Становление и перспективы органического земледелия в России (обзор)

Author(s):  
S.A. Korshunov ◽  
A.M. Asaturova ◽  
A.I. Chomiak ◽  
G.V. Volkova

Наряду с традиционными приемами ведения сельского хозяйства во многих странах развивается альтернативное земледелие, основанное на строгом соблюдении научных рекомендаций и требований по эксплуатации почвенных ресурсов с целью их сохранения при длительном использовании. Одно из таких направлений – органическое земледелие, успешно развивающееся в странах ЕС и США последние 30 лет. Оно предполагает создание высококультурной, экологически сбалансированной агроэкосистемы, критериями функционирования которой является устойчивость агроландшафта на фоне продуктивного долголетия всех составляющих его компонентов (почва, растения, животный мир). Устойчивость таких агроценозов обеспечивается путем минимизации негативного влияния на агроэкосистему (отказ от применения пестицидов и других средств защиты растений, химических удобрений, ГМО, ионизирующего излучения) и внедрения экологически обоснованной системы земледелия при обязательном контроле за состоянием всего агробиоценоза в системе эколого-мелиоративного и агроэкологического мониторинга. Научно-исследовательская деятельность и биологическая защита в органическом сельском хозяйстве должны отвечать основным задачам реального сектора. Ученым, вовлеченным в данное направление, важно взаимодействовать с сертифицированными органическими производителями, профильными союзами, понимать как частные задачи конкретных хозяйств, так и общерыночные тенденции, требования сертифицирующих органов, знать основные стандарты органического сельского хозяйства. В обзоре рассмотрены тенденции развития рынка органической продукции в России и в мире. Показана прямая взаимосвязь между государственной поддержкой экологизации земледелия и ростом рынка органической продукции. Представлены данные социологических опросов с целью выявления количественных и качественных показателей развития рынка органического сельского хозяйства и биологизации земледелия в Российской Федерации. Подчеркнута роль биологической защиты растений как ключевого элемента обеспечения стабильного органического производства, что потребует активного и целенаправленного внедрения научных методов поддержания плодородия почв и механизмов естественной биоценотической регуляции агроэкосистем, разработанных российскими учеными.In addition to traditional farming practices, many countries are developing alternative agriculture based on strict compliance with scientific recommendations and requirements for the exploitation of soil resources in order to preserve them during long-term use. One of these areas is organic farming, which successfully developing in the EU and the US for the last 30 years. It includes creation of a highly cultured, ecologically balanced agroecosystem, which has stability of agrocenosis with productive longevity of all its components (soil, plants, wildlife). The sustainability of such agrocenoses is ensured by minimizing the negative impact on the agroecosystem (refusal to use pesticides and other plant protection products, chemical fertilizers, GMOs, ionizing radiation) and the introduction of environmentally sound farming system with mandatory control over the state of the entire agrobiocenosis in the system of ecological-meliorative and agroecological monitoring. Research and biological protection in organic agriculture must meet the basic objectives of the real sector. Scientists involved in this area, it is important to interact with certified organic producers, specialized unions, to understand both the private tasks of specific farms and General market trends, the requirements of certification bodies, to know the basic standards of organic agriculture. The review examines the trends in the development of organic products market in Russia and in the world. The direct relationship between the state support for the greening of agriculture and the growth of the market of organic products is shown. The article presents the data of sociological surveys to identify quantitative and qualitative indicators of the market of organic agriculture and biologization of agriculture in the Russian Federation. The role of biological plant protection as a key element of ensuring stable organic production is emphasized, which will require the active and purposeful introduction of scientific methods for maintaining soil fertility and mechanisms of natural biocenotic regulation of agroecosystems developed by Russian scientists.

Author(s):  
Valentyna Krutiakova ◽  
◽  
Volodymyr Belchenko ◽  
Borys Sheikin ◽  
Volodymyr Bulgakov ◽  
...  

