scholarly journals Alternative Fuel from Agricultural Waste

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-118
Author(s):  
Om Prakash Sahu
Keyword(s):  
Rice Husk ◽  
Energy Recovery ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Hydrolysis Time ◽  
Potential Source ◽  
Dilute Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Total Sugar Concentration ◽  
Bakery Yeast

Waste can be minimized by reuse or recover by the process due disposal of the waste is big issue for environment. So many organization are working for to utilized the waste  for energy recovery. Field crops offer potential source of fuel, offering promise as large-scale energy and based on its genetic diversity, climatic adaptation, and biomass and sugar production. Lignocellulosic biomass is the most abundant organic raw material in the world. Production of ethanol from renewable lignocellulosic resources may improve energy availability, decrease air pollution and diminish atmospheric CO2 accumulation. Presently this work was to evaluate the feasibility of ethanol production and optimization from Rice husk by using commercial bakery yeast, i.e., S. cereviciae. The experiment was conducted, at fermentation temperature 30 °C and pH 5, and treated using different acid concentrations and residence times. Rice husk was hydrolyzed by refluxing, a solid to liquid ratio of 1:10, using dilute sulfuric acid (1 to 5 %) and distilled water at hydrolysis time of 1 to 11 hours keeping boiling temperature. 90 % maximum total sugar concentration was obtained at 5 h acid free hydrolysis. Based on these hydrolysis results, fermentation process was performed. 

Optimal Design and Techno-Economic Analysis for Corncob Particles Briquettes: A Literature Review of the Utilization of Agricultural Waste and Analysis Calculation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asep Bayu Dani Nandiyanto ◽  
Nissa Nur Azizah ◽  
Gabriela Chelvina Santiuly Girsang
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Design ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Variable Cost ◽  
Scale Production

Corncob is usually disposed of directly as waste, creating problems in the environment, while it can be converted into valuable materials. This research aimed to evaluate the literature review on briquette production from agricultural waste (using non-binder and cold press with a binder) and the current works on techno-economic analysis, to propose an optimal design for the production of briquette from corncob waste, and to perform a techno-economic analysis based on the selected optimal processing method. The engineering perspective based on stoichiometry and mass balance showed the potential corncob briquette manufacture in both home and large scales due to the possible use of inexpensive and commercially available equipment and raw materials. The economic perspective [based on several economic evaluation factors (i.e., gross profit margin, payback period, break-even point, cumulative net present value, return of investment, internal rate return, and profitability index) under ideal and non-ideal conditions by considering internal (i.e., sales, raw materials, utilities, and variable cost) and external aspects (i.e., tax)] confirmed the prospective development of the project in the large-scale production with a lifetime of more than 18 years. The main issue in the project is the raw material (i.e. tapioca flour), giving the most impact on the project’s feasibility. Even in severe conditions, the project is feasible. The great endurance was also confirmed in the case of a higher tax rate. This study demonstrates the importance of producing corncob-based briquettes for improving the economic value and giving alternatives for problem solvers in the utilization of agricultural waste.

Reducing Sugar Production from Agricultural Wastes by Acid Hydrolysis

2016 ◽  
Vol 675-676 ◽  
pp. 31-34
Author(s):  
Achara Kleawkla ◽  
Pannarai Chuenkruth
Keyword(s):  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Corn Stover ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Reducing Sugar ◽  
Agricultural Wastes ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Hydrolysis Time ◽  
Industrial Processing ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

Sugar is very important raw material of many industries such as food, beverage and renewable energy. In this research, pretreatment and hydrolysis of agricultural wastes to produce reducing sugars for an ethanol production were investigated. The rice stalk and corn stover from agricultural wastes were firstly pretreated with sodium hydroxide at 121 °C in different time as 20 30 and 40 minutes for removal of lignin. After that, the condition of hydrolysis using sulfuric acid of the pretreated rice stalk and corn stover was optimized. The optimum condition that obtained the highest reducing sugar content from rice stalk and corn stover of 76.12 and 136.25 mg/ml were using 1.0 % v/v sulfuric acid at temperature of 121 °C for a hydrolysis time of 40 minutes. This research made value adding in the industrial processing, decrease environmental problem and reduce global warming crisis by optimized utilization of agricultural waste.

scholarly journals Synthesis and characterization of graphene layers from rice husks

2018 ◽  
pp. 12-18
Author(s):  
Makpal Seitzhanova ◽  
Dmitry Chenchik ◽  
Mukhtar Yeleuov ◽  
Zulkhair Mansurov ◽  
Roberto Di Capua ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Rice Husk ◽  
Renewable Resources ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Graphene Layers ◽  
Naoh Solution

