scholarly journals Nahmanides’ Astrological and Religious Thinking and the Views of the Contemporaneous Catalan Christian Sages

Perichoresis ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 81-95
Author(s):  
Esperança Valls-Pujol

AbstractThis paper examines the astrological and religious thinking of Moshe ben Nahman (also known as Ramban or Nahmanides) and the intellectual connections in this field with two of the most outstanding Christian thinkers of his time, Ramon Llull and Arnau de Vilanova. Nahmanides, like many medieval scholars, admitted an astral influence, but he did not accept astrology as a divinatory science. He incorporated astrological doctrines in his exegetical works, assuming that Israel is not determined by any star because it only responds to God. Yet the study of medieval medicine and its application cannot be separated from astrology practice because it was considered that the stars had a direct influence not only on the development of the human body, from birth to death, but also in the disease processes which affect it. Ramban and his disciple Solomon ben Adret accepted and practiced astrological medicine. Llull and de Vilanova also devoted themselves to this discipline. All of them agree on the influence of the stars on humankind but condemned astral magic. Like Ramban, Llull rejects other astrological methods considered non-scientific in his time, such as prediction through horoscope. Thus, these thinkers tried to develop an astrology that was not in contradiction with divine omnipotence or free will.

2020 ◽  
Vol IV (4) ◽  
pp. 15-34
Author(s):  
Igor Gasparov

The article considers contemporary free will defences, proposed by A. Plantinga, R. Swinburne, according to which the existence of a world in which there is free will is something more valuable than the existence of a world in which there is no free will. It is shown that contemporary forms of free will defences share with atheistic arguments from evil an anthropomorphic model of God, in which God is thought as an individual among other individuals, although endowed with attributes such as omniscience and omnipotence to an excellent degree. It has also been shown that another important point of similarity between contemporary free will defences and atheistic arguments from evil is that both attempt to assess what our world would be like if created by such an individual. In contrast to atheistic arguments from evil, contemporary free will defences argue that divine omnipotence and omniscience are subject to some greater restrictions, as usually assumed, especially due to God's desire to give some of his creations the ability of free choice, which logically implies the possibility and even necessity of the existence of evil. It is demonstrated that classical theism does not share the anthropomorphic model of deity typical for many contemporary philosophers of religion. Classical theism rejects both the anthropomorphic model of deity and the unaccountability of free will to God as the supreme good. On the contrary, it assumes that free decision was initially an opportunity for the voluntary consent of man which had an innate aspiration towards God as his supreme good. Nevertheless, due to the creation of man out of nothing, this consent could not be automatic but implied forming a virtuous character, and man's transition from a state in which he was able not to sin, to a state in which he would be not able to sin.


2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-82
Author(s):  
Sean Hughes ◽  
Christopher Gardner-Thorpe

Sir Charles Bell, a 19th century surgeon, anatomist and artist, was heavily influenced by the religious practice of Natural Theology, a belief which implied that the world is created by an Intelligent Designer. In the 18th century, William Paley, later Rector of Bishop Wearmouth, wrote the seminal book about Natural Theology. Charles Bell who practised in London and Edinburgh used his artistic skills to underline his teaching of anatomy and surgery. Later, Bell wrote one of the eight Bridgewater Treatises on the Hand. Bell went on to illustrate the final edition of Paley’s Natural Theology in which he demonstrated that proof of Design were to be found in the animal frame, reflecting his earlier work on art and human structure. It is concluded that Charles Bell and William Paley’s ideals were in harmony with each other, holding the same belief about Creation. This paper argues that Bell’s understanding and devotion to Natural Theology allowed him to accurately explain function, realism and expression in the human body, all revealing the direct influence of the Divine Creator.


2020 ◽  
pp. 111-124
Author(s):  
Iris Berent

Having named the storm makers (the twin principles of Dualism and Essentialism) and described their distractive potential, Chapter 8 moves to track the two forces in action in a laboratory setting. The first set of experiments tests the effects of Dualism, showing that people do, in fact, believe that traits that are considered “ideas” must be immaterial. The second examines whether participants believe that immaterial traits cannot be innate, as would be required by Essentialism. Next, we chase the storm itself. As a proof of our forecasting skills, we demonstrate that it is possible to change the storm’s course (people’s intuitions about nativism) by tweaking its ingredients. The antinativist bias can be heightened in a laboratory setting by increasing the perceived distance between mind and body (as in Dualism), and it can be lessened by suggesting that innate biological traits have a material basis in the human body (as in Essentialism). Together, these experiments demonstrate that antinativism is an inevitable byproduct of the clash between these two principles of core knowledge. Having exposed our blindness to what we know, the second part of the book proceeds to explore the implications of this thesis to who we think we are. We consider a vast number of social and personal matters, including our thoughts and feelings, our reasoning about the brain in health and disease, what happens when we die, and our free will.


