Forensic research of staff fraud

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 585-600
Author(s):  
V.A. Timchenko
Keyword(s):  
Effective Means ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
Diagnostic Techniques ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Structural Units ◽  
Forensic Research ◽  
Economic Information ◽  
Commercial Organizations ◽  
Original Approach

Subject. This article deals with the issues of forensic diagnostics, which is an effective means of detecting, preventing and suppressing staff fraud. Objectives. The article aims to present an original approach to the development of methods of forensic diagnosis of staff fraud based on the modeling method. It is also intended to identify a structure of staff fraud patterns and justify the need to classify the staff fraud methods. Methods. For the study, I used the methods of comparative analysis, systematization, induction, and deduction. Results. The article defines approaches to the formation of diagnostic methods of staff fraud and presents typical inconsistencies that arise in economic information under the influence of fraudulent actions of staff. It describes some diagnostic techniques that can detect staff fraud elements that occur in certain ways of criminal activity. Conclusions and Relevance. The proposed original approach helps develop standard and specific methods for diagnosing staff fraud on a scientific basis. The provisions outlined in the article can serve as a basis for scholarly discussion, contribute to the effectiveness of research on counter-fraud in the field of personnel fraud, and can be applied to the practical activities of structural units and individuals whose task is to combat staff fraud in commercial organizations.

scholarly journals Tick-borne zoonoses and commonly used diagnostic methods in human and veterinary medicine

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Springer ◽  
Antje Glass ◽  
Julia Probst ◽  
Christina Strube
Keyword(s):  
Veterinary Medicine ◽  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
One Health ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Diagnostic Techniques ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Zoonotic Pathogens ◽  
Health Concept ◽  
The One

AbstractAround the world, human health and animal health are closely linked in terms of the One Health concept by ticks acting as vectors for zoonotic pathogens. Animals do not only maintain tick cycles but can either be clinically affected by the same tick-borne pathogens as humans and/or play a role as reservoirs or sentinel pathogen hosts. However, the relevance of different tick-borne diseases (TBDs) may vary in human vs. veterinary medicine, which is consequently reflected by the availability of human vs. veterinary diagnostic tests. Yet, as TBDs gain importance in both fields and rare zoonotic pathogens, such as Babesia spp., are increasingly identified as causes of human disease, a One Health approach regarding development of new diagnostic tools may lead to synergistic benefits. This review gives an overview on zoonotic protozoan, bacterial and viral tick-borne pathogens worldwide, discusses commonly used diagnostic techniques for TBDs, and compares commercial availability of diagnostic tests for humans vs. domestic animals, using Germany as an example, with the aim of highlighting existing gaps and opportunities for collaboration in a One Health framework.

Characteristics of examination algorithm of patients with chronic trauma of the oral mucosa using tissue autofluorescence spectroscopy

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-169
Author(s):  
V. A. Gordeeva ◽  
I. V. Kulik ◽  
E. A. Khromova ◽  
A. L. Rubezhov ◽  
M. V. Gordeeva
Keyword(s):  
Oral Mucosa ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Diagnostic Techniques ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Chronic Trauma ◽  
Autofluorescence Spectroscopy ◽  
Risk Zones ◽  
Cancerous Lesions ◽  
Group 5

Relevance. The paper demonstrates the need to implement modern diagnostic techniques for diagnosis of precancerous and cancerous lesions at early or preclinical stages. Additional diagnostic methods are necessary, e.g. tissue autofluorescence, which allows revealing insidious pathological risk zones, particularly precancerous and cancerous lesions, to evaluate the condition of the oral tissues in patients with chronic oral mucosa disorders, especially caused by trauma. Purpose – to assess trauma-specific effectiveness of autofluorescence spectroscopy (AFS) in risk group patients with chronic trauma of the oral mucosa to reveal early malignization signs.Materials and methods. 25 subjects were selected for the study and divided into 2 groups: main group – 20 patients with different manifestations of chronic oral mucosa trauma; control group – 5 subjects without visible clinical manifestations and without oral trauma factors. Autofluorescence spectroscopy was performed in both groups using AFS-400 stomatoscope.Results. The received data demonstrated that the change in autofluorescence doesn’t allow drawing final conclusions on the presence or absence of chronic oral trauma malignization signs.Conclusion. AFS-400 stomatoscope may be effective in differentiating between healthy and damaged tissues, but there is no solid evidence that the change in fluorescence shade can help differentiate between various types of damaged tissues. Autofluorescence spectroscopy should be considered as an additional method for examination of patients with chronic oral mucosa trauma to reveal early malignization signs.