In this work, a method of obtaining graphene layers from natural source specifically from rice husk was developed. A rice husk (RH) was used as a raw material, and potassium hydroxide was used as activation agent. The graphene layers were obtained after four successive stages: pre-carbonization, desilication in 1M NaOH solution, chemical activation and exfoliation of the carbonized rice husk (CRH). The obtained samples were studied using Raman spectroscopy, TEM and SEM; the Raman peaks evidenced the presence of graphene multilayers in the sample. A detailed observation of Raman spectroscopy showed that the obtained samples with ratio of 1/4 and 1/5 (RH/KOH) consisted of graphene layers with a high content of amorphous component. The yield of the product was ~ 3% by weight. This study can provide a new way to the large-scale synthesis of low-cost single and multi-layered graphene using rice husk or other renewable resources.

scholarly journals The utilization demineralized rice husk waste for biofuel source via pyrolysis: thermogravimetric analysis and kinetic study

2019 ◽  
Vol 280 ◽  
pp. 05019
Author(s):  
Hesti Wijayanti ◽  
Iryanti Fatyasari Nata ◽  
Rinny Jelita
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Acid ◽  
Thermogravimetric Analysis ◽  
Acid Solution ◽  
Rice Husk ◽  
Nitric Acid Solution ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Solution Treatment ◽  
Strong Acid ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Acid Solutions

Rice husk is considered as agricultural waste that causes environmental problem during its handling. In this study, rice husk was treated with acid (citric acid and nitric acid) solutions prior used as raw material for producing biofuel and chemicals via pyrolysis. The pyrolysis behaviors of rice husk treated with water and acid solutions have been investigated through thermogravimetric analysis from room temperature to 600 oC at the heating rate of 10oC/min under 50 ml/min nitrogen flow. Demineralization treatment using strong acid (nitric acid) solution showed more impacts to the rice husk in thermogravimetric analysis, i.e. lower ash content, less minerals content and thermal stability increased. One step model kinetic resulted the lowest activation energy (12.8709 kJ/mol) occured at the 5% nitric acid solution treatment. Excellent agreement between the experimental data and model predictions was found with 8.63% of the relative error. In other words, demineralization using 5% nitric acid solution would improve rice husk performance during its pyrolysis reaction for producing biofuel.

scholarly journals Variasi Jenis dan Ukuran Bahan pada Kompos Blok Berbasis Limbah Pertanian sebagai Media Pertumbuhan Tanaman Cabai

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 085-095
Author(s):  
Elida Novita ◽  
Sri Wahyuningsih ◽  
Fila Adilia Minandasari ◽  
Hendra Andiananta Pradana
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Rice Husk ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Research Data ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Coffee Husk ◽  
Composting Process

ABSTRACT Agricultural waste is an organic material source. The organic matter was processed as compost. Compost block was one of composting technology developments. It has functioned as a planting medium. The type and size of raw materials are essential in the composting process. The purpose of this study was to examine variations in types and sizes of organic materials for compost blocks on the composting process and as a growth medium for chili plants. This study used a completely random design with two variables. The first variable was the variation of raw material type, i.e., coffee husk and pulp, tobacco petiole, and rice husk. The second variable was the variation of raw material size, i.e., 10, 40, and 80 mesh. The research data were analyzed using the analysis of variance test conducted with the Duncan test. The research data test show that compost from rice husks had the most C/N value of 19.71. The raw material on optimally composting refers to temperature and humidity parameters as rice husk. The most effective compost block as a planting medium is a rice husk with the size of 40 mesh. The variance analysis result showed the rice husk treatment with the size material of 0.06 cm had significant differences in the three parameters of vegetative growth of plants, i.e., plant growth rate, leaf growth rate, and leaf area. Keyword: composting, coffee husk and pulp,tabbaco petiole, rice husk, organic matter   ABSTRAK Limbah pertanian merupakan salah satu sumber bahan organik. Bahan organik tersebut berpotensi digunakan sebagai kompos. Kompos blok merupakan salah satu pengembangan teknologi pengomposan. Kompos ini digunakan sebagai media tanam. Jenis dan ukuran bahan baku berperan penting pada proses pengomposan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengkaji variasi jenis dan ukuran pada bahan-bahan organik untuk kompos blok terhadap proses pengomposan dan sebagai media pertumbuhan tanaman cabai. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancang acak lengkap dengan dua variabel. Variabel pertama adalah jenis bahan baku kompos meliputi kulit kopi, limbah tangkai daun tembakau, dan sekam padi. Variabel kedua adalah variasi ukuran dengan menggunakan ayakan 10, 40, dan 80 mesh. Data hasil pengukuran dianalisis menggunakan uji Analysis of Variance yang dilanjutkan dengan uji Duncan. Hasil pengujian unsur hara menunjukkan bahwa kompos dari sekam padi memiliki nilai C/N sebesar 19,71. Pengomposan bahan yang berjalan optimal berdasarkan parameter suhu dan kelembaban adalah sekam padi. Kompos blok yang paling efektif sebagai media tanam berdasarkan parameter laju jumlah daun adalah limbah sekam padi ukuran 40 mesh. Hasil uji Analysis of Variance menujukkan bahwa pelakuan ukuran sekam padi sebesar 0,06 cm memiliki perbedaan nyata terhadap tiga parameter pertumbuhan vegetatif tanaman, yaitu laju tinggi tanaman, laju jumlah daun, dan luas daun. Kata Kuci : pengomposan, kulit buah kopi, limbah tangkai tembakau, sekam padi, bahan organik

