scholarly journals The Role of Endocannabinoid System in Menopause and Its Related-Diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Torella M ◽  
◽  
Tortora C ◽  
Argenziano M ◽  
Riemma G ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Cannabinoid Receptors ◽  
Ovarian Function ◽  
Endocannabinoid System ◽  
Osteoclast Activity ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
The Impact

Menopause is a crucial event in women’s health, characterized by the cessation of ovarian function. The estrogens deficiency exposes women to several diseases, including obesity, osteoporosis, cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Menopause-related diseases deeply impact on women’s quality of life and represent a serious public and economic health burden. The Endocannabinoid System (ECS) includes Cannabinoid Type 1 (CB1) and Cannabinoid Type 2 (CB2) receptors, endocannabinoids and all the enzymes involved in their biosynthesis and degradation. It plays a significant role in energy balance, bone metabolism, muscular contractility, vascular tone and cancer progression. CB1 activation is responsible for increasing food intake and body weight, stimulating osteoclast activity, inhibiting oxidative stress and preventing cancer progression. Conversely, the stimulation of CB2 induces a reduction in food intake and in body weight, inhibits osteoclast activity, prevents vascular risk and reduces cancer cells proliferation. Moreover, several polymorphic variants of cannabinoid receptors genes are involved into obesity and osteoporosis. In menopause, the alteration of cannabinoid receptors expression and endocannabinoids levels as well as their role in hormone-related pathways could act a leading role in different pathologies (obesity, osteoporosis, cardiovascular diseases and cancer). Therefore, ECS could be considered a possible prognostic marker and a therapeutic target to oppose the harmful effects of these menopause-related diseases. In this review we aimed to summarize the current state-of-knowledge concerning the impact of ECS on major health issues of postmenopausal women.

Endocannabinoids and Food Intake: Newborn Suckling and Appetite Regulation in Adulthood

2005 ◽  
Vol 230 (4) ◽  
pp. 225-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ester Fride ◽  
Tatyana Bregman ◽  
Tim C. Kirkham
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Cannabinoid Receptors ◽  
Cannabis Sativa ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Growth Failure ◽  
Endocannabinoid System ◽  
Failure To Thrive ◽  
Receptor Activation ◽  
Organ Systems

The appetite-stimulating effects of the cannabis plant (Cannabis sativa) have been known since ancient times, and appear to be effected through the incentive and rewarding properties of foods. Investigations into the biological basis of the multiple effects of cannabis have yielded important breakthroughs in recent years: the discovery of two cannabinoid receptors in brain and peripheral organ systems, and endogenous ligands (endocannabinoids) for these receptors. These advances have greatly increased our understanding of how appetite is regulated through these endocannabinoid receptor systems. The presence of endocannabinoids in the developing brain and in maternal milk have led to evidence for a critical role for CB, receptors in oral motor control of suckling during neonatal development. The endocannabinoids appear to regulate energy balance and food intake at four functional levels within the brain and periphery: (i) limbic system (for hedonic evaluation of foods), (ii) hypothalamus and hindbrain (integrative functions), (iii) intestinal system, and (iv) adipose tissue. At each of these levels, the endocannabinoid system interacts with a number of better known molecules involved in appetite and weight regulation, including leptin, ghrelin, and the melanocortins. Therapeutically, appetite stimulation by cannabinoids has been studied for several decades, particularly in relation to cachexia and malnutrition associated with cancer, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, or anorexia nervosa. The recent advances in cannabinoid pharmacology may lead to improved treatments for these conditions or, conversely, for combating excessive appetite and body weight, such as CB, receptor antagonists as antiobesity medications. In conclusion, the exciting progress in the understanding of how the endocannabinoid CB receptor systems influence appetite and body weight is stimulating the development of therapeutic orexigenic and anorectic agents. Furthermore, the role of cannabinoid CB, receptor activation for milk suckling in newborns may open new doors toward understanding nonorganic failure-to-thrive in infants, who display growth failure without known organic cause.

scholarly journals Murine neuronatin deficiency is associated with a hypervariable food intake and bimodal obesity

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene Cimino ◽  
Debra Rimmington ◽  
Y. C. Loraine Tung ◽  
Katherine Lawler ◽  
Pierre Larraufie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Positive Energy ◽  
Chow Diet ◽  
Chromatin Regulator ◽  
Positive Energy Balance ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Deficient Mice

