scholarly journals The effect of biodegradable nonwovens in butterhead lettuce cultivation for early harvest

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piotr Siwek ◽  
Andrzej Libik ◽  
Izabela Zawiska

Abstract Field experiments using ‘melt-blown’ biodegradable nonwovens were carried out on the ‘Melodion’ butterhead lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. capitata L.) cultivar for early harvest. All biodegradable nonwovens were manufactured in the Institute of Biopolymers and Chemical Fibres and POLMATEX CENARO in Łódź, Poland. Lettuce seeds were sown into boxes in a greenhouse at the beginning of March, and transplants were planted into the field at the beginning of April. Biodegradable nonwovens - aromatic polyester IBWCH 75 g m-2, polybutylene succinate Bionolle 100 g m-2 and standard polypropylene PP Agro 20 g m-2 - were stretched over the lettuce in the field. The covers were kept on until 4-5 days before harvest. Plots without covers were defined as the control. Ascorbic acid, soluble sugar, dry matter, nitrates, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoid contents were recorded in the leaves. All biodegradable nonwovens showed a positive effect on yielding in comparison to the control in 2009. In the second year of the experiment, there were no significant differences between covers with regard to the yield. Dry matter and soluble sugar content in both years of the experiment was diversified. Nonwovens used as covers in 2009 significantly increased the content of nitrates in comparison to the control. In the second year, the highest level of nitrates was demonstrated in the control object. It is worth underlining that the maximum allowed limit of nitrate content in lettuce (4000 mg kg f.w.) was not exceed. The kind of cover had no significant effect on the level of chlorophyll a in 2009 or chlorophyll b and carotenoids in 2009 and 2010 in the lettuce

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (21) ◽  
pp. 4884
Author(s):  
Khadijeh Yasaminshirazi ◽  
Jens Hartung ◽  
Michael Fleck ◽  
Simone Graeff-Hoenninger

The growing interest of consumers in healthy organic products has increased the attention to the organic production of beetroot. In this regard, six field experiments were conducted in 2017 and 2018 in three different locations under the specific conditions of organic agriculture, and fifteen beetroot genotypes, including one F1 hybrid as a commercial control and one breeding line, were compared regarding the content of the total dry matter, total soluble sugar, nitrate, betalain, and total phenolic compounds in order to investigate the genetic potential of new and existing open-pollinated genotypes of beetroot regarding the content of their bioactive compounds. The results of this study indicated a significant impact of genotype (p < 0.05) on all measured compounds. Furthermore, results revealed a significant influence of the interactions of location × year (p < 0.05) on the beetroot composition, and, thus, the role of environmental conditions for the formation of tested compounds. The total dry matter content (TDMC) of beetroots varied between 14.12% and 17.50%. The genotype ‘Nochowski’, which possessed the highest total soluble sugar content with 14.67 °Bx (Brix), was among the genotypes with the lowest nitrate content. On the contrary, the cylindrical-shaped genotype ‘Carillon RZ’ (Rijk Zwaan), indicated the lowest sugar content and the highest nitrate concentration. The amount of total phenolic compounds ranged between 352.46 ± 28.24 mg GAE 100 g−1 DW (milligrams of gallic acid equivalents per 100 g of dry weight) and 489.06 ± 28.24 mg GAE 100 g−1 DW for the red-colored genotypes which is correlated with the high antioxidant capacity of the investigated genotypes. Due to the specifics of the required content of bioactive compounds for various products, the selection of suitable genotypes should be aligned with the intended final utilization.


