, the southern region of Malaysia, and the company made its taxonomic identification. An experimental in-vitro study was conducted on the essential oil processed from C. nardus genus Cymbopogon of Poaceae family. The in-vitro antimicrobial activities of C. nardus essential oil were evaluated against Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175), Streptococcus sobrinus (ATCC 33478), and Candida albicans (ATCC 10231) using agar well diffusion assay. The identification of the volatile compounds was performed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Results: The C. nardus essential oil exhibited inhibitory activity against C. albicans at the concentration of 6.25%, whereby the inhibitory activity against S. mutans and S. sobrinus began at the concentration of 25%. The antimicrobial activity of C. nardus essential oil was statistically significant at the concentration of 50% in all tested pathogens. The GC-MS analysis of the C. nardus essential oil revealed the presence of few constituents, which include monoterpenes, diterpenes, sesquiterpenes and phenolic compounds. Monoterpenes were the major identified terpenoids and contributed to 54.45% of the total volatile composition. The main identified monoterpenes were citronellal (11.35%), z-Citral (11.34%), β-Myrcene (6.70%), and β-Trans-ocimene (6.03%), which was the first time β-Myrcene and β-Trans-ocimene was found in high percentage. Conclusion: C. nardus essential oil is an active antibacterial agent against several oral pathogens, and the percentages of active volatile compounds are different within different origins.

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Determination of Chemical Composition, In Vitro and In Silico Evaluation of Essential Oil from Leaves of Apium graveolens Grown in Saudi Arabia

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26237372 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (23) ◽

pp. 7372

Author(s):

Ahmed I. Foudah ◽

Mohammed H. Alqarni ◽

Aftab Alam ◽

Mohammad Ayman Salkini ◽

Pravej Alam ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Saudi Arabia ◽

Essential Oil ◽

In Silico ◽

Docking Simulation ◽

Antimicrobial Activities ◽

Apium Graveolens ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Major Constituent ◽

Anti Inflammatory

The aim of this study was to explore the composition and evaluate the in silico and in vitro antioxidants and antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects of Apium graveolens var. dulce leaves essential oil (AGO) collected from Al-Kharj (Saudi Arabia). AGO was isolated using the hydro-distillation method, and its composition was studied using gas-chromatography-mass Spectrometry (GC–MS), antimicrobial activities using well diffusion assay, and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities using spectrophotometric methods. The pharmacological activities of their major compounds were predicted using PASS (prediction of activity spectra for substances) and drug-likening properties by ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion) through web-based online tools. Isocnidilide (40.1%) was identified as the major constituent of AGO along with β-Selinene, Senkyunolide A, Phytyl acetate, and 3-Butylphthalide. AGO exhibited a superior antibacterial activity, and the strongest activity was detected against Gram-positive bacteria and Candida albicans. Additionally, it exhibited a weaker antioxidant potential and stronger anti-inflammatory effects. PASS prediction supported the pharmacological finding, whereas ADMET revealed the safety of AGO. The molecular docking of isocnidilide was carried out for antibacterial (DNA gyrase), antioxidant (tyrosinase), and anti-inflammatory (cyclooxygenase-2) activities. The docking simulation results were involved hydrophilic interactions and demonstrated high binding affinity of isocnidilide for anti-inflammatory protein (cycloxygenase-2). The presence of isocnidilide makes AGO a potential anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial agent. AGO, and its major metabolite isocnidilide, may be a suitable candidate for the future drug development.

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Composition, In Vitro Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Essential Oil and Oleoresins Obtained from Black Cumin Seeds (Nigella sativaL.)

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2014/918209 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Sunita Singh ◽

S. S. Das ◽

G. Singh ◽

Carola Schuff ◽

Marina P. de Lampasona ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Linseed Oil ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Thiobarbituric Acid ◽

Antimicrobial Activities ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Black Cumin

Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis revealed the major components in black cumin essential oils which were thymoquinone (37.6%) followed by p-cymene (31.2%),α-thujene (5.6%), thymohydroquinone (3.4%), and longifolene (2.0%), whereas the oleoresins extracted in different solvents contain linoleic acid as a major component. The antioxidant activity of essential oil and oleoresins was evaluated against linseed oil system at 200 ppm concentration by peroxide value, thiobarbituric acid value, ferric thiocyanate, ferrous ion chelating activity, and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging methods. The essential oil and ethyl acetate oleoresin were found to be better than synthetic antioxidants. The total phenol contents (gallic acid equivalents, mg GAE per g) in black cumin essential oil, ethyl acetate, ethanol, and n-hexane oleoresins were calculated as11.47±0.05,10.88±0.9,9.68±0.06, and8.33±0.01, respectively, by Folin-Ciocalteau method. The essential oil showed up to 90% zone inhibition againstFusarium moniliformein inverted petri plate method. Using agar well diffusion method for evaluating antibacterial activity, the essential oil was found to be highly effective against Gram-positive bacteria.

