Cholinergic Mediation of Instrumental and Consummatory Behaviors

1975 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 579-588
Author(s):  
Charles D. Burks ◽  
James R. Daniell ◽  
Ramon L. Looney
Keyword(s):  
Water Intake ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Physiological Saline ◽  
Atropine Sulfate ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Schedules Of Reinforcement ◽  
Cholinergic Pathways ◽  
Intake Level ◽  
Cholinergic Mediation ◽  
Control Injection

Schedule-induced polydipsia was instated in 8 male albino rats using FR 100 and FT schedules of reinforcement. Both schedules were effective in producing schedule-induced polydipsia when water was concurrently available. The rats received intraperitoneal injections of 3, 6, and 9 mg/kg atropine sulfate and a control injection of physiological saline according to a 4 × 4 Latin square design which was replicated for two groups of 4 rats each. Atropine sulfate injections attenuated schedule-induced polydipsia instated on the two schedules. Water intake levels were suppressed to equivalent levels regardless of schedules or preinjection intake level obtained before drugs were administered as compared to saline controls ( p < .001). This finding was interpreted as evidence that the polydipsia is mediated at least in part by cholinergic pathways.

scholarly journals Impact of Observed and Controlled Water Intake on Reticulorumen Temperature in Lactating Dairy Cattle

Animals ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa Cantor ◽  
Joao Costa ◽  
Jeffrey Bewley
Keyword(s):  
Observational Study ◽  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Natural Water ◽  
Core Body Temperature ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Water Quantity ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Water Meters

Dairy precision technologies helps producers monitor individual animals. Reticulorumen temperature boluses are a way to monitor core body temperature; however, factors such as water intake affects reticulorumen temperature. This research determined the effect of natural water intake and a controlled water drench on reticulorumen temperature (RT) in dairy cattle. In observational study part 1, tie- stall cows (n = 4) with RT transponders were observed for natural water intake (recorded by in line water meters) for 48 h. In experiment part 2, a randomized Latin square design with cows (n = 12) restricted on feed for 4 h, were drenched daily with a water quantity of 6.7 L, 11.4 L or 22.7 L, and at controlled water temperature of 1.7 °C, 7.2 °C, 15.5 °C, or 29.4 °C. Descriptively, observational study 1 had (Mean ± SD 0.27 ± 0.31 L ingested per drinking event (n = 84) and RT decline from baseline was 2.29 ± 1.82 °C. For the experiment, a 48-h specific rolling baseline temperature range (BTR) was calculated for each cow prior to the experiment to determine time required for RT to reach BTR, and time to return to BTR. In part 2 of the experiment, as water quantity increased, RT had a greater maximum degree drop from baseline. Water temperature and water quantity interaction influenced time required for BTR to reestablish. The coldest water temperature at the highest drench quantity affected time for BTR to reestablish the longest (103 min). Results from this study suggest that an algorithm could be designed to predict water intake events for producers using reticulorumen temperature.

Evaluation of the rivastigmine role against botulinum toxin-A-induced osteoporosis in albino rats: A biochemical, histological, and immunohistochemical study

2018 ◽  
Vol 37 (12) ◽  
pp. 1323-1335 ◽  
Author(s):  
DM Ali ◽  
WY Abdelzaher ◽  
SMN Abdel-Hafez
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Botulinum Toxin ◽  
Botulinum Toxin A ◽  
Physiological Saline ◽  
Compact Bone ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Toxin A ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
Factor Α