2021 ◽  
pp. 34-36
Author(s):  
М.А. Долгополова ◽  
Л.Н. Тимакова

Для повышения уровня механизации производства свеклы столовой важное значение имеет признак раздельноплодности, который позволяет исключить проведение прореживания растений в рядках. Создание раздельноплодных сортов и гибридов длительный и трудоемкий процесс, который осложняется не ясным до конца механизмом наследования этого признака. Цель исследований – создать раздельноплодный исходный материал свеклы столовой с комплексом хозяйственно ценных признаков. Исследования проводили в 2015–2020 годах во ВНИИО – филиале ФГБНУ ФНЦО. Изучение и описание линий столовой свеклы проводили согласно «Методическим указаниям ВИР по изучению и поддержанию в живом виде мировой коллекции корнеплодов». Полевые опыты закладывали на Центральной части Москворецкой поймы (Раменский район Московской области). Почва аллювиальная, луговая, среднесуглинистая, хорошо окультуренная, с мощным гумусовым горизонтом. Метеорологические условия 2015–2020 годов складывались благоприятно для формирования корнеплодов и созревания семян свеклы столовой, за исключением условий 2017 и 2018 годов, которые повлияли на сроки вегетации растений, но не помешали получить посевной и посадочный материал. В качестве исходного материала использовали 5 сортов отечественной и зарубежной селекции (Бордо односемянная, Модана, Моника, Фортуна и Хавская односемянная). Агротехнические мероприятия выполнены в соответствии с требованиями, принятыми для Центрального региона Нечерноземной зоны РФ. Оценку поражения церкоспорозом проводили визуально по пятибалльной шкале Н.И. Салунской. Содержание сухого вещества в корнеплодах определяли термостатно-весовым методом; содержание сахаров в соке – рефрактометрическим методом; содержание бетанина – спектрофотометрическим методом. Уровень плодности семенных растений оценивали визуально во время бутонизации до начала цветения. Для проведения самоопыления использовали только растения с уровнем раздельноплодности 99 и 100%. Изолировали растения до начала цветения под индивидуальными изоляторами из нетканого материала спанбонд, плотностью 80 г/м². Выделено две линии из сорта Моника. Степень раздельноплодности у линии №1 составила 97%, у линии №4–90%. Эти линии характеризуются округлой формой корнеплода с темно-красной окраской мякоти. В корнеплодах содержится растворимых сахаров 6,6–6,3%, сухого вещества и бетанина – 11,2–12,8% и 133,3–130,8 мг/100 г соответственно. To increase the level of mechanization of the production of dining beet, the sign of separation is important, which allows to exclude the decimation of plants in rows. The creation of separate fruit varieties and hybrids is a long and time-consuming process, which is complicated by the mechanism of inheritance of this feature that is not fully clear. The purpose of the research is to create a separate source material of canteen beets with a complex of economically valuable features. Research was carried out in 2015–2020 in ARRIVG – branch of FSBSI FSCVG. The study and description of the dining lines of beets was carried out in accordance with the «Methodological Guidelines of the VIR for the study and living maintenance of the world collection of root crops». Field experiments were carried out on the central part of the Moskvoretskaya floodplain (Ramensky district of Moscow region). The soil is alluvial, meadow, medium-grained, well-cultured, with a powerful humus horizon. Meteorological conditions of 2015–2020 developed favorably for the formation of root crops and the ripening of beet seeds in the dining room, with the exception of the conditions of 2017 and 2018, which affected the timing of plant vegetation, but did not prevent the production of sowing and planting material. As a starting material, 5 varieties of domestic and foreign breeding were used (Bordeaux single-seeded, Modana, Monica, Fortuna and Havskaya single-seeded). Agrotechnical measures were carried out in accordance with the requirements adopted for the Central region of the Non-Black Earth Zone of RF. The cercosporosis assessment was evaluated visually on the five-point scale of N.I. Salunskaya. The content of dry matter in root crops was determined by thermostatic-weight method; sugar content in juice – by the refractometric method; betanine content – by the spectrophotometric method. The level of fertility of seed plants was assessed visually during butonization before flowering. To carry out self-pollination, only plants with a separation level of 99 and 100% were used. Plant insulation was carried out before flowering under individual insulators made of Spanbond nonwoven material with a density of 80 g/m². Two lines from the Monica variety were isolated. The degree of separation at line No1 was 97%, at line No4–90%. These lines are characterized by a rounded shape of the root fruit with a dark red color of the pulp. The root crops of soluble sugars contain 6.6–6.3%, dry matter and betanin – 11.2–12.8% and 133.3–130.8 mg/100 g accordingly.