scholarly journals Application of electrochemical aptasensors in detection of cancer biomarkers

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (7) ◽  
pp. 3315-3324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masoud Negahdary ◽  
Ali Moradi ◽  
Hossein Heli
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Therapy ◽  
Cost Saving ◽  
High Selectivity ◽  
Cancer Biomarkers ◽  
Diagnostic Techniques ◽  
Late Diagnosis ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Cancer Markers

Today, the late diagnosis of cancers is a big challenge, and using novel diagnostic techniques will provide essential, faster and more accurate treatments. Unfortunately, existing common and traditional diagnostic methods have not been helpful completely and most cancers are diagnosed too late. Recently, researchers have found new diagnostic methods against cancers by aptasensors; these sensory systems can detect involved biomarkers in various cancers so that the research in this field is continued strictly. Aptasensors can detect cancer markers in small quantities and high selectivity; moreover, other advantages of cancer aptasensors such as optimized time and cost saving can be considered. In addition, the aptasensors have been used in the diagnosis of the effective and related factors in cancer therapy follow-up. Here, the most researches about cancer aptasensors and other involved markers were collected, reviewed and described.  

scholarly journals DN Testing as a Branch of Forensic Technology: Problems of Formation and Directions of Development

2020 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-99
Author(s):  
Р. Л. Степанюк ◽  
С. І. Перлін
Keyword(s):  
Dna Analysis ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
Forensic Identification ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Forensic Dna ◽  
Forensic Dna Analysis ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
Legislative Regulation ◽  
Living Organisms

The authors of the article have studied the problems and perspectives of the formation of specific branch of forensic technology, which is devoted to DNA analysis in order to solve the tasks arising in criminal proceeding. Particular attention has been paid to the lack of a corresponding component in the domestic system of forensic technology, unlike the forensic science of foreign countries. The necessity of development of forensic DNA analysis as an independent branch of forensic technology has been argued. It is confirmed by the following main arguments: the methodology of this field of research is based on the theory of forensic identification; its objects are traces of human and other living organisms; DNA analysis technologies are developed using the achievements of different sciences and adapted to solve problems of crime detection and investigation; they are aimed to ensuring the activities of law enforcement agencies in counteracting crime; the scope of DNA analysis application in crime combating should not be limited to forensic activities; legislative regulation of collecting and using personal genetic data is essential; DNA analysis technologies in terms of practical significance and fundamental scientific basis exceed all other branches of forensic technology. The authors have offered to define forensic DNA analysis as the branch of forensic technology that studies individual genetic characteristics of living organisms contained in their DNA, in order to identify them and solve diagnostic tasks in the detection and investigation of criminal offenses. Its structure has been determined. The authors have provided perspective development directions of forensic DNA analysis: ensuring the appropriate state of legislative regulation of relations in the field of selection and use of personal genetic information; implementation of effective means and methods of detection and removal of biological traces and samples; improvement of methods of forensic DNA testing; formation of recommendations concerning the peculiarities of using DNA analysis results for proving; development of the latest technologies of forensic DNA analysis.

scholarly journals Detection of “Candidatus Helicobacter suis” in Gastric Samples of Pigs by PCR: Comparison with Other Invasive Diagnostic Techniques

2000 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 1131-1135 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. De Groote ◽  
R. Ducatelle ◽  
L. J. van Doorn ◽  
K. Tilmant ◽  
A. Verschuuren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Southern Blot ◽  
Blot Hybridization ◽  
Southern Blot Hybridization ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Diagnostic Techniques ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Giemsa Staining ◽  
Rapid Urease Test ◽  
Pcr Assay ◽  
Urease Test

