Generality of Behavioral Data: IV. Cross-Situational Invariance of Objectively Measured Behavior

1979 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 471-477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Heffler ◽  
David Magnusson
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Rank Order ◽  
Direct Measure ◽  
Situational Characteristics ◽  
Characteristics Analysis ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Objectively Measured ◽  
Trait Measurement

One derivation which can be made from the traditional trait measurement personality model is that the rank order of individuals with respect to a certain behavior will be stable across situations. This hypothesis was studied for an objectively measured behavior, talking time, with systematic variation of situational characteristics. Analysis of variance yielded inter-individual differences across situations. However, the direct measure of rank order transsituational stability, coefficients of correlation between situations, did not show the expected, systematically high values. For some situations the intercorrelation was even negative. Thus, this result does not support the transsituation stability hypothesis. An indirect estimation of the subject-by-situation interaction was presented. An indication of a significant interaction was obtained.

scholarly journals Comprehension and Eye Movements in the Processing of Subject- and Object-Relative Clauses: Evidence from Dyslexia and Individual Differences

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 915
Author(s):  
Marianna Stella ◽  
Paul E. Engelhardt
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Relative Clauses ◽  
Sentence Type ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Subject And Object ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Processing Difficulty ◽  
Object Relative

In this study, we examined eye movements and comprehension in sentences containing a relative clause. To date, few studies have focused on syntactic processing in dyslexia and so one goal of the study is to contribute to this gap in the experimental literature. A second goal is to contribute to theoretical psycholinguistic debate concerning the cause and the location of the processing difficulty associated with object-relative clauses. We compared dyslexic readers (n = 50) to a group of non-dyslexic controls (n = 50). We also assessed two key individual differences variables (working memory and verbal intelligence), which have been theorised to impact reading times and comprehension of subject- and object-relative clauses. The results showed that dyslexics and controls had similar comprehension accuracy. However, reading times showed participants with dyslexia spent significantly longer reading the sentences compared to controls (i.e., a main effect of dyslexia). In general, sentence type did not interact with dyslexia status. With respect to individual differences and the theoretical debate, we found that processing difficulty between the subject and object relatives was no longer significant when individual differences in working memory were controlled. Thus, our findings support theories, which assume that working memory demands are responsible for the processing difficulty incurred by (1) individuals with dyslexia and (2) object-relative clauses as compared to subject relative clauses.

A Controlled Study of Sensation Awareness and Verbal Disclosure for Regulation of Arousal and Anxiety

1992 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 307-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen R. Scholle
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
State Anxiety ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Multivariate Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Directed Attention ◽  
Self Talk ◽  
Anxiety Levels

Interactions of attention and verbalization were investigated for effects of self-reported arousal and state-anxiety. Levels of verbalization from silence through talking-without-a-listener to disclosure were compared while self-directed attention was manipulated for sensation versus general thoughts and feelings. Following a stimulus, disclosure of sensations was expected to reduce state anxiety and increase energetic arousal significantly more than disclosure of thoughts. Based on a randomly assigned sample of 120 men, a 3 × 2 × 2 multivariate analysis of variance indicated a significant interaction in the predicted directions. A significant interaction was also found for the 3 × 2 interaction for energetic arousal. For state anxiety means were in the predicted direction. Results indicate that verbalization of sensations is more energizing and calming than silence, while for general thought, silence is more energizing and calming than verbalization. The results suggest efficacy in reframing self-talk to quiet awareness and in communicating sensed distinctions as they emerge.

Static and Dynamic Characteristics Analysis of Precise Composite CNC Grinding Machine

2011 ◽  
Vol 411 ◽  
pp. 88-93
Author(s):  
Hong Lin Zhao ◽  
Yun Fei Sun ◽  
Rui Chen ◽  
Yu Mei Huang ◽  
Guang Peng Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Dynamic Characteristics ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Machine Model ◽  
Static And Dynamic Characteristics ◽  
Cnc Grinding ◽  
Characteristics Analysis ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Grinding Machine ◽  
Cnc Grinding Machine

The parameters of joint parts must be included in the finite element model of a whole grinding machine. The subject investigated in this paper is B2-K3000 high-precision composite flexible grinding machine. Through finite element modeling, the joint part parameters are integrated into the whole grinding machine model to establish a dynamic model and then analyze its static and dynamic characteristics. The result shows that the whole grinding machine possesses good features, but it still needs to be improved. This paper gives suggestions for its structure development and application.