Agriculture ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 574
Author(s):  
Filippos Bantis ◽  
Mariangela Fotelli ◽  
Zoran S. Ilić ◽  
Athanasios Koukounaras

Spinach is a leafy vegetable containing a plethora of bioactive compounds. Our study aimed to evaluate the physiological (i.e., JIP-test) and phytochemical response of spinach baby leaves grown with regular or mildly saline (40 mM NaCl) nutrient solution and irradiated by four light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with broad spectra. T1 (highest red and far-red, low blue) and T3 (high red, balanced blue, green and far-red) led to a better developed photosynthetic apparatus compared to T2 (red peak in 631 nm) and T4 (highest blue and green), highlighted by PIABS and its structural components: RC/ABS, φP0, ψE0, and ΔVIP. Elevated salinity only affected the latter parameter. T1 induced the maximum yield production but also the highest nitrate content which was far below the maximum level permitted by European legislation. Regardless of salinity level, T3 enhanced total phenol, chlorophyll, and carotenoid content. T2 and T4 led to inferior nutritional quality. Non-saline nutrient solution promoted the chlorophyll and carotenoid contents and the antioxidant potential, regardless of light treatment. By contrast, soluble sugar content was enhanced by saline nutrient solution. Our study shows that physiology and nutritional quality of spinach baby leaves can be manipulated by small interplays in the light spectra and salinity level.


2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
E. Malinowska ◽  
K. Jankowski

The aim of this paper is to evaluate the effect of different doses of spent mushroom substrate and cow slurry on sugar content and digestibility of hybrid alfalfa and grass mixtures. The main factors were different doses of organic material: mushroom substrate and slurry, and the following legume grass mixtures: M1-orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne), and hybrid alfalfa (Medicago x varia T. Martyn); M2-orchard grass, hybrid alfalfa; M3-perennial ryegrass, hybrid alfalfa. In each growing season, the mixtures were harvested three times during three years of their full use. Sugar content and dry matter digestibility were determined with near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) using the NIRFlex N-500 spectrometer. Of all fertilizer treatments, the application of mushroom substrate at a dose of 20 t·ha−1 in combination with 40 m3 of slurry resulted in the best forage quality with its highest digestibility. In the mixture of perennial ryegrass and hybrid alfalfa increasing doses of mushroom substrate with decreasing doses of slurry lowered soluble sugar content and digestibility.


Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1916
Author(s):  
Iwona Ledwożyw-Smoleń ◽  
Sylwester Smoleń ◽  
Stanisław Rożek ◽  
Włodzimierz Sady ◽  
Piotr Strzetelski

Despite wide prevention programmes, iodine deficiency remains a substantial problem in various populations around the world. Consumption of crop plants with increased iodine content may help supply additional amounts of that element in a daily diet. The aim of the work was to evaluate the efficiency of iodine biofortification of potato tubers. Soil application of KI and foliar application of KIO3 in doses up to 2.0 kg I ha−1 were tested in a three-year field experiment. Biomass, yield as well as dry matter, iodine, starch, and soluble sugar content in potato tubers were analyzed. No negative effect of tested methods of iodine application on potato yield or dry matter content was observed. Both soil and foliar application of iodine allowed to obtain potato tubers with increased content of that element with no decrease of starch or sugar content. The highest efficiency of iodine biofortification was noted for foliar spraying with KIO3 in a dose of 2.0 kg I ha−1. The obtained level of iodine in 100 g of potatoes could be sufficient to cover up to 25% of Recommended Daily Allowance for that element. The findings of the study indicate that potatoes biofortified with iodine can become an additional source of I in a daily diet.


2014 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Izabela Zawiska ◽  
Piotr Siwek

ABSTRACT The results of two years (2010-2011) of field studies using two types of nonwoven mulches (one biodegradable, polylactic acid PLA 54 g m-2, and traditional polypropylene PP 50 g m-2) on the yield and quality of tomato are presented. Seeds of tomato (‘Mundi’ F1) were sown in a greenhouse, in containers filled with perlite and sand, and then the plants at the cotyledon stage were replanted in multipot trays filled with substrate for vegetable plants. In the last week of May, seedlings were planted on mulches in the field at a spacing of 50 × 100 cm. The mulch was maintained throughout the growing season. A plot that remained unmulched served as the control. Tomatoes were harvested once a week. The fruits were evaluated for L-ascorbic acid, dry matter, soluble sugars and nitrate content. In 2011, the analysis of the plant material showed that the concentration of L-ascorbic acid was about 23% higher in the tomato fruits harvested from plants grown on biodegradable PLA 61 g m-2 mulch in comparison to the control. A similar effect was demonstrated for the soluble sugar concentration in 2011 for both types of nonwovens.


