Saccharin Avoidance Behavior Instigated by X-Irradiation in Backward Conditioning Paradigms

1964 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 475-481 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. B. Scarborough ◽  
D. L. Whaley ◽  
J. G. Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Avoidance Behavior ◽  
Saccharin Solution ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Exposure Period ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Saccharin Consumption ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Backward Conditioning ◽  
X Irradiation

Sixty Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to eight groups of seven animals each. The remaining four animals served as a pooled control. The eight experimental groups received 68 r of x-irradiation during a 10-min. exposure period. The pooled control group received only sham-irradiation. Animals were presented a choice of tap water of 0.1% saccharin solution at delays following irradiation ranging from 0 to 96 hr. Subsequent saccharin consumption was recorded for 4 days following irradiation. Results showed a decrease in saccharin consumption in groups which had first received the saccharin from 0 to 12 hr. after irradiation. No significant decrease was exhibited by groups with delays of 24 hr. or more.

Post-Irradiation Saccharin Avoidance with Non-Coincident Stimuli

1964 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 507-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. McLaurin ◽  
John A. Farley ◽  
Barron B. Scarborough ◽  
Travis D. Rawlings
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Exposure ◽  
Avoidance Behavior ◽  
Saccharin Solution ◽  
Home Cage ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Post Irradiation ◽  
Backward Conditioning ◽  
X Irradiation ◽  
Per Se

Two separate studies were made to determine the degree of post-irradiation saccharin avoidance behavior displayed by rats given tap water or no fluid to drink prior to low-level x-irradiation exposure. In neither study were significant differences, in post-treatment saccharin avoidance behavior, found between the groups receiving saccharin solution, tap water or no fluid to drink prior to radiation exposure. It was concluded that the results could be viewed as additional evidence for the hypothesis of an association of a disturbed physiological state and the discriminatory saccharin solution in the home cage and not an association of x-irradiation with saccharin solution per se. Doubt was expressed that the results could be taken as evidence for successful backward conditioning.

scholarly journals Skeletal Muscle Metabolomic Responses to Endurance and Resistance Training in Rats under Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 1645
Author(s):  
Xiangyu Liu ◽  
Xiong Xue ◽  
Junsheng Tian ◽  
Xuemei Qin ◽  
Shi Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Exercise ◽  
Endurance Exercise ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Treadmill Running ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Mild Stress ◽  
Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Exercise Interventions ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats

The objectives of this study were to compare the antidepressant effects between endurance and resistance exercise for optimizing interventions and examine the metabolomic changes in different types of skeletal muscles in response to the exercise, using a rat model of chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS)-induced depression. There were 32 male Sprague-Dawley rats randomly divided into a control group (C) and 3 experimental groups: CUMS control (D), endurance exercise (E), and resistance exercise (R). Group E underwent 30 min treadmill running, and group R performed 8 rounds of ladder climbing, 5 sessions per week for 4 weeks. Body weight, sucrose preference, and open field tests were performed pre and post the intervention period for changes in depressant symptoms, and the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles were sampled after the intervention for metabolomic analysis using the 1H-NMR technique. The results showed that both types of exercise effectively improved the depression-like symptoms, and the endurance exercise appeared to have a better effect. The levels of 10 metabolites from the gastrocnemius and 13 metabolites from the soleus of group D were found to be significantly different from that of group C, and both types of exercise had a callback effect on these metabolites, indicating that a number of metabolic pathways were involved in the depression and responded to the exercise interventions.

Ranitidine as an alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor in acute methanol toxicity in rats

2009 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amal A El-Bakary ◽  
Sahar A El-Dakrory ◽  
Sohayla M Attalla ◽  
Nawal A Hasanein ◽  
Hala A Malek
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Dehydrogenase ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Negative Control Group ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Methanol Poisoning ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats

Methanol poisoning is a hazardous intoxication characterized by visual impairment and formic acidemia. The therapy for methanol poisoning is alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) inhibitors to prevent formate accumulation. Ranitidine has been considered to be an inhibitor of both gastric alcohol and hepatic aldehyde dehydrogenase enzymes. This study aimed at testing ranitidine as an antidote for methanol acute toxicity and comparing it with ethanol and 4-methyl pyrazole (4-MP). This study was conducted on 48 Sprague-Dawley rats, divided into 6 groups, with 8 rats in each group (one negative control group [C1], two positive control groups [C2, C3] and three test groups [1, 2 and 3]). C2, C3 and all test groups were exposed to nitrous oxide by inhalation, then, C3 group was given methanol (3 g/kg orally). The three test groups 1, 2 and 3 were given ethanol (0.5 g/kg orally), 4-MP (15 mg/kg intraperitoneally) and ranitidine (30 mg/kg intraperitoneally), respectively, 4 hours after giving methanol. Rats were sacrificed and heparinized, cardiac blood samples were collected for blood pH and bicarbonate. Non-heparinized blood samples were collected for formate levels by high performance liquid chromatography. Eye balls were enucleated for histological examination of the retina. Ranitidine corrected metabolic acidosis (p = .025), decreased formate levels (p = .014) and improved the histological findings in the retina induced by acute methanol toxicity.