scholarly journals SYNTHESIS OF CARBOXYMETHYL CELLULOSE FROM RICE HUSK

2021 ◽  
pp. 50-54
Author(s):  
KHEMJIRA JARMKOM ◽  
WARACHATE KHOBJAI ◽  
SURACHAI TEACHAOEI ◽  
DUANGRATANA SHUWISITKUL
Keyword(s):  
Rice Husk ◽  
Carboxymethyl Cellulose ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Sodium Content ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Health Products ◽  
Microscopy Analysis ◽  
Husk Rice ◽  
Composition Changes

Objective: The purpose of this research was to produce carboxymethyl cellulose from rice husk (CMCRH) and used it as a raw material in food orhealth products.Methods: Cellulose was extracted from husk rice and converted to CMC (CMCRH) using sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and monochloroacetic acid inisopropanol (C3H8O).Results: CMCRH was characterized for chemical composition and morphology by scanning electron microscopy. Microscopy analysis showed thatchemical composition changes with increasing sodium content (Na-). Likewise, morphology has changed. Physicochemical and viscosity tests showedthat were similar properties compare with commercial CMC.Conclusion: CMC is derived cellulose that is used in products for various applications. RH is an agricultural waste that is carried out to synthesize CMC(CMCRH). Finally, CMCRH has the potential to be used in raw materials in food or health products which biodegradable material.

Prediction of Rice Husk Particulate-Filled Polymer Composite Properties Using a Representative Volume Element (RVE) Model

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pandhita Pochanard ◽  
Anil Saigal
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Representative Volume Element ◽  
Rice Husk ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Volume Element ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Analytical Models ◽  
Volume Percentage ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
Representative Volume

In this study, a numerical representative volume element (RVE) model was used to predict the mechanical properties of a Rice Husk Particulate (RHP)-Epoxy composite for use as an alternative material in non-critical applications. Seven different analytical models Counto, Ishai-Cohen, Halpin-Tsai, Nielsen, Nicolais, Modified Nicolais and Pukanszky were used as comparison tools for the numerical model. The mechanical properties estimated for 0%, 10% and 30% RHP-Epoxy composites using the numerical and analytical models are in general agreement with each other. Using the analytical models, it was calculated that an increase in volume percentage of RHP to 30% led to continual reduction in elastic Young’s modulus and ultimate tensile strength of the composite. The numerical RVE models also predicted a similar trend between filler volume percentage and material properties. Overall, the results of this study suggest that RHP can be used to reduce the composite raw material costs by replacing the more expensive polymer content with agricultural waste products with limited compromise to the composite’s mechanical properties.

scholarly journals Improving the Quality of Bio-Oil Produced from Rice Husk Pyrolysis by Extraction of its Phenolic Compounds

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 90-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dewi Selvia Fardhyanti ◽  
Achmad Chafidz ◽  
Bayu Triwibowo ◽  
Haniif Prasetiawan ◽  
Novia Noor Cahyani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Distribution Coefficient ◽  
Phenolic Compound ◽  
Rice Husk ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Bio Oil