The present study aimed to evaluate the role of rivastigmine against the effect of a single unilateral botulinum toxin-A (BTX-A) injection on the bone and bone marrow of adult albino rats 4 weeks after injection. Twenty-four Wistar albino rats were divided into four equal groups: group I, which received distilled water; group II, which received rivastigmine (0.3 mg/kg daily, intraperitoneally for 4 weeks); group III, which received BTX-A (4 IU in 0.2 mL physiological saline) single dose, intramuscularly; and group IV, which received BTX-A + rivastigmine. The results revealed that BTX-A induced a significant decrease in the calcium level with a significant increase in the phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, C-reactive protein, and tumor necrosis factor α levels in serum. Furthermore, a significant increase in malondialdehyde with a significant decrease in reduced glutathione activities in both bone and bone marrow. Histologically, a distortion and thinning out of the compact bone and trabeculae of cancellous bone of the rat femur in the BTX-A group with an increase in adipocytes in adjacent bone marrow were detected. Immunohistochemically, Cluster of Differentiation 68 (CD68) showed a significant increase in both osteoclasts and bone marrow macrophage. Rivastigmine treatment could relieve the toxic effects induced by BTX-A. In conclusion, rivastigmine has a protective effect against the hazardous effects of BTX-A on bone and bone marrow.

scholarly journals Adipose Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell Modulates the Immune Response of Allergic Rhinitis in a Rat Model

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 873 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nesrine Ebrahim ◽  
Yasser Mandour ◽  
Ayman Farid ◽  
Ebtesam Nafie ◽  
Amira Mohamed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Allergic Rhinitis ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Rat Model ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Immunoglobulin E ◽  
Physiological Saline ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor Β ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Microscopical Examination

This study was designed to investigate the potential effects and underlying mechanism of adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) on allergic inflammation compared to Montelukast as an antileukotriene drug in a rat model of allergic rhinitis (AR). The effect of MSCs was evaluated in albino rats that were randomly divided into four (control, AR, AR + Montelukast, and AR + MSCs) groups. Rats of AR group were sensitized by ovalbumin (OVA) and then challenged with daily nasal drops of OVA diluted in sterile physiological saline (50 μL/nostril, 100 mg/mL, 10% OVA) from day 15 to day 21 of treatment with/without Montelukast (1 h before each challenge) or MSCs I/P injection (1 × 106 MCSs; weekly for three constitutive weeks). Both Montelukast and MSCs treatment started from day 15 of the experiment. At the end of the 5th week, blood samples were collected from all rats for immunological assays, histological, and molecular biology examinations. Both oral Montelukast and intraperitoneal injection of MSCs significantly reduced allergic symptoms and OVA-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE), IgG1, IgG2a and histamine as well as increasing prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Further analysis revealed that induction of nasal innate cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-4 and TNF-α; and chemokines, such as CCL11 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), were suppressed; and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) was up-regulated in Montelukast and MSCs-treated groups with superior effect to MSCs, which explained their underlying mechanism. In addition, the adipose tissue-derived MSCs-treated group had more restoring effects on nasal mucosa structure demonstrated by electron microscopical examination.

scholarly journals Histopathological Study of Cyclosporine Pulmonary Toxicity in Rats

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Said Said Elshama ◽  
Ayman El-Meghawry EL-Kenawy ◽  
Hosam-Eldin Hussein Osman
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Physiological Saline ◽  
Immunosuppressive Drugs ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Histopathological Study ◽  
Histopathological Changes ◽  
Periodic Acid Schiff ◽  
Male Adult ◽  
Body Weight Reduction

Cyclosporine is considered one of the common worldwide immunosuppressive drugs that are used for allograft rejection prevention. However, articles that address adverse effects of cyclosporine use on the vital organs such as lung are still few. This study aims to investigate pulmonary toxic effect of cyclosporine in rats by assessment of pulmonary histopathological changes using light and electron microscope examination. Sixty male adult albino rats were divided into three groups; each group consists of twenty rats. The first received physiological saline while the second and third groups received 25 and 40 mg/kg/day of cyclosporine, respectively, by gastric gavage for forty-five days. Cyclosporine reduced the lung and body weight with shrinkage or pyknotic nucleus of pneumocyte type II, degeneration of alveoli and interalveolar septum beside microvilli on the alveolar surface, emphysema, inflammatory cellular infiltration, pulmonary blood vessels congestion, and increase of fibrous tissues in the interstitial tissues and around alveoli with negative Periodic Acid-Schiff staining. Prolonged use of cyclosporine induced pulmonary ultrastructural and histopathological changes with the lung and body weight reduction depending on its dose.