Recently, a new 16S ribosomal DNA-based PCR assay was developed for the specific detection of “Candidatus Helicobacter suis” (former “Gastrospirillum suis”) in porcine gastric samples. In the present study, this PCR assay was compared to three other invasive diagnostic methods (rapid urease test, immunohistochemistry, histologic analysis by Giemsa staining). Antral stomach samples from 200 slaughterhouse pigs from Belgium and The Netherlands were examined. Bacterial presence was determined in 77% (154 of 200) of the samples by PCR in combination with Southern blot hybridization, 56% (111 of 200) of the samples by immunohistochemistry, 61% (122 of 200) of the samples by urease testing (20 h postinoculation [p.i.]), 36% (71 of 200) of the samples by urease testing (3 h p.i.), and 33% (65 of 200) of the samples by Giemsa staining. The intrinsic specificity of the PCR assay was assessed by Southern blot analysis with an “Candidatus H. suis”-specific probe and sequencing of PCR products. Interassay sensitivity and specificity values were assessed for each test by pairwise comparisons between tests. Agreement between tests was evaluated by calculating Cohen's kappa coefficient. From that analysis, the PCR assay was considered the most reliable benchmark. Microscopic detection of immunohistochemically labeled or Giemsa-stained “Candidatus H. suis” cells in stomach sections proved to be highly specific (100%) but relatively insensitive (72 and 42%, respectively) compared to the PCR assay. A longer incubation time of the urease test improved its sensitivity considerably (74 versus 55%) but was accompanied by a loss of specificity (72 versus 93%). In conclusion, we found the “Candidatus H. suis”-specific PCR assay to be a sensitive and reliable diagnostic method for the detection of “Candidatus H. suis” in the stomachs of pigs and could prove to be a valuable tool for further epidemiological studies both for “Candidatus H. suis”- and for “Helicobacter heilmannii” type 1-related research.

scholarly journals Expression Levels of Candidate Circulating microRNAs in Early-Onset Neonatal Sepsis Compared With Healthy Newborns

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 117863101879707 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benet B Dhas ◽  
Vijaya R Dirisala ◽  
B Vishnu Bhat
Keyword(s):  
Neonatal Sepsis ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Diagnostic Techniques ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Large Sample Size ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Circulating Micrornas ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Sepsis Diagnosis ◽  
Low Sensitivity

The high mortality rate of neonatal sepsis is directly connected with time-consuming diagnostic methods that have low sensitivity and specificity. The need of the hour is to develop novel diagnostic techniques that are rapid and more specific. In this study, we estimated the expression levels of circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) that are involved in regulating immune response genes and underlying inflammatory responses, which may be used for sepsis diagnosis. The total circulating miRNA was isolated and the candidate miRNAs (miR-132, miR-146a, miR-155, and miR-223) were quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction technique. Statistical analysis revealed that miR-132 ( P < .01) and miR-223 ( P < .05) were downregulated in septic newborns compared with healthy babies. The decrease in expression of miR-132 and miR-223 may be associated with increased expression of immune-related genes involved in TLR (Toll-like receptor) signaling pathway. Further case-control studies with large sample size are required to identify the potential of miRNAs in neonatal sepsis diagnosis.

scholarly journals Temporal and Spatial Changes of Non-Point Source N and P and Its Decoupling from Agricultural Development in Water Source Area of Middle Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 895 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liguo Zhang ◽  
Zhanqi Wang ◽  
Ji Chai ◽  
Yongpeng Fu ◽  
Chao Wei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Point Source ◽  
Quantitative Estimation ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Source Area ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
Water Diversion ◽  
Nps Pollution ◽  
Water Diversion Project ◽  
North Water

The quantitative estimation of non-point source (NPS) pollution provides the scientific basis for sustainability in ecologically sensitive regions. This study combined the export coefficient model and Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation to estimate the NPS nitrogen (NPS-N) and NPS phosphorus (NPS-P) loads and then evaluated their relationship with Primary Industrial Output Value (PIOV) in the water source area of the middle route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project (SNWDP) for 2000–2015. The estimated results show that: (1) dissolved nitrogen (DN) load increased 0.55%, and dissolved phosphorus (DP) load decreased 4.60% during the 15 years. Annual loads of adsorbed nitrogen (AN) and adsorbed phosphorus (AP) increased significantly before 2005 and then decreased after 2005. Compared with 2000, AN and AP loads in 2015 significantly decreased by 32.72% and 30.81%, respectively. Hanzhong Basin and Ankang Basin are key areas for controlling dissolved pollution, and southern and northern regions are key areas for adsorbed pollution. (2) From 2000 to 2005, NPS pollutants and PIOV showed weak decoupling status. By 2015, NPS pollutants had strong decoupling from PIOV in most counties. (3) Land use has been the main source of NPS-N and NPS-P pollution, accounting for about 75% of NPS-N and 50% of NPS-P based on the average value over the study period. In the future, various measures—such as returning cropland to forest and reducing the number of livestock—could be adopted to reduce the risk of NPS pollution. NPS pollution caused by livestock was grown over the past 15 years and had not yet been effectively controlled, which still needs to be urgently addressed. Collecting ground monitoring data and revising parameters are effective means to improve the accuracy of simulation, which deserve further study. The results will also provide scientific support for sustainable development in similar regions.

scholarly journals DUX Hunting—Clinical Features and Diagnostic Challenges Associated with DUX4-Rearranged Leukaemia