Mineralocorticoid Receptor Activation by Aldosterone or Corticosterone Induces Hypertension, Myocardial Infarction and Proteinuria

Hypertension ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 36 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. 723-723
Author(s):  
Qing-Feng Tao ◽  
Diego Martinez vasquez ◽  
Ricardo Rocha ◽  
Gordon H Williams ◽  
Gail K Adler
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Mineralocorticoid Receptor ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Myocardial Necrosis ◽  
Receptor Activation ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats

P165 Aldosterone through its interaction with the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) plays a critical role in the development of hypertension and cardiovascular injury (CVI). Normally, MR is protected by 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD) which inactivates glucocorticoids preventing their binding to MR. We hypothesis that if activation of MR by either aldosterone or glucocorticoids induces hypertension and CVI, then the inhibition of 11β-HSD with glycyrrhizin (GA), a natural inhibitor of 11β-HSD, should induce damage similar to that observed with aldosterone. Sprague-Dawley rats were uninephrectomized, and treated for 4 weeks with 1% NaCl (in drinking water) for the control group, 1% NaCl + aldosterone infusion (0.75 μg/h), or 1% NaCl + GA (3.5 g/l in drinking water). After 4 weeks, aldosterone and GA caused significant increases in blood pressure compared to control rats ([mean ± SEM] 211± 9, 205 ± 12, 120 ± 9 mmHg, respectively, p<0.001). Both aldosterone- and GA-treated rats had a significant increase in proteinuria (152.2 ± 8.7 and 107.7 ± 19.5 mg/d, respectively) versus controls (51.2 ± 9.5 mg/d). There was a significant increase (p<0.001) in heart to body weight ratio in the rats treated with aldosterone or GA compared with control (3.92 ± 0.10, 3.98 ± 0.88, and 3.24 ± 0.92 mg/g, respectively). Hearts of GA and aldosterone treated rats showed similar histological changes consisting of biventricular myocardial necrosis and fibrinoid necrosis of small coronary arteries and arterioles. These data suggests that in rodents activation of MR by either aldosterone or corticosterone leads to severe hypertension, vascular injury, proteinuria and myocardial infarction. Thus, 11β-HSD plays an important role in protecting the organism from injury.

scholarly journals Synergistic suppression of pre-perfusion of donor livers with recipient serum and cobra venom factor treatment on hyperacute rejection following liver xenotransplantation

2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 301-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baohua Zhu ◽  
Chuanming Tong ◽  
Weitao Guo ◽  
Rong Pu ◽  
Guoping Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Survival Time ◽  
Hyperacute Rejection ◽  
Cobra Venom ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Donor Liver ◽  
Cobra Venom Factor ◽  
Sd Rats ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
And Control

PURPOSE: To investigate synergistic suppression of donor liver pre-perfusion with recipient serum (RS) and cobra venom factor (CVF) treatment on hyperacute rejection (HAR) following liver xenotransplantation. METHODS: Guinea-pigs (GP, n=24) and Sprague-Dawley rats (SD, n=24) were recruited. Before transplantation, serum was collected from SD rats and used for preparation of inactivated complements. GP and SD rats were randomly assigned into four groups (n=6), respectively: RS group, CVF group, RS+CVF group and control group. Orthotopic liver xenotransplantation was performed with modified two-cuff technique. The survival time and liver function of recipients, morphological and pathological changes in rat livers were investigated. RESULTS: There was no piebald like change in the recipient livers in all experiment groups. The survival time of recipients in all experiment groups was longer than that in control group (p<0.05). Moreover, the survival time in the RS+CVF group was markedly longer than that in the RS group (p<0.01) and CVF group (p<0.05). The serum ALT level in all experiment groups were lower than that in the control group (p<0.05). Furthermore, the ALT level in the RS+CVF group was significantly lower than that in the CVF group (p<0.05) and RS group (p<0.01). The histological damages were significantly improved when compared with the control group, and the histological damages in the RS+CVF group were milder than those in the remaining groups (p<0.05) CONCLUSION: Pre-perfusion of donor liver with recipient serum and cobra venom factor treatment can exert synergistic suppressive effects on the hyperacute rejection following liver xenotransplantation.