Influence of Time of Day On Live Weight Measurements for Feedlot Steers

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 915-918 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Zinn
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Dramatic Effect ◽  
Feedlot Steers ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Temperature Time

Abstract Three trials were conducted to evaluate the influence of time of day on live weight (LW) measurements of feedlot steers. Trial 1 was initiated November 30, 1988 and involved 15 crossbred steers that were housed and fed individually. Trial 2 was initiated February 28, 1989 and involved 75 crossbred steers that were housed and fed in groups of 5. Trial 3 was initiated June 13, 1989 and was otherwise similar to Trial 2. Weighing times were 0400, 0800 and 1200 with periods between weighing of 7 d. Treatments were assigned to individual steers or pen groups in a replicated 3 × 3 latin square arrangement. In Trial 1, there was a linear decrease (P < .01) in LW averaging 1 kg/h for measurements taken between 0400 and 1200. In Trial 2, both linear (P < .01) and quadratic (P < .05) responses in LW to weighing time were detected. Live weight decreased .75 kg/h between 0400 and 0800, similar to what was observed in Trial 1, but between 0800 and 1200 LW remained unchanged. In Trial 3, only a linear (P < .01) response of LW to time was detected. However, as with Trial 2, the greater rate of decrease in LW appeared to occur between 0400 and 0800 (averaging 1 kg/h). Differences between trials in pattern of water consumption were related to differences in ambient temperature. Time of day had a dramatic effect on LW of feedlot steers. Measurements of LW taken within the later morning hours are more likely to be affected by water intake than measurements taken during the earlier morning time period (0400 to 0800).

The voluntary feed intake of sheep genetically different in wool production

1965 ◽  
Vol 5 (19) ◽  
pp. 385 ◽  
Author(s):  
AJ Williams ◽  
HP Miller
Keyword(s):  
Water Intake ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Wool Production ◽  
Voluntary Feed Intake ◽  
Quality Diet ◽  
Rate Of Consumption ◽  
Daily Time

The voluntary feed intakes of penned rams were measured on three roughage diets containing 15, 9, and 6.5 per cent crude protein. The rams were chosen from three flocks which varied genetically in wool production at pasture. A latin square design was used to examine differences in voluntary feed intake between the diets and the flocks. Feed intake and rate of consumption increased with increasing crude protein percentage of the diet. Daily time spent eating increased from the high to the low quality diet. Within diets, time spent eating was positively associated with intake differences between rams. Feed intake and water consumption were positively associated between and within diets. There were no differences between the diets in water intake per unit feed eaten. Flocks did not differ in voluntary feed intake or in any character associated with intake.

scholarly journals Acute and chronic pathological effects with biochemical alteration of thyroid gland induced by NaF in Wistar rats

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 66
Author(s):  
B. M. Jwad
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Physiological Saline ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Stomach Tube ◽  
Toxic Dose ◽  
Acute Group ◽  
Group Control Group

Thirty Wistar albino rats of both sex, 1-1.25 months old (average body weight 250 – 300gm) were used. Animals were randomly divided into three groups. 1st group (acute group) n=10 given 0.5 ml. contain 500 mg/kg/body weight NaF, as single toxic dose via stomach tube. 2nd group (chronic group) n=10 given 0.5 ml. contain 150 mg/kg/body weight NaF via stomach tube daily for 60 days. 3rd group (control group) n=10 given 0.5 ml. physiological saline via a stomach tube. Clinical signs were reported during the course of the study, and then sacrificed after 3 and 7 days in 1st group, and 30 and 60 days in the 2nd group, then post-mortem examination was done, and any gross lesions were reported. Blood collected was done for biochemical examination (T3, T4, and TSH.) using special biochemical kits. Pieces of thyroid were taken, fixed in 10% formalin for 72 hours, and then all the specimens were processed and the histopathological changes were observed under light microscope. The pathological results showed hemorrhage appear in the capsular region of the thyroid gland with vacuolation in the cytoplasm of cell of a colloid with neutrophils infiltration in the lumen, as well as edema with fume cytoplasm and marked vacuolation of the cytoplasm of a colloid cell, also granulomatous lesion seated in gland parenchyma. That causes alteration of biochemical test T3, T4 and TSH in acute and chronic toxic doses.