Cancers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 2815
Author(s):  
Jacqueline A. Rehn ◽  
Matthew J. O'Connor ◽  
Deborah L. White ◽  
David T. Yeung
Keyword(s):  
Next Generation Sequencing ◽  
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Clinical Features ◽  
Lymphoblastic Leukaemia ◽  
Diagnostic Techniques ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Intensive Chemotherapy ◽  
Chromosome 4 ◽  
Generation Sequencing

DUX4-rearrangement (DUX4r) is a recently discovered recurrent genomic lesion reported in 4–7% of childhood B cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (B-ALL) cases. This subtype has favourable outcomes, especially in children and adolescents treated with intensive chemotherapy. The fusion most commonly links the hypervariable IGH gene to DUX4 a gene located within the D4Z4 macrosatellite repeat on chromosome 4, with a homologous polymorphic repeat on chromosome 10. DUX4r is cryptic to most standard diagnostic techniques, and difficult to identify even with next generation sequencing assays. This review summarises the clinical features and molecular genetics of DUX4r B-ALL and proposes prospective new diagnostic methods.

scholarly journals The Current Status of Enteric Fever Diagnostics and Implications for Disease Control

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. S64-S70
Author(s):  
Stephen Baker ◽  
Christoph J Blohmke ◽  
Mailis Maes ◽  
Peter I Johnston ◽  
Thomas C Darton
Keyword(s):  
Disease Control ◽  
Enteric Fever ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Typhoid Diagnostics ◽  
Commercial Organizations ◽  
And Control

Abstract Enteric (typhoid) fever remains a problem in low- and middle-income countries that lack the infrastructure to maintain sanitation and where inadequate diagnostic methods have restricted our ability to identify and control the disease more effectively. As we move into a period of potential disease elimination through the introduction of typhoid conjugate vaccine (TCV), we again need to reconsider the role of typhoid diagnostics in how they can aid in facilitating disease control. Recent technological advances, including serology, transcriptomics, and metabolomics, have provided new insights into how we can detect signatures of invasive Salmonella organisms interacting with the host during infection. Many of these new techniques exhibit potential that could be further explored with the aim of creating a new enteric fever diagnostic to work in conjunction with TCV. We need a sustained effort within the enteric fever field to accelerate, validate, and ultimately introduce 1 (or more) of these methods to facilitate the disease control initiative. The window of opportunity is still open, but we need to recognize the need for communication with other research areas and commercial organizations to assist in the progression of these diagnostic approaches. The elimination of enteric fever is now becoming a real possibility, but new diagnostics need to be part of the equation and factored into future calculations for disease control.

scholarly journals Standardisation of lymphatic filariasis microfilaraemia prevalence estimates based on different diagnostic methods: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalie V. S. Vinkeles Melchers ◽  
Luc E. Coffeng ◽  
Sake J. de Vlas ◽  
Wilma A. Stolk
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Lymphatic Filariasis ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Diagnostic Technique ◽  
Diagnostic Techniques ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Prevalence Estimates ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Meta Analyses

Abstract Background Lymphatic filariasis (LF) infection is generally diagnosed through parasitological identification of microfilariae (mf) in the blood. Although historically the most commonly used technique for counting mf is the thick blood smear based on 20 µl blood (TBS20), various other techniques and blood volumes have been applied. It is therefore a challenge to compare mf prevalence estimates from different LF-survey data. Our objective was to standardise microfilaraemia (mf) prevalence estimates to TBS20 as the reference diagnostic technique. Methods We first performed a systematic review to identify studies reporting on comparative mf prevalence data as measured by more than one diagnostic test, including TBS20, on the same study population. Associations between mf prevalences based on different diagnostic techniques were quantified in terms of odds ratios (OR, with TBS20 blood as reference), using a meta-regression model. Results We identified 606 articles matching our search strategy and included 14 in our analyses. The OR of the mf prevalences as measured by the more sensitive counting chamber technique (≥ 50 µl blood) was 2.90 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.60–5.28). For membrane filtration (1 ml blood) the OR was 2.39 (95% CI: 1.62–3.53), Knott’s technique it was 1.54 (95% CI: 0.72–3.29), and for TBS in ≥ 40 µl blood it was 1.37 (95% CI: 0.81–2.30). Conclusions We provided transformation factors to standardise mf prevalence estimates as detected by different diagnostic techniques to mf prevalence estimates as measured by TBS20. This will facilitate the use and comparison of more datasets in meta-analyses and geographic mapping initiatives across countries and over time.

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