1978 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 199-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. TOLLENAAR ◽  
T. B. DAYNARD

Kernel development was studied in the maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids United-H106 and Funk’s G-4444, grown in a controlled-environment growth room. A method was employed in which husks were excised, and kernels were removed from the same set of ears at several subsequent sampling dates. This method did not affect the dry matter accumulation of the remaining kernels. Basal kernels (kernel numbers 6–15 in the row) and tip kernels (kernel numbers 31–40) were removed at 2-day intervals during the period from 10 to 20 days postsilking. Dry weight, ethanol-soluble sugar content, and starch content were determined for each sample. Accumulation of dry matter in the tip kernels ceased in a fraction of the United-H106 ears at the onset of the period of linear tip-kernel dry matter accumulation. Only small differences were observed in sugar content between growing and non-growing tip kernels of ears of United-H106. Starch appeared to continue to accumulate in kernels in which dry matter had ceased to accumulate. Except for a delay of approximately 2 days, the pattern of development of tip kernels in Funk’s G-4444 was similar to that of kernels at the base.


2020 ◽  
pp. 1876-1882
Author(s):  
Evander Alves Ferreira ◽  
Marcia Vitória Santos ◽  
Leandro Diego da Silva ◽  
Priscila Júnia Rodrigues da Cruz ◽  
Raul Ribeiro Silveira ◽  
...  

The aim of this work was to study the effect of sub-doses of herbicide nicosulfuron on the levels of chlorophyll and growth of marandu-grass in an forest-livestock integration system. The treatments consisted of eucalyptus consortium with sorghum (BRS 655 hybrid) and forage Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu (marandu-grass) at 12×2 and 12×3 m spacings in agroforestry systems, in addition to sorghum + marandu-grass and marandu-grass in monoculture. The doses of nicosulfuron applied at the marandu-grass were 0, 15 and 30 g ha-1. At 30 and 120 days after the application of nicosulfuron, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b were measured usinf a portable chlorophyll meter, with six measurements per plant. Afterwards, the total chlorophyll content and chlorophyll a/b were calculated. We also measured the mass of the total dry matter of marandu-grass and growth rate of the culture. Marandu-grass plants cultivated in monoculture showed higher quantities of chlorophyll and the highest growth rates. The levels of chlorophyll a, b and chlorophyll a/b and the growth rate of marandu grass were similar between systems integrated with eucalyptus (12x2 and 12x3 m). The increase of herbicide dose negatively influenced on chlorophyll content in marandu-grass in all treatments evaluated. The use of nicosulfuron in doses of 25 and 50 g L-1 reduced the growth rate of marandu grass only when grown in monoculture


2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 63-72
Author(s):  
Sławomir Świerczyński ◽  
Marcin Kolasiński ◽  
Magdalena Urbaniak ◽  
Aleksander Stachowiak ◽  
Magdalena Rybus-Zając

Experimental studies were conducted in 2015–2017 in the Department of Dendrology, Pomology and Nursery of Poznan University of Life Sciences. The aim of the research was to study the usefulness of three rootstocks: Larix decidua, Pinus armandii, Cedrus deodara and two grafting methods: side grafting and split grafting for propagation purposes of Cedrus deodara ‘Karl Fuchs’. In addition, it was evaluated how the rootstock and the age of cultivar shoots influenced the level of chloroplast pigments in the needles. A higher percentage of grafts success was obtained on Pinus armandii and Cedrus deodara using the side grafting method. Grafted scions of ‘Karl Fuchs’ produced the greatest number of lateral buds and the longest lateral increments of growth on Cedrus deodara root stock. Side grafting significantly improved the percentage of plants that restarted their growth in the second year of cultivation. The largest number of buds on two-year-old shoots were counted on plants grafted on Cedrus deodara using split grafting method. The rootstocks used in this experiment had a slight effect on the content of chloroplast pigments in the needles. Plants grafted on Pinus armandii had the highest level of chlorophyll B, and those grafted on Larix decidua – chlorophyll A/B ratio. The content of chloroplast pigments in the needles depended on the age of shoots. The highest level of chlorophyll A, chlorophyll B and carotenoids was observed when needles were collected from the last year’s growth.