The problem of industrial production of biological plant protection products in Ukraine is important and relevant. The purpose of this study is to determine the principles of innovative approaches in the production of plant protection products based on microbiological drugs and entomophages and to propose the organizational structure of production of these products in Ukraine. Methods of theoretical generalization, research in applied microbiology and entomology, analysis and synthesis were used. The basic technological and technical methods and equipment for production at enterprises of different levels of biological plant protection products (BZZR) and their application in agrocenoses developed by ITI "Biotechnics" of NAAS are resulted, the general structure of system of biological protection of plants in Ukraine is offered. Emphasis is placed on specific technologies and equipment for the production of microbiological preparations of various scales: bacterial, fungal, viral, the use of nematodes. Attention is paid to the production of entomological drugs to protect plants from pests. Ground methods of BZZR introduction into agrocenoses and with the use of aviation are offered. The proposed innovative approaches to the development, creation and use of OSH in Ukraine, based on the system of bioproduction of these tools, will significantly increase their use in plant protection in organic production and the share of integrated plant protection. The ways of development, creation of industrial production and use of biological plant protection products in Ukraine are considered and offered, based on the developed system of bioproductions of these means. This will significantly increase their use in plant protection in organic production and the share of integrated plant protection.


2021 ◽  
Vol 311 ◽  
pp. 10002
Author(s):  
Denis Matytsin ◽  
Iolanta Baltutite ◽  
Agnessa Inshakova

The chapter substantiates the conclusion that an organic product is a food product produced on basis of natural agriculture and animal husbandry, without the use of pesticides and other plant protection products, chemical fertilizers, growth stimulants and animal fattening. Having studied the agricultural legislation of Russia and other EAEU countries, the authors note that these legal acts contain a large number of common approaches and methods of state regulation of the production and turnover of organic products, although it differs in terms of individual production conditions, prohibitions and restrictions. Despite the fact that the adoption of laws on organic products in Russia and the EAEU countries was a great victory for agricultural producers and consumers, there is still a lot of work to done. It is necessary to bring the EAEU standards in line with international requirements, to develop specific measures to support producers of organic agricultural products, to fine-tune control mechanisms and to establish sanctions for violations in this area. In particular, it is advisable to establish legal liability for the use of organic labeling without proper grounds. As economic measures to support producers of organic products, it is necessary to establish a regulatory obligation of the state to purchase only organic products for military personnel, hospitals, orphanages, as well as other similar social needs.


Author(s):  
Anna Olkiewicz

Agriculture is one of the basic human activities. This activity, however, also had a negative impact on the environment. For decades, organic farming, understood as a system of management of sustainable crop production and livestock within the farm, has been developing. Constantly increases both the number of organic producers and the area of organic farming. Organic agriculture is currently supported with success through the development of the law in this area, both on the world market, European and Polish. Thanks to regulations gradually entered into force a consumer acquiring products referred to as organic is convinced that they are free from contamination, such as residues of plant protection products and hormones, and when their production not used chemical fertilizers and genetically modified organisms.


2020 ◽  
pp. 48-59
Author(s):  
A.M. Agapkin

The state of the problem of processing agricultural waste as a newly forming industry for the disposal of such waste in conjunction with the development of the emerging industry of organic production and the market of organic fertilizers is considered. The issue is regarded in the interrelation of the regulatory, economic and technological components in their dynamics from the current state to the target (desired).


2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 580-593
Author(s):  
M A. Bryzgalina ◽  

The demand for organic food is a prerequisite for the formation and development of organic agriculture, and the task of promoting it on domestic and foreign markets is among the priority ones. A serious problem in the sale of this category of goods to the domestic food markets of the country is the distrust of potential consumers. It is possible to solve this problem through certification and the use of a well-known brand. Certification of manufacturers of environmentally friendly products is a rather complicated and expensive procedure, therefore it is not available for most agricultural producers in the Saratov region. However, basing on the fact that today the task of developing the organic agriculture industry is set at the level of the government of the country, it is possible to solve this problem with the support of the state. The article examines the enterprises of the Saratov region of various legal forms, which do not use fertilizers and chemical means of crop protection in the production of crop production. Using the example of agricultural organizations and farms in the region, a mechanism for subsidizing certification of the most promising producers of organic wheat (winter and spring) is proposed, which includes the allocation of targeted subsidies for its implementation. As a criterion for the selection of applicants for this type of state support, as well as the distribution of budgetary resources between them, it is proposed to use the average indicator (potential) of the annual volume of organic production in the work. As a result, direct participants in certification subsidies were selected from the compiled sample of the studied enterprises that do not use chemical plant protection products and mineral fertilizers and the total annual volume of their marketable wheat was determined. The author determined the maximum cost of quality confirmation procedures for one enterprise, taking into account the increasing coefficients per one day of inspection, and also established the largest amount of budgetary resources that may be spent on the implementation of the proposed measure. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed certification subsidy mechanism, the author developed formulas for determining the selling price of products in the promising organic segment, taking into account its increase by the level of premium premiums.