2004 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 149
Author(s):  
Olga L. LARRE

The freedom issue has not been systematically considered by Ockham; that is why the author approaches it from the point of view of the methodological principles examined by the Venerabilis Inceptor in order to reach its development. First, the basis for the new gnoseo-ontological justification of the reality proposed by the Ockham's followers is established. That makes it possible to set the limits in which the issue is framed according to a model strongly inspired in the principle of divine omnipotence. Ockham's approach uses the Aristotelian language and doctrine of free will, but from a completely different point of view; since the Aristotelian free will results from a first recognition of a number of possibilities from which the agent opt; then freedom is an intellectual capability. Ockham sets aside this key element of Aristotelianism by changing the approach of study; he supports that will is an active power and its key option -acting or not acting- does not depend on the human intellect but on itself as a causa sui. Metaphysic and Anthropology, which support this belief, have been materially changed as compared to the main trends of the XIII Century: nature lacks a specific direction; it is not determined by truth and good. Only the free and conscious agent acts towards and end established by himself while the physical universe is predictable and perfectly determined. Freedom is shown as a new reality against natural determination, thus shaping the first medieval version for the modern dilemma of freedom versus determinism.


2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (Issue 3) ◽  
pp. 106-114
Author(s):  
T. V. Gopal

Body modification (or body alteration) is the wilful altering of the human body by an individual in a way that lasts forever or for a very long time. This is usually for non-medical reasons that include sexual enhancement, a rite of passage, aesthetic reasons, denoting affiliation, trust and loyalty, religious reasons, shock value, and self-expression. It can range from the socially acceptable decoration (e.g., pierced ears or nose in many societies) to the religiously mandated. Body art is the modification of any part of the human body for artistic or aesthetic reasons. Nanotechnology is currently available to implant biometric devices in human beings, which can be monitored by software, satellites and utilized by Government and Industry. In fact several developers are currently bringing these technologies to the public and private sector at affordable prices. The context of “Technology Consumerism” compounded by Intentionality and Free-Will of its consumer’s results in many unintended consequences outlined in this paper. Geometry of Morphogenesis is the proposed theory for decoding body modification.


2012 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Evandro Agazzi

Il dolore e la sofferenza sono realtà negative la cui evidenza non può essere dissolta da sottili disquisizioni filosofiche. L’essere umano cerca di “dare una ragione e un senso” alla realtà che lo circonda, ma non riesce a farlo per la zona della realtà costituita dal male (ossia non trova una risposta razionale alla domanda “perché il male?”). Nell’ambito puramente “mondano” il male rimane un enigma, ma diventa un autentico problema quando si ammetta l’esistenza di Dio: “problema del male” e “problema di Dio” si condizionano mutuamente. “Se Dio esiste, da dove viene il male?” Non può venire da lui (tutto ciò che esiste è di per sé buono), ma è solo prodotto dal cattivo uso che l’uomo fa del suo libero arbitrio (male “morale”) e Dio “tollera” questo male perché rispetta il libero arbitrio umano. Dolore e sofferenza (male detto talora “fisico”) sono conseguenza (come espiazione) del male morale e Dio, pur essendo infinitamente buono e onnipotente, non li elimina perché è anche sommamente giusto. Questa la risposta più classica della teodicea. Essa tuttavia non spiega per davvero il dolore dell’innocente. In conclusione, il male rimane sostanzialmente inintelligibile utilizzando le categorie della razionalità umana e l’unica risorsa per una filosofia davvero razionalista (ossia che ritiene che una ragione deve esserci per ogni aspetto della realtà), è quella di ammettere che tale “ragione” supera le limitatezze della ragione umana e con ciò si apre verso l’accettazione della razionalità divina. La tesi che dolore e sofferenza umana sono espiazione del male morale è esplicitamente respinta da Gesú nel Vangelo ed egli ha compiuto molte opere miracolose per alleviare questi mali. D’altro canto ha liberamente accettato per se stesso il dolore, la sofferenza e la morte, mostrando così concretamente che anche Dio può soffrire, ma la sua resurrezione mostra nello stesso tempo l’onnipotenza di Dio, offrendo una risposta non concettuale, ma concreta alla compatibilità di dolore e onnipotenza divina. L’uomo è così invitato a combattere assieme a Dio dolore e sofferenza mediante opere effettive, e nello stesso tempo a dare un senso escatologico al dolore e al male presente nel mondo fondandosi sulla bontà e onnipotenza di Dio. Gesù ha anche rotto la spontanea convinzione che il male compiuto debba essere espiato infliggendo altro male (la pena) a chi lo commette. Due mali non si compensano, bensì si sommano. La compensazione del male consiste nel perdono, che ne spezza la spirale esterna, mentre il pentimento ripara la ferita interna che la colpa infligge all’animo di colui che la commette. Tutto ciò rientra nella nuova visione dei rapporti che debbono legare gli uomini fra di loro e con Dio, ossia la prospettiva dell’amore, anche se rimane pur sempre misterioso per la ragione umana perché l’amore debba passare attraverso il dolore come sua prova. ---------- Pain and suffering are negative realities whose evidence cannot be dissolved by subtle philosophical arguments. The human being tries to “find a reason and a sense” for the whole of reality surrounding him, but is unable to do this for that portion of reality constituted by evil (i.e. he cannot answer the question, “why evil?”). On the purely mundane plane evil remains an enigma but becomes a real problem when the existence of God is admitted: “problem of evil” and “problem of God” are mutually interrelated. If God exists “from where does evil come?” It cannot come from God (everything that exists is good in itself) but is produced by man when he makes bad use of his free will (moral evil) and God “tolerates” this evil because he respects human free will. Pain and suffering (often called “physical evil”) are the consequence of moral evil (are its expiation) and God, though being infinitely good and omnipotent, does not eliminate them because he is at the same time infinitely just. This is the most classical answer of theodicy. It does not really explain, however, the suffering of the innocent. In conclusion, evil remains essentially unintelligible by using the categories of human reason, and the only way out for a genuinely rationalist philosophy (i.e. a philosophy according to which there is a reason for whatever exists) is that of admitting that such a “reason” oversteps the limits of human rationality and in such a way opens itself to the admission af a divine rationality. The claim that pain and suffering are the expiation of moral evil is explicitly rejected by Jesus in the Gospel, and he has accomplished several miraculous works in order to diminish their impact. On the other hand, he has freely accepted pain, suffering and even death for himself, concretely showing in such a way that God himself can suffer, but his resurrection shows at the same time the omnipotence of God, thereby offering not a conceptual but a concrete answer to the question of the compatibility of pain with divine omnipotence. Hence man is invited to fight with God against pain and suffering by dong good works and at the same time to give a positive eschatological sense to the pain and evil that are present in the world, relying on God’s goodness and omnipotence. Jesus has also broken the spontaneous conviction that the evil committed must be compensated by another evil (the punishment) inflicted on the person who has committed it. Two evils do not compensate each other, but they sum up. The compensation of evil consists in forgiveness, that breaks the external spiral of evil, while repentance heals the internal wound that the wrong action produces in the soul of the person committing it. All this is part of the new perspective regarding the relations that humans must entertain among themselves and with God, that is, the perspective of love, though it still remains mysterious for human reason why love should pass through pain as its test.