Influence of Ball and Background Patterns on Perception of Visual Direction of a Moving Object

1979 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 343-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcella V. Ridenour
Keyword(s):  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Moving Objects ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Moving Object ◽  
Visual Direction ◽  
Visual Patterns ◽  
Prediction Time ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Three Dimensional Space

30 boys and 30 girls, 6 yr. old, participated in a study assessing the influence of the visual patterns of moving objects and their respective backgrounds on the prediction of objects' directionality. An apparatus was designed to permit modified spherical objects with interchangeable covers and backgrounds to move in three-dimensional space in three directions at selected speeds. The subject's task was to predict one of three possible directions of an object: the object either moved toward the subject's midline or toward a point 18 in. to the left or right of the midline. The movements of all objects started at the same place which was 19.5 ft. in front of the subject. Prediction time was recorded on 15 trials. Analysis of variance indicated that visual patterns of the moving object did not influence the prediction of the object's directionality. Visual patterns of the background behind the moving object did not influence the prediction of the object's directionality except during the conditions of a light nonpatterned moving object. It was concluded that visual patterns of the background and that of the moving object have a very limited influence on the prediction of direction.

scholarly journals ANALISIS KOMPARASI PRESTASI BELAJAR DITINJAU DARI MINAT BELAJAR DAN IPK PADA MATA KULIAH STATISTIKA

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Herlina Herlina
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Student Learning ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Homogeneity Test ◽  
Learning Achievement ◽  
Normality Test ◽  
Data Processor ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Learning Interest

The purpose of this study is to know the difference of the average of students learning achievement in the subject of Statistics in views of student learning interest and students cumulative achhievement index (IPK) and also to know the interaction between students learning interests and IPK. The population of this research are 209 students with the sample size is 146. The data in this research are analyzed using the tests of model assumptions : a normality test in eleven times, a homogeneity test in seven times, and an analysis of variance (ANOVA) using SPSS data processor. The results of this study is that there is a difference of the average of students learning achievement between high, medium and low learning interests with sig 0,03 <0,05, that between IPK <3,00 and IPK≥3,00 with sig 0,000<0,05, and there is no interaction between learning interest and IPK with sig 0,936> 0,05.

Effects of dopamine and domperidone on ventilatory sensitivity to hypoxia after 8 h of isocapnic hypoxia

1999 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 222-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michala E. F. Pedersen ◽  
Keith L. Dorrington ◽  
Peter A. Robbins
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Lower Limit ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Ventilatory Response ◽  
Hypoxic Ventilatory Response ◽  
Dopaminergic Activity ◽  
Sustained Hypoxia

Acclimatization to altitude involves an increase in the acute hypoxic ventilatory response (AHVR). Because low-dose dopamine decreases AHVR and domperidone increases AHVR, the increase in AHVR at altitude may be generated by a decrease in peripheral dopaminergic activity. The AHVR of nine subjects was determined with and without a prior period of 8 h of isocapnic hypoxia under each of three pharmacological conditions: 1) control, with no drug administered; 2) dopamine (3 μg ⋅ min−1 ⋅ kg−1); and 3) domperidone (Motilin, 40 mg). AHVR increased after hypoxia ( P ≤ 0.001). Dopamine decreased ( P ≤ 0.01), and domperidone increased ( P ≤ 0.005) AHVR. The effect of both drugs on AHVR appeared larger after hypoxia, an observation supported by a significant interaction between prior hypoxia and drug in the analysis of variance ( P ≤ 0.05). Although the increased effect of domperidone after hypoxia of 0.40 l ⋅ min−1 ⋅ %saturation−1[95% confidence interval (CI) −0.11 to 0.92 l ⋅ min−1 ⋅ %−1] did not reach significance, the lower limit for this confidence interval suggests that little of the increase in AHVR after sustained hypoxia was brought about by a decrease in peripheral dopaminergic inhibition.

scholarly journals Effect of a one-session-per-week physical education-based stretching program on hamstring extensibility in schoolchildren

Kinesiology ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Mayorga Vega ◽  
Francisco Javier Redondo-Martín
Keyword(s):  
Physical Education ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Time Allocation ◽  
Intervention Program ◽  
Control Group ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Effective Development ◽  
Academic Year ◽  
Experimental Group

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a one-session-per-week stretching program on hamstring extensibility among schoolchildren in the physical education (PE) setting. Thirty seven 9-year-old schoolchildren from two classes were clustered and randomly assigned to an experimental group (n=19) or a control group (n=18). During PE classes, the experimental students performed a 3-minute stretching program once a week for the whole academic year (a total of 32 calendar weeks, but 28 weeks of intervention after excluding holidays). Hamstring extensibility (estimated by the classic sit-and-reach test) was assessed at the beginning (week 0), in the middle (week 18) and at the end (week 34) of the stretching intervention program. The results of the two-way analysis of variance showed that the PE-based stretching program improved statistically significantly the students’ sit-and-reach scores in the middle and at the end of the intervention (p&lt;.01). Since in PE many curricular contents need to be developed each academic year and the subject is also&nbsp;restricted by its limited curriculum time allocation, teachers could improve students’ hamstring extensibility by only a one-session-per-week stretching program. Therefore, in addition to the improvement of students’ flexibility levels, this intervention program might permit regular development of other PE curricular contents. This knowledge could help and guide teachers to design programs that guarantee a feasible and effective development of flexibility in the PE setting.