2020 ◽  
pp. 28-32
Author(s):  
Л.Н. Тимакова ◽  
В.А. Борисов ◽  
Н.А. Фильрозе ◽  
 О.Н. Успенская ◽  
Л.М. Соколова

Пищевая ценность свеклы столовой определяется высоким содержанием сахаров, своеобразным составом азотистых веществ. Эта культура – источник натурального красителя бетанина, который обладает антиканцерогенным, антибактериальным и противовирусным действием на организм человека. В статье представлены результаты изучения биохимических качеств корнеплодов свеклы столовой. Исследования проводились в период 2014–2019 годов на шести сортах свеклы столовой селекции Агрохолдинга «Поиск». За стандарт взяты широко распространенные образцы отечественной и голландской селекции Бордо 237 (ВНИИССОК) и F1 Пабло (Bejo), районированные во всех регионах РФ. Полевые опыты выполнены по единой методике на базе ВНИИО – филиала ФГБНУ ФНЦО в Раменском районе Московской области. Почва опытного участка относится к типу аллювиальных луговых, среднесуглинистая, насыщенная, влагоемкая. Погодные условия наиболее благоприятно для роста и развития растений свеклы столовой складывались в периоды вегетации 2014–2017 годов. Особенность погодных условий 2018–2019 годов – неравномерное выпадение осадков, что повлияло на время прорастания семян. Дефицит влаги в период вегетации компенсировали поливами методом дождевания, поддерживая НВ на уровне 80–85%. Наибольшее количество сухого вещества накапливает сорт Русская односемянная – 18,4%, что соответствует уровню стандарта Бордо 237. Высокое содержание сахаров свойственно сорту Креолка – 10,7%, и превосходит стандарты на 1,8%. Образцы, восприимчивые к заболеваниям листовой розетки во время вегетации культуры – Эфиопка и F1  Пабло накапливают меньше пигмента бетанина. Биохимические качества корнеплодов сорта Креолка больше сопряжены с его генотипом. Накопление нитратов у образцов крайне подвержено условиям года. Более чем в десять раз изменяется содержание нитратов в зависимости от года у сортов Славянка, Русская односемянная, Креолка и Бордо 237. Выход товарной продукции после шести месяцев хранения по изучаемым образцам колебался от 49,1 до 91,4%. Отличную сохранность на уровне стандартов – свыше 85% показал сорт Русская односемянная. The nutritional value of table beets is determined by a high content of sugars, a peculiar composition of nitrogenous substances. This culture is a source of the natural dye betanin, which has anti-carcinogenic, antibacterial and antiviral effects on the human body. The article presents the results of a study of biochemical qualities of root crops of table beet. Research was conducted in the period 2014–2019 on 6 varieties of beet of table selection of the Poisk Agrо Holding. Widespread samples of domestic and Dutch breeding Bordo 237 (FSCVG) and Pablo F1 (Bejo), zoned in all regions of the Russian Federation, were taken as a standard. Field experiments were performed according to a single methodology on the basis of ARRIVG – branch of FSCVG. The soil of the experimental site belongs to the type of alluvial meadow, medium-loamy, saturated, moisture-intensive. Weather conditions were most favorable for the growth and development of table beet plants during the growing season of 2014–2017. A feature of the weather conditions of 2018-2019 was uneven precipitation, which affected the time of germination of seeds. The lack of moisture during the growing season was compensated by irrigation by sprinkling, maintaining the HB at the level of 80–85%. The largest amount of dry matter accumulates Russian single-seeded variety – 18.4%, which corresponds to the level of the standard Bordeaux 237. High sugar content is characteristic of the Creole variety – 10.7%, and exceeds the standards by 1.8%. Samples that are susceptible to diseases of the leaf rosette during the growing season of the culture-Ethiopian and F1Pablo accumulate less of the pigment betanin. The biochemical qualities of Creole root crops are more associated with its genotype. The accumulation of nitrates in samples is highly susceptible to the conditions of the year. The nitrate content varies more than 10 times depending on the year in the varieties Slavyanka, Russian single-seeded, Creole and Bordo 237. The output of marketable products after 6 months of storage in the studied samples ranged from 49.1 to 91.4%. Excellent preservation at the level of standards – over 85% showed the Russian single-seeded variety.


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