2010 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Branislava Sivcev ◽  
Ivan Sivcev ◽  
Zorica Rankovic-Vasic

Pests and grapevine diseases in organic production are suppressed by preventive measures with a view to reducing the impact of the attack. Allowed substances acting on patogenous fungi, insects, mites and other harmful organisms are used, if appropriate. Insecticides of plant origin are used in the organic production of grapevine, as well as vegetable oils, powders and insecticidal soaps that are selective, with a narrow range of effects and of lower toxicity, as well as biological products. As a rule, such plant protection products require a more frequent application. Copper-based and sulphur-based fungicides are still leading products in suppressing grapevine diseases. Researches are directed to decrease the quantity of application and to find their replacement by also efficient fungicides. A special emphasis is put on researching the efficient fungicides for suppressing Botrytis bunch rot and factors causing grapevine wood diseases (Esca and Eutypa) in organic production. Along with copper and sulphur, different substances such as bicarbonates, plant extracts and oils, biological products being parasites, patogenous or diseases agent antagonists, and natural products such as milk and whey are applied in the organic production of grapevine.


Author(s):  
Dorozhkina Kateryna

The article considers the definition of marketing and marketing management from the standpoint of various scientists. The main tasks of marketing of an enterprise are studied as an integral part of management of marketing activities. The necessity of marketing management is analyzed, and the advantages of its use are outlined. The concept of organic production is studied; an interpretation of marketing management of organic production is proposed, which includes the study of the needs of existing and potential consumers, the development of an appropriate product range, which will be based on the requirements for the production of organic products, taking into account the wishes of consumers, the sale of products by optimally selected sale channels, which will lead to the achievement of better competitive advantages and profit maximization. The article also considers the general requirements for organic production in Ukraine, as well as the list of prohibitions for this production. The features of marketing management in the field of organic production are determined, which include: ensuring the absence of negative impact on the environment by production; compliance with the principles and requirements for the production of organic products; the presence of a transition period of production; the mandatory procedure for annual certification; the presence of special labeling of products, which is agreed with the certification body.


2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 27-32
Author(s):  
Olha Alieksieieva

The purpose of the article is to study the impact of the basic principles and benefits of the development of cooperative movement on the development of organic agricultural production, as well as to determine the role of cooperation in the development of organic entrepreneurship. Methodology. The author has used the methods of analysis and synthesis, the method of statistical grouping and comparison, induction and deduction, structural and functional approach to solve the problems and achieve the goals. The study is based on the comparative analysis and synthesis of scientific literature. Results. Organic food is increasing in popularity. The growing demand is mainly attributable to consumer concerns about negative implications of conventional agriculture for human health and the environment. Organic agriculture has a great potential to neutralize a negative impact of agricultural intensification on the environment. The article describes the concept and analyzes the current state of cooperation in agriculture. It is found that during the period under the research, the number of registered cooperatives has increased by almost 45%. The concepts of organic agriculture and organic production are clarified. The dynamics of agricultural lands engaged in organic production and the number of certified organic farms in Ukraine are studied. It is indicated that the consumption of organic products in Ukraine is much lower than in the European countries and the United States. The advantages of introducing a cooperative movement in the field of organic agriculture are identified. Being part of a cooperative helps small farms to be able to produce enough to generate profits and ensure their substance, which is an opportunity to compete with larger companies. Risks arising in the process of establishing organic cooperatives are outlined considering the international experience. It is concluded that efficient organic farming cooperatives can support local and export markets, stimulate production efficiency and promote local logistics. Practical implications. The advantages of consolidation of enterprises and entrepreneurs in the field of organic agriculture on the basis of cooperation can be used for the development of state programs to support the cooperative movement in organic farming. Value/originality. Views on the organization of production, processing and logistics activities of organic agricultural producers through the introduction of cooperatives have been expanded.


2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (Suppl.1) ◽  
pp. 329-333
Author(s):  
Roumen Otouzbirov ◽  
Adelina Petkova ◽  
Konstantin Stankov ◽  
Mitko Ignatov

Over the last decade Bulgarian organic farming has been growing at an increasing rate. Over the same period, the demand for quality food products on national and international markets also increased. Institutional support for the sector is important for the development of sustainable environment for the production and marketing of organic products. The goal of the present study is to analyze the impact of institutional support on the development of Bulgarian organic production. To achieve this goal, the following tasks need to be addressed: Assess the state of public support for the sector; to analyze the production and marketing of Bulgarian organic products.


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