Author(s):  
Z Xiaoyun ◽  
J Xianlong ◽  
C Xianghai ◽  
H Xinyi

The simulation precision of the vehicle–pedestrian accident is influenced by the numerous pre-impact parameters. Among them, the biomechanics friction characteristics of pedestrian exert direct influence on the reconstruction of vehicle–pedestrian accident. Given the complicacy of human body and the traffic accident, it is difficult to chase down the pedestrian–vehicle and pedestrian–road contact characteristics in the accident merely through experiments. The analysis on biomechanics friction characteristics in vehicle–pedestrian accident based on the design of experiment method are discussed in this article. The reliability of the friction characteristics can be verified by the optimization method. Finally, the method is applied to reconstruct a real typical case of a bus–pedestrian accident. The numerical reconstruction results gained by the method have high accuracy and credibility. The study also provides a new way to analyse the vehicle–pedestrian accident cause.


Author(s):  
Shulin Wen ◽  
Jingwei Feng ◽  
A. Krajewski ◽  
A. Ravaglioli

Hydroxyapatite bioceramics has attracted many material scientists as it is the main constituent of the bone and the teeth in human body. The synthesis of the bioceramics has been performed for years. Nowadays, the synthetic work is not only focused on the hydroapatite but also on the fluorapatite and chlorapatite bioceramics since later materials have also biological compatibility with human tissues; and they may also be very promising for clinic purpose. However, in comparison of the synthetic bioceramics with natural one on microstructure, a great differences were observed according to our previous results. We have investigated these differences further in this work since they are very important to appraise the synthetic bioceramics for their clinic application.The synthetic hydroxyapatite and chlorapatite were prepared according to A. Krajewski and A. Ravaglioli and their recent work. The briquettes from different hydroxyapatite or chlorapatite powders were fired in a laboratory furnace at the temperature of 900-1300°C. The samples of human enamel selected for the comparison with synthetic bioceramics were from Chinese adult teeth.


Author(s):  
Tong Wensheng ◽  
Lu Lianhuang ◽  
Zhang Zhijun

This is a combined study of two diffirent branches, photogrammetry and morphology of blood cells. The three dimensional quantitative analysis of erythrocytes using SEMP technique, electron computation technique and photogrammetry theory has made it possible to push the study of mophology of blood cells from LM, TEM, SEM to a higher stage, that of SEM P. A new path has been broken for deeply study of morphology of blood cells.In medical view, the abnormality of the quality and quantity of erythrocytes is one of the important changes of blood disease. It shows the abnormal blood—making function of the human body. Therefore, the study of the change of shape on erythrocytes is the indispensable and important basis of reference in the clinical diagnosis and research of blood disease.The erythrocytes of one normal person, three PNH Patients and one AA patient were used in this experiment. This research determines the following items: Height;Length of two axes (long and short), ratio; Crevice in depth and width of cell membrane; Circumference of erythrocytes; Isoline map of erythrocytes; Section map of erythrocytes.


1998 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 382-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
James O. Ochanda ◽  
Eva A. C. Oduor ◽  
Rachel Galun ◽  
Mabel O. Imbuga ◽  
Kosta Y. Mumcuoglu

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