Electroacupuncture at Zusanli Rescues the Enteric Neuronal Loss in the Stomach of Diabetic Rats

2012 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min Hu ◽  
Fan Du ◽  
Shi Liu
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Neuronal Loss ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Enteric Neurons ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Zusanli Acupoint

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of electroacupuncture at Zusanli acupoint on the enteric neuropathy in diabetic rats. Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into different groups depending on the total electroacupuncture span and frequency. The expression of nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), choline acetyltransferase (CHAT), protein gene product 9.5 (PGP9.5), and doublecortin was significantly decreased in the diabetic group compared with the control group. Long-term electroacupuncture at Zusanli with either high frequency or low frequency could increase the expression levels of nNOS, CHAT, PGP9.5, and doublecortin, and the increase was greater in the high-frequency group. But no obvious changes were seen in the short-term electroacupuncture groups. These results suggest that electroacupuncture at Zusanli can restore the deficiency of enteric neurons in diabetes partly but a comparative long duration of stimuli (6 weeks) is required. The increase of doublecortin may be involved in this positive process.

scholarly journals NIFEDIPINEON;

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (02) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sidra Hamid ◽  
Qaiser Aziz ◽  
Aneela Jamil ◽  
Lubna Meraj ◽  
Shazia Muazam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Luteinizing Hormone ◽  
Serum Testosterone ◽  
Serum Testosterone Level ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Channel Blockers ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Study Objective ◽  
Serum Luteinizing Hormone ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats

Background: The most potent and effective drugs used for the management of blood pressure in hypertensive patients are Calcium channel blockers (CCBs). Nifedipine, a CCB, acts by blocking entry of calcium ions all the way through the voltage gated calcium channels (VGCCs) of L-type present in the smooth muscle cells of blood vesselsand reducing the blood pressure by decreasing the peripheral vascular resistance. Objectives: The study objective was to determine the effect of nifedipine on serum luteinizing hormone (LH) and serum testosterone in male Sprague Dawley rats. Study Design: Animal experimental study. Setting: All experiments were conducted at the Research laboratory of Shifa College of Medicine, Islamabad along with National Institute of Health (NIH), Islamabad. Period: October, 2012 to April, 2014. Methods: The study was done on adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (N= 60) aged 90-120 days old and their body weights varied between 200 + 50 grams. Rats were divided intotwo groups (n=30). Group A was administered0.5 ml distilled water/rat daily orally, group B was administered orally with nifedipine 50 mg/kg/rat dissolved in 1ml of DMSO. All the doses were given to rats for 8 weeks. After 8 weeks, serum luteinizing hormone and serum testosterone were measured in both groups. Results: In Nifedipine treated group, serum testosterone was significantly decreasedand serum LH was unaffected as compared to the control group. Conclusion: Nifedipine has adverse effects on male fertility as it decreases serum testosterone level.

scholarly journals Ameliorative effects of Spinacia oleracea on sperm morphology, count, and motility by normalizing the obesity-induced oxidative stress in Sprague Dawley rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (03) ◽  
pp. 124-127
Author(s):  
Somia Iqbal ◽  
Noman Sadiq ◽  
Saad Siddiqui ◽  
Hira Iqbal
Keyword(s):  
Sperm Concentration ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Sperm Parameters ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Normal Morphology ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
Experimental Group

Background: Obesity is a prevailing metabolic disorder that affects the functioning of the male reproductive system. Excessive adipose tissue enhances reactive oxygen species generation and is linked with male infertility. Spinach has demonstrated antioxidant effects. The present study was conducted to determine the antioxidant effects of spinach on sperm parameters in obese Sprague Dawley rats. Subjects and methods: This randomized control study was conducted at the animal house of the National Institute of Health Islamabad, Islamic International Medical College, Cosmesurge International Hospital, Rawalpindi, and Apollo lab, Islamabad, Pakistan from April 2016 to March 2017. Forty male Sprague Dawley rats having an age of 8 weeks and weight 160-200g were tagged from number 1 to 40. Every third rat was randomly allocated to control Group A (n=13) and remaining into the Experimental group (n=27). Rats of control Group A was given a standard diet while a high-fat diet was given to Experimental group rats to induce obesity for the duration of six weeks. Weight (g) was measured weekly and obesity was confirmed when rats attain more than 20% weight when compared with that of rats of control Group A. Then, after obesity induction, the experimental group was alienated into the obesity control group (Group B) and spinach treated group (Group C). For sample, rats of Group A and Group B were sacrificed, and the cauda epididymis of each rat was placed in a Petri dish containing normal saline and cut into pieces to allow the release of sperm and then sperm parameters (sperms concentration, motility, and morphology) were recorded under the microscope. Then, spinach (5% hot water extract) along with the persistence of fat diet was administered to Group C for 4 weeks and finally, sperm parameters were measured in this group. Results: Sperm concentration/ml, motility (%), and normal morphology (%) of Group B rats were significantly decreased as compared to Group A rats. However, sperm concentration/ml, motility (%), and normal morphology (%) of Group C (spinach treated group) rats was significantly increased (p<0.001) as compared to Group B (obesity control group) rats after administering spinach. Conclusion: The addition of Spinach in a normal diet regimen restores normal sperm morphology, improves sperm motility and concentration.