Belief in Supernatural Phenomena and Locus of Control

1973 ◽  
Vol 32 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1159-1162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rick J. Scheidt
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Locus Of Control ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Psychology Students ◽  
Attitude Questionnaire ◽  
Religion And Science ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Superstitious Beliefs

It is hypothesized that Rotter's I-E variable mediates individual differences in supernatural and superstitious beliefs, with externals exhibiting more positive attitudes toward such phenomena. An approximately equal number of male and female introductory psychology students were selected as externals ( N = 20) and internals ( N = 23) from upper and lower quartiles of the Rotter I-E scale. All Ss were administered an attitude questionnaire assessing beliefs toward several paranormal, occult, and pseudoscientific phenomena. Analysis via a 2 × 2 (I-E Control × Sex) analysis of variance strongly confirmed the hypothesis ( p < .01). Although not predicted, females, regardless of I-E status, were much more favorably disposed toward such phenomena than males ( p < .01). Differences in more general attitudes toward both religion and science are suggested as mediating the over-all I-E and sex differences.

scholarly journals S119. A DIMENSIONAL APPROACH TO UNDERSTANDING COST-BENEFIT DECISION-MAKING IN SCHIZOPHRENIA AND DEPRESSION

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S80-S80
Author(s):  
Sarah Saperia ◽  
Daniel Felsky ◽  
Susana Da Silva ◽  
Ishraq Siddiqui ◽  
Zafiris Daskalakis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Reward Magnitude ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Choice Behaviour ◽  
Healthy Control ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Relevant Cost

Abstract Background Reductions in motivation figure prominently in the clinical presentation of schizophrenia (SZ) and major depressive disorder (MDD). One critical nexus in the motivation system that drives real-world behaviour is effort-based decision-making (EBDM), which refers to the cost-benefit calculations involved in computing the amount of effort one is willing to expend in order to obtain a desired reward. Important individual differences are associated with these processes, and impairments in motivation can arise if any relevant cost-benefit information is not properly computed, appraised, or integrated. Thus, in order to better understand the computations guiding choice behaviour, the present study sought to utilize a more person-centric approach to characterize individual differences in the effort-cost computations that underlie cost-benefit decision-making in individuals with SZ and MDD. Methods A sample of 51 individuals with SZ, 43 individuals with MDD, and 51 healthy control (HC) participants underwent a comprehensive clinical and cognitive characterization, and completed the Effort Expenditure for Rewards Task (EEfRT) as a measure of EBDM. Random effects modelling was conducted to estimate the subject-specific predictors of reward magnitude, probability, and perceived cost on choice behaviour. Cluster analysis was subsequently applied to these predictors in order to identify subtypes of impairments within the entire sample, irrespective of diagnostic status. Results Data-driven cluster analysis identified unique subgroups of individuals with distinct patterns of utilizing cost-benefit information to guide effort-based decision-making. Analyses of variance revealed significant differences between clusters with respect to their utilization of reward (F (3, 133) = 51.58, p &lt; .001), probability (F (3, 133) = 48.71, p &lt; .001), and cost (F (3, 133) = 45.24, p &lt; .001). The first cluster was characterized by an indifference to all cost-benefit information, the second cluster was more influenced by perceived cost, the third cluster demonstrated a preference for reward-based information, and the fourth cluster mainly utilized probability to guide their decision-making. While the clusters did not differ in their severity of clinical amotivation (p = .11), there was a significant effect for cognition, specifically with impairments in clusters 1 and 2. All diagnostic groups were represented in each cluster, but the distribution of SZ, MDD, and HC participants was significantly different (X2 (6, N = 137) = 16.18, p = .013). Discussion The emergence of four distinct subgroups in our sample suggests that there are individual differences amongst SZ, MDD, and HC participants in their utilization of cost-benefit information to guide choice behaviour. Moreover, with elevated levels of clinical amotivation present in all four clusters, it is possible that these unique cost-benefit decision-making patterns represent different underlying motivational impairments, the nature of which depending on how reward magnitude, probability, and perceived cost are weighed. Thus, by characterizing the specific mechanisms underlying EBDM in SZ and MDD, the results of this work may be able to help guide the identification of more precise targets for the effective treatment of motivation deficits.

scholarly journals Covariation between personalities and individual differences in coping with stress: Converging evidence and hypotheses

2010 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. 728-740 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudio Carere ◽  
Doretta Caramaschi ◽  
Tim W. Fawcett
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Stress Physiology ◽  
Behavioural Ecology ◽  
Coping With Stress ◽  
The Past ◽  
Adaptive Value ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Working Hypotheses

Abstract In the past decade there has been a profusion of studies highlighting covariation between individual differences in stress physiology and behavioural profiles, here called personalities. Such individual differences in ways of coping with stress are relevant both in biomedicine, since different personalities may experience a different stress and disease vulnerability, and in behavioural ecology, since their adaptive value and evolutionary maintenance are the subject of debate. However, the precise way in which individual stress differences and personalities are linked is unclear. Here we provide an updated overview of this covariation across different species and taxa, consider its functional significance and present working hypotheses for how behavioural and physiological responses to stress might be causally linked, affecting life-history traits such as dispersal and life-span.

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