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Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activities of the Essential Oil From Salvia mirzayanii Leaves

Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary & Alternative Medicine ◽

10.1177/2156587217717414 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 22 (4) ◽

pp. 770-776 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Kamiar Zomorodian ◽

Mahmoodreza Moein ◽

Keyvan Pakshir ◽

Forough Karami ◽

Zahra Sabahi

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Chemical Constituents ◽

Antimicrobial Activities ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Antifungal Activities ◽

Global Challenge ◽

Antibacterial And Antifungal Activities ◽

Antibacterial And Antifungal

Resistance of many pathogens to available drugs is a global challenge and is leading to growing interest in natural alternative products. In this study, chemical composition and in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities of the essential oil from Salvia mirzayanii were investigated. The chemical constituents of essential oil from S mirzayanii were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The antimicrobial activity was determined by broth microdilution. The main identified compounds were 1,8-cineole (41.2 ± 1.3%), linalool acetate (11.0 ± 0.5%), and α-terpinyl acetate (6.0 ± 0.4%) (mL of essential oil/g of plant material). The MIC95 were 0.03 to 0.5 µL/mL and 16 to 128 µL/mL for gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, respectively. These results indicated that Salvia mirzayanii essential oil significantly inhibited the growth of standard and clinically isolated tested yeasts by MIC50 0.03 to 1 µL/mL. Potent antibacterial and antifungal activities of Salvia mirzayanii essential oil may be considered in future study, particularly against antibiotic-resistant cases.

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Virucidal Activity and Chemical Composition of Essential Oils from Aromatic Plants of Central West Argentina

Natural Product Communications ◽

10.1177/1934578x1000500834 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 5 (8) ◽

pp. 1934578X1000500 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Cybele C. García ◽

Eliana G. Acosta ◽

Ana C. Carro ◽

María C. Fernández Belmonte ◽

Renata Bomben ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Virus Type ◽

Inhibitory Activity ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Virucidal Activity ◽

Aromatic Plants ◽

Simplex Virus ◽

Hsv 1

The essential oils of seven aromatic plants from central west argentina were isolated by steam distillation and analyzed by a gas chromatography mass spectrometry technique. The oils were screened for cytotoxicity and In Vitro inhibitory activity against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), dengue virus type 2 (DENV-2) and Junin virus (JUNV). The oils showed a variable virucidal action according to the virus. JUNV was the least susceptible virus in comparison with HSV-1 and DENV-2. The better relationship between cytotoxicity and inhibitory activity was observed for the essential oil of Lantana grisebachiii (Seckt.) var. grisebachii against DENV-2 and HSV-1 with IC50 (inhibitory concentration 50%) values of 21.1 and 26.1 ppm, respectively. This effect was specific since the selectivity indices (ratio cytotoxicity/virucidal activity) were > 23.7 and > 19.1 for DENV-2 and HSV-1, respectively. Furthermore, the oil from L. grisebachii was also an effective inhibitor of HSV-2 and acyclovir resistant variants of herpes virus. This study demonstrates the effective and selective inhibitory activity of the essential oil from Lantana grisebachii against HSV and DENV by direct virus inactivation.

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Volatile constituents, in vitro and in silico anti-hyaluronidase activity of the essential oil from Gardenia carinata Wall. ex Roxb. flowers

Biointerface Research in Applied Chemistry ◽

10.33263/briac96.649654 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (6) ◽

pp. 4649-4654 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Inhibitory Activity ◽

In Silico ◽

Steam Distillation ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Plant Materials ◽

Volatile Constituents ◽

Main Components ◽

Main Component

Fresh flowers of Gardenia carinata Wall. ex Roxb. were collected from Nonthaburi, Thailand. These plant materials were extracted by steam distillation extraction. The results showed that the percentage of essential oil from steam distillation was 0.16. The extracts obtained were subjected to gas chromatography/mass spectrometry for the identification of volatile constituents. The essential oil extracted by steam distillation was characterized by the presence of trans-geraniol (1, 19.9 %) and farnesol (2, 13.2 %) as the main component. The essential oil from flowers of G. carinata and two main components were evaluated for in vitro hyaluronidase inhibitory activity using fluorometric method and compared to a reference hyaluronidase inhibitor (6-O-palmitoylascorbic acid). The results were indicated that essential oil gave the mild inhibitory activity on hyaluronidase with IC50 of 1200.4 ± 21.1 g/mL as opposed to 6-O-palmitoylascorbic acid (IC50 =186.1 ± 3.9 g/mL). In the case of two main components, trans-geraniol (1) and farnesol (2) displayed moderate hyaluronidase inhibition activity with IC50 value at 535.7 ± 42.2 and 292.9 ± 23.4 g/mL, respectively. Additionally, in silico docking study of main component studies exhibited several important interactions between 1 and 2 and hyaluronidase binding site. Above finding confirmed the anti-hyaluronidase potential of G. carinata flowers.