Rice husk is an agricultural waste which contains 50% cellulose, 25%-30% lignin and 15%-20% silica. It can be used as raw material of bio-oil. Bio-oil is liquid which produced by pyrolysis process. Bio-oil can be produced from the rice husk at 773 and 873 K. The main component of Bio-oil from rice husk pyrolysis at 773 and 873 K is phenolic compounds about 47.98% and 62.65%, respectively. It causes corrosive, low heating value, high acidity, high viscosity and unstable that causing an engine damage. The presence of phenolic compound decreases the quality of bio-oil. Therefore, it needs a process such as liquid-liquid extraction to reduce the phenolic compound using 80% methanol and 80% chloroform as a solvent. The extract and raffinate phase were analyzed using UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The aim of this research determine the effect of temperature pyrolysis for the characterization of bio-oil, the stirring speed and the temperature of the extraction for the distribution coefficient and the yield of phenolic compound. The results showed that the characterization of bio-oil produced from rice husk pyrolysis at 773 and 873 K are densities 1,040 and 1,042 Kg/m3; viscosities 9.3488 and 9.5007 cSt; acid numbers 46.75 and 52.45 mg KOH/g; pH 2.5 and 3; flash points 426 and 423 K and heating values 3.229 and 3.339 MJ/kg, respectively. The highest distribution coefficient and yield were obtained at 323 K and a stirring speed of 250 rpm. The distribution coefficient of bio-oil produced by pyrolysis at 773 and 873 K is 1.504, and 1.528, respectively. The yields of bio-oil produced by pyrolysis at 773 and 873 K are 58.885%, and 48.429%, respectively.  

Assessment of bioenergy development potential in agricultural enterprises

2020 ◽  
pp. 165-171
Author(s):  
Iryna Hryhoruk
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
General Structure ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Economic Assessment ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Industrial Complex ◽  
Renewable Energy Resources ◽  
Energy Potential

Exhaustion of traditional energy resources, their uneven geographical location, and catastrophic changes in the environment necessitate the transition to renewable energy resources. Moreover, Ukraine's economy is critically dependent on energy exports, and in some cases, the dependence is not only economic but also political, which in itself poses a threat to national security. One of the ways to solve this problem is the large-scale introduction and use of renewable energy resources, bioenergy in particular. The article summarizes and offers methods for assessing the energy potential of agriculture. In our country, a significant amount of biomass is produced every year, which remains unused. A significant part is disposed of due to incineration, which significantly harms the environment and does not allow earning additional funds. It is investigated that the bioenergy potential of agriculture depends on the geographical distribution and varies in each region of Ukraine. Studies have shown that as of 2019 the smallest share in the total amount of conventional fuel that can be obtained from agricultural waste and products suitable for energy production accounts for Zakarpattya region - 172.5 thousand tons. (0.5% of the total) and Chernivtsi region - 291.3 thousand tons. (0.9%). Poltava region has the greatest potential - 2652.2 thousand tons. (7.8%) and Vinnytsia - 2623.7 thousand tons. (7.7%). It should be noted that the use of the energy potential of biomass in Ukraine can be called unsatisfactory. The share of biomass in the provision of primary energy consumption is very small. For bioenergy to occupy its niche in the general structure of the agro-industrial complex, it is necessary to develop mechanisms for its stimulation. In addition, an effective strategy for the development of the bioenergy sector of agriculture is needed. The article considers the general energy potential of agriculture, its indicative structure. The analysis is also made in terms of areas. In addition, an economic assessment of the possible use of existing potential is identified.

Phosphorus Leaching Under Cut Grassland

1999 ◽  
Vol 39 (12) ◽  
pp. 63-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. L. Turner ◽  
P. M. Haygarth
Keyword(s):  
Surface Waters ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Algal Growth ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
P Fractions ◽  
Inorganic P ◽  
Potential Source ◽  
Significant Mechanism ◽  
Total P

Phosphorus (P) transfer from agricultural land to surface waters can contribute to eutrophication, excess algal growth and associated water quality problems. Grasslands have a high potential for P transfer, as they receive P inputs as mineral fertiliser and concentrates cycled through livestock manures. The transfer of P can occur through surface and subsurface pathways, although the capacity of most soils to fix inorganic P has meant that subsurface P transfer by leaching mechanisms has often been perceived as negligible. We investigated this using large-scale monolith lysimeters (135 cm deep, 80 cm diameter) to monitor leachate P under four grassland soil types. Leachate was collected during the 1997–98 drainage year and analysed for a range of P fractions. Mean concentrations of total P routinely exceeded 100 μg l−1 from all soil types and, therefore, exceeded P concentrations above which eutrophication and algal growth can occur. The majority of the leachate P was in algal-available Mo-reactive (inorganic) forms, although a large proportion occurred in unreactive (organic) forms. We suggest that subsurface transfer by leaching can represent a significant mechanism for agricultural P transfer from some soils and must be given greater consideration as a potential source of diffuse P pollution to surface waters.

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