scholarly journals Effect of replacing Tifton Hay with Guandu Hay on intake, digestibility and ingestive behavior of dairy goats

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. e50840
Author(s):  
Priscila Bernardo de Andrade ◽  
Erica Beatriz Schultz ◽  
Bruno Joaninho de Assis Villar ◽  
Ana Caroline Ramos Teles da Silva ◽  
Letícia dos Santos Lima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Nutrient Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Ingestive Behavior ◽  
Dairy Goat ◽  
Dairy Goats ◽  
Fiber Digestibility

The purpose was to evaluate the effect of replacement of Tifton 85 hay with Guandu hay on the intake, digestibility and ingestive behavior of dairy goats. Five Saanen goats with average milk production of 2.26 ± 0.10 kg d-1, around 123 ± 4 days of lactation were assigned to a 5 x 5 Latin square design. The treatments consisted of five levels of replacement with Guandu: 0, 8.4, 16.8, 25.2, or 36.4 %. We sampled the food offered, leftovers and feces to calculate intake and digestibility, and the ingestive behavior was monitored for 24 hours. Regression analysis was applied with 5% significance. The nutrient intake and the digestibility of dry matter, organic matter and protein decreased linearly with increasing levels of Guandu hay in the diet (p < 0.05). On the other hand, the neutral detergent fiber digestibility increased linearly, without change the water intake and ingestive behavior with replacement levels of Tifton hay with Guandu hay in the diet (p < 0.05). The replacement of up to 36.4% Tifton hay with Guandu hay in the dairy goat diet reduces the intake and digestibility of dry matter, organic matter and protein, and increasesfiber digestibility, without changing the ingestive behavior and water intake.

Effect of the concentration of Spirulina (Spirulina platensis) algae in the drinking water on water intake by cattle and the proportion of algae bypassing the rumen

2010 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 405 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Panjaitan ◽  
S. P. Quigley ◽  
S. R. McLennan ◽  
D. P. Poppi
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Freshwater Microalgae ◽  
Fixed Amount ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Branched Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Branched Chain

Spirulina, a freshwater microalgae, has previously been shown to increase the efficiency of microbial protein production in cattle fed hay with a low crude protein content. The present study was carried out to determine the effect of increasing the concentration of Spirulina in the drinking water on the intake of water and the amount of water containing Spirulina bypassing the rumen of cattle. Five rumen-cannulated steers were given a fixed amount of pangola grass hay (14 g DM/kg W.day–1) and water containing 0, 1, 2, 2.7 and 3.5% (w/w) Spirulina in an incomplete Latin square design. Water intake by the control steers (0% Spirulina) was 29.7 and 49.3 g/kg W for the first drinking event after it was made available and over 24 h, respectively. For steers receiving the algae, intake of water plus Spirulina increased linearly (P < 0.01) from 42.7 to 60.2 g/kg W during the first drinking event, as the concentration of Spirulina in the drinking water increased, but over 24 h was not affected by Spirulina concentration and averaged 74.4 g/kg W. The bypass of water through the rumen, as determined using chromium-EDTA as a marker, averaged 20.5 ± 1.2% and was not affected by the concentration of Spirulina in the drinking water. Increasing inclusion of Spirulina was associated with a decrease in rumen pH, an increase in urea concentration in blood serum, and an increase in ammonia-N concentration, propionate and branched-chain fatty acids, and a decrease in butyrate proportions in rumen fluid. Spirulina inclusion in the drinking water increased water intake and may provide a potential safe and inexpensive alternative to urea for extensively grazed ruminants.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF MERCURY DERIVATIVES, IMPLANTED INTO THE HYPOTHALAMUS, ON THE WATER INTAKE OF ALBINO RATS

1968 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 483-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. BERGMANN ◽  
M. CHAIMOVITZ ◽  
Y. GUTMAN ◽  
A. ZERACHIA
Keyword(s):  
Water Intake ◽  
Albino Rats
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