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Composition, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of the Essential Oil of Marrubium deserti

Natural Product Communications ◽

10.1177/1934578x0900400824 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 4 (8) ◽

pp. 1934578X0900400

Author(s):

Hocine Laouer ◽

Benalia Yabrir ◽

Amar Djeridane ◽

Mohamed Yousfi ◽

Nicolas Beldovini ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gas Chromatography ◽

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Antimicrobial Activities ◽

In Vitro Assays ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Scavenging Effect ◽

Germacrene D ◽

Marrubium Deserti

The essential oil from aerial part of Marrubium deserti De Noé (Lamiaceae), obtained by hydrodistillation was analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and evaluated for in vitro antimicrobial activity. The antioxidant activity was determined using three in vitro assays: scavenging effect on DPPH, the ABTS test and the phosphomolybdenum method. Thirty-seven compounds were identified in the oil, with germacrene D as the major component (45.7%). This oil was characterized by an important hydrocarbon fraction (78.1%) and by the predominance of sesquiterpenes (67.4%). M. deserti essential oil had no activity on the tested microorganisms ( Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Echerichia coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Candida albicans and Aspergillus flavus). However the oil presented an antioxidant activity.

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The Chemical Profiling of Essential Oils from Different Tissues of Cinnamomum camphora L. and Their Antimicrobial Activities

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26175132 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (17) ◽

pp. 5132

Author(s):

Darbin Kumar Poudel ◽

Anil Rokaya ◽

Pawan Kumar Ojha ◽

Sujan Timsina ◽

Rakesh Satyal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Antimicrobial Properties ◽

Antimicrobial Activities ◽

Comparative Investigation ◽

Raw Material ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Cinnamomum Camphora ◽

Different Tissues ◽

Branch Wood

Cinnamomum camphora L. is grown as an ornamental plant, used as raw material for furniture, as a source of camphor, and its essential oil can be used as an important source for perfume as well as alternative medicine. A comparative investigation of essential oil compositions and antimicrobial activities of different tissues of C. camphora was carried out. The essential oils were extracted by hydrodistillation with a Clevenger apparatus and their compositions were evaluated through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), enantiomeric composition by chiral GC-MS, and antimicrobial properties were assayed by measuring minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). Different plant tissues had different extraction yields, with the leaf having the highest yield. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 18, 75, 87, 67, 67, and 74 compounds in leaf, branch, wood, root, leaf/branch, and leaf/branch/wood, respectively. The significance of combining tissues is to enable extraction of commercial quality essential oils without the need to separate them. The oxygenated monoterpene camphor was the major component in all tissues of C. camphora except for safrole in the root. With chiral GC-MS, the enantiomeric distributions of 12, 12, 13, 14, and 14 chiral compounds in branch, wood, root, leaf/branch, and leaf/branch/wood, respectively, were determined. The variation in composition and enantiomeric distribution in the different tissues of C. camphora may be attributed to the different defense requirements of these tissues. The wood essential oil showed effective antibacterial activity against Serratia marcescens with an MIC of 39.1 μg/mL. Similarly, the mixture of leaf/branch/wood essential oils displayed good antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus fumigatus while the leaf essential oil was notably active against Trichophyton rubrum. C. camphora essential oils showed variable antimicrobial activities against dermal and pulmonary-borne microbes.