scholarly journals Quantitative Analysis of Diffusion Tensor Imaging in Chronic Hepatitis in Rats

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mengping Huang ◽  
Xin Lu ◽  
Xiaofeng Wang ◽  
Jian Shu
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Hepatitis ◽  
Diffusion Tensor Imaging ◽  
Liver Fibrosis ◽  
Diffusion Tensor ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Subcutaneous Injections ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Pathological Stages ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Background Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is mainly used for detecting white matter fiber in the brain. From this, DTI has been applied to assess fiber in liver disorders by prior studies. But non-sufficient data has been obtained if DTI could be used for exactly staging chronic hepatitis. This study is to assess the value of DTI for staging of liver fibrosis (F), necroinflammatory activity (A), and steatosis (S) of chronic hepatitis in rats. Methods Seventy male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into control group(n = 10) and experimental group(n = 60). The rat models of chronic hepatitis were established by abdominal subcutaneous injections of 40% CCl4. All rats underwent 3.0T MRI. ROIs were placed on DTI to estimate MR parameters (rADC value and FA value). Histopathology was the reference standard. Multiple linear regression was used to analyze the association between MR parameters and pathology. The differences in rADC value and FA value among pathological stages were evaluated by MANOVA or ANOVA. LSD was used to test the differences between each two groups. ROC analysis was performed. Results The numbers of each pathology were as follows: F0(n = 15), F1(n = 11), F2(n = 6), F3(n = 9), F4(n = 6); A0(n = 8), A1(n = 16), A2(n = 16), A3(n = 7); S0(n = 10), S1(n = 7), S2(n = 3), S3(n = 11), S4(n = 16). The rADC value had a negative correlation with liver fibrosis (r=-0.392, P = 0.008) and inflammation (r=-0.359, P = 0.015). FA value had a positive correlation with fibrosis (r = 0.409, P = 0.005). Significant differences were found in FA value between F4 and F0 ~ F3 (P = 0.03), while no significant differences among F0 ~ F3 were found (P > 0.05). AUC of FA value in differentiating F4 from F0 ~ F3 was 0.909(p < 0.001) with 83.3% Sensitivity, 85.4% specificity when the FA value was at the cut-off of 588.089(× 10− 6mm2/s). Conclusion FA value for DTI can distinguish early cirrhosis from normal, mild and moderate liver fibrosis.

scholarly journals Mechanism of dopamine inhibition of renal phosphate transport.

1992 ◽  
Vol 2 (11) ◽  
pp. 1601-1607
Author(s):  
J Isaac ◽  
R P Glahn ◽  
M M Appel ◽  
M Onsgard ◽  
T P Dousa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parathyroid Hormone ◽  
Brush Border Membrane ◽  
Phosphate Transport ◽  
Constant Infusion ◽  
Saline Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Pi Transport ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Dependent Transport

Dopamine (DA) is natriuretic and phosphaturic. However, whether the effect of DA on Pi reabsorption is a consequence of its effect on sodium transport is not known. Therefore, this study was performed to determine the effect of DA on the maximal transport of phosphate (TmPi), and upon the capacity of renal proximal brush border membrane (BBM) for (Naextra-vesicular greater than Naintravesicular)-gradient-dependent transport of Pi, as compared with the transport of other solutes. Graded infusions of Pi (0, 1, 2, and 3 mumols/min) were given to thyroparathyroidectomized male Sprague-Dawley rats in the presence of vehicle (0.9% NaCl; N = 5), DA 15 micrograms/kg/min; N = 6), or parathyroid hormone ((PTH); 1 U/kg/min; N = 5). The TmPi for rats infused with DA (3.3 +/- 0.3 mumol/mL) was significantly less than the TmPi for saline control rats (4.4 +/- 0.2 mumol/mL). Rats infused with PTH exhibited the lowest TmPi (1.8 +/- 0.3 mumol/mL). No differences in sodium excretion were observed among any of the groups. Na-dependent Pi transport was studied in BBM vesicles (BBMV) prepared from rats fed a low-phosphate diet for 2 days that were anesthetized, acutely thyroparathyroidectomized, and systemically infused with DA (350 micrograms bolus, plus 35 micrograms/kg/min; N = 8), PTH (33 U/kg bolus, followed by a continuous infusion of 1 U/kg/min; N = 6), or vehicle (1 mL/kg bolus, plus 2 mL/h constant infusion of 0.9% NaCl; N = 8) for 90 min. DA significantly inhibited the Na cotransport of Pi by 22.4 +/- 4.1% (P less than 0.01) as compared with the control group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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