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Antimicrobial Activity and Chemical Characterization of a Non-Polar Extract of Saffron Stamens in Food Matrix

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods10040703 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 703

Author(s):

Severino Zara ◽

Giacomo L. Petretto ◽

Alberto Mannu ◽

Giacomo Zara ◽

Marilena Budroni ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Fatty Acid Content ◽

Chemical Characterization ◽

Antimicrobial Activities ◽

Added Value ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Food Matrix ◽

Bacterial Strains ◽

By Products

The production of saffron spice generates large quantities of plant by-products: over 90% of the plant material collected is discarded, and a consideration fraction of this waste is plant stamens. This work investigated the chemical composition and the antimicrobial activities of the non-polar fraction extracted from four different saffron flower stamens. The chemical composition of ethereal extracts of the saffron stamens was qualitatively assessed by means of gas–chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses. These analyses revealed ethereal extracts to possess a high polyunsaturated fatty acid content. In vitro antibacterial activity of stamen extracts showed no large differences between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in terms of minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). In food matrix microbial analysis of the bacterial strains belonging to the main foodborne pathogen species, including Staphylococcus aureus DSM 20231, Escherichia coli DSM 30083, and Listeria monocytogenes DSM 20600, using low-fat UHT milk, revealed a statistically significant reduction in the number of cells (particularly for E. coli and S. aureus with a complete elimination of the population of the two target bacteria following incubation in diethyl ether extracts of saffron stamen (DES) at high concentrations tested, both at 37 °C and 6 °C (for 48 h and 7 days, respectively). A synergic effect was observed when the pathogens were incubated at 6 °C with DES. This work shows these by-products to be excellent sources of bioactive compounds, which could be exploited in high-added-value products, such as food, cosmetics, and drugs.

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Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activities of the Essential Oil From the Leaves of Pterocephalus hookeri

Natural Product Communications ◽

10.1177/1934578x20981239 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (12) ◽

pp. 1934578X2098123

Author(s):

Peng-fei Yang ◽

Hui Lu ◽

Qiong-bo Wang ◽

Zhi-wei Zhao ◽

Qiang Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gas Chromatography ◽

Chemical Composition ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Chemical Constituents ◽

Antimicrobial Activities ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Flame Ionization ◽

And Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antimicrobial Assay ◽

Detailed Chemical

Detailed chemical constituents of essential oil from the Pterocephalus hookeri leaves and its antimicrobial activities were investigated in this study. The essential oil, obtained by hydrodistillation, was characterized by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses. Among the 90 identified compounds, hexadecanoic acid (21.27%), phytol (8.03%), furfural (7.08%), oleic acid (5.25%), and phytone (4.56%) were the major components. In the antimicrobial assay, the essential oil showed strong inhibitory activities against Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, and Staphylococcus aureus with minimum inhibitory concentration values of 31.3, 62.5, and 125 µg/mL, respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first report concerning chemical composition and antimicrobial activities of the essential oil from Pterocephalus hookeri.

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Composition and biological assays of the leaf essential oil of Asparagus flagellaris (Kunth) Bak

Clinical Phytoscience ◽

10.1186/s40816-020-00245-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Oluwakayode O. Odeja ◽

Michael Gabriel Ibok ◽

Ejike O. Okpala

Keyword(s):

Free Radical ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Radical Scavenging Activity ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Salmonella Typhi ◽

Antimicrobial Activities ◽

Free Radical Scavenging ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Klebsiella Pneumonia ◽

Leaf Essential Oil

Abstract Background Asparagus flagellaris leaves are ethnomedicinally used to treat syphilis, gonorrhea and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), with no reports on the volatile constituents. This study was aimed to quantitatively and qualitatively characterise the composition of essential oil, evaluates the free radical scavenging and antimicrobial capacity of the essential oil. Methods The essential oil was isolated by hydrodistillation method using all-glass Clevenger-type apparatus, while the identification and quantification of constituents were performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique. The antioxidant activity on 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) was evaluated and the oil was also tested against 10 strains of microorganisms consisting of 6 bacteria: Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis and 4 fungi: Candida albicans, Penicillium notatum, Aspergillus niger and Rhizopus spp. using broth dilution and surface plate methods, respectively. Results A pale yellow essential oil with a characteristic scent was obtained, with a yield of 0.80% (w/w). A total of 28 compounds accounting for 97.41% of the total oil contents were identified. The oil was predominated by Thymol and its derivatives, accounting for 57.48%. The most abundance (% area) constituents of the essential oil were 5-Thymyl tiglate (18.49%), Thymyl-2-methyl butyrate (17.34%), Thymol hydroquinone dimethyl ether (10.52%), Thymol methyl ether (9.42%) and 5-Propyl-1, 3-benzodioxole (4.59%). The essential oil showed a significant free radical scavenging activity compared to the standard antioxidant drugs used in this study, with % inhibition varying from 88.06 ± 0.0001 to 93.05 ± 0.0006. The leaf essential oil exhibited antimicrobial activity on all the tested organisms at 500–125 μg/mL, with an 18–10 mm inhibitory zone. Conclusion The leaf essential oil of A. flagellaris contains notable chemical compounds responsible for its antioxidant and antimicrobial activities.

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