AbstractNeuronatin (Nnat) has previously been reported to be part of a network of imprinted genes downstream of the chromatin regulator Trim28. Disruption of Trim28 or of members of this network, including neuronatin, results in an unusual phenotype of a bimodal body weight. To better characterise this variability, we examined the key contributors to energy balance in Nnat+/−p mice that carry a paternal null allele and do not express Nnat. Consistent with our previous studies, Nnat deficient mice on chow diet displayed a bimodal body weight phenotype with more than 30% of Nnat+/−p mice developing obesity. In response to both a 45% high fat diet and exposure to thermoneutrality (30 °C) Nnat deficient mice maintained the hypervariable body weight phenotype. Within a calorimetry system, food intake in Nnat+/−p mice was hypervariable, with some mice consuming more than twice the intake seen in wild type littermates. A hyperphagic response was also seen in Nnat+/−p mice in a second, non-home cage environment. An expected correlation between body weight and energy expenditure was seen, but corrections for the effects of positive energy balance and body weight greatly diminished the effect of neuronatin deficiency on energy expenditure. Male and female Nnat+/−p mice displayed subtle distinctions in the degree of variance body weight phenotype and food intake and further sexual dimorphism was reflected in different patterns of hypothalamic gene expression in Nnat+/−p mice. Loss of the imprinted gene Nnat is associated with a highly variable food intake, with the impact of this phenotype varying between genetically identical individuals.

BODY WEIGHT AND FOOD CONSUMPTION OF LACTATING RATS NURSING VARIOUS SIZES OF LITTERS

1967 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. ÔTA ◽  
A. YOKOYAMA
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Ovarian Function ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Close Correlation ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Daily Gain

SUMMARY Changes in body weight and food consumption during lactation in rats nursing various sizes of litters were studied. The rate of increase in body weight of the mother rats during the experimental period (day 3–14 of lactation) was very similar in mothers with different numbers (2, 4, 8 and 12) of suckling pups/litter. It is suggested that the weight increase of adult female rats during lactation is related more closely to the alteration of ovarian function caused by the suckling stimulus than to the enhanced food intake during this period. Both the food intake of mother rats and the daily gain in weight of litters increased as the number of suckling pups/litter increased and as lactation advanced. Linear relationships were observed between the logarithm of the litter size and both the food intake of the mother rats and the weight gain of the litters. The presence of a close correlation between the food intake of mother rats and the quantity of milk produced by them is suggested.

scholarly journals Evaluation of 2'fucosyllactose and Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis Supplementation to Formula on Growth, Organ Weights, and Intestinal Development of Piglets

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 789-789
Author(s):  
Marcia Monaco ◽  
Victoria Daniels ◽  
Mei Wang ◽  
Johanna Hirvonen ◽  
Henrik Max Jensen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Bifidobacterium Longum ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Intestinal Development ◽  
Organ Weights ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Objectives Human milk contains both prebiotic oligosaccharides and live bacteria, which are thought to bring health benefits to breastfed infants. Herein, we investigated the impact of formula supplementation with 2'-fucosyllactose (2'FL) and Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis (Bi-26) alone or in combination on growth, organ weights, and intestinal development of neonatal piglets. Methods Two-day-old intact male piglets (N = 53) were randomized to be fed a nutritionally-adequate milk replacer ad libitum without (CON) or with 1.0 g/L 2'FL (FL). Pigs were further stratified to receive either 12% glycerol solution alone or Bi-26 (109 CFU) in glycerol orally once daily (BI and FLBI). Body weights and food intake were monitored from postnatal day (PND) 2 to 33/34. On PND 34/35, animals were euthanized, intestine, liver and brain weights were assessed, and intestinal samples were collected for morphological analyses and disaccharidase activity. Dry matter of intestinal contents was also measured. Growth and food intake were analyzed as a 3-way, repeated-measures ANOVA with fixed effects of prebiotic, probiotic, and day, whereas all other variables were analyzed by a 2-way ANOVA with fixed effects of prebiotic and probiotic. Level of significance was set at P ≤ 0.05 and trends are reported at 0.05 > P < 0.1. Results All diets were well tolerated and food intake did not differ among the treatment groups. Daily body weights were affected by 2’FL, Bi26, and day, but no interaction was observed. However, there was a trend (p = 0.075) for greater body weight gain in CON vs. all other groups. No differences were observed for intestine, liver, or brain weight per kg body weight, jejunal or ileal lactase or sucrase activities, or fecal dry matter among the groups. Histomorphological outcomes in jejunum, ileum, and ascending colon were similar in all groups, except for a trend (p = 0.069) for larger ileal crypt volume in FL vs. CON piglets. Conclusions The addition of 2'FL and/or Bi-26 to milk replacer supported piglet growth with no detrimental effects on body and organ weights, or intestinal structure and function. Funding Sources DuPont Nutrition & Biosciences.

scholarly journals Associations between dairy consumption and body weight: a review of the evidence and underlying mechanisms

2011 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anestis Dougkas ◽  
Christopher K. Reynolds ◽  
Ian D. Givens ◽  
Peter C. Elwood ◽  
Anne M. Minihane
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Dairy Product ◽  
Energy Restriction ◽  
Appetite Regulation ◽  
Dairy Consumption ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
The Impact

As the incidence of obesity is reaching ‘epidemic’ proportions, there is currently widespread interest in the impact of dietary components on body-weight and food intake regulation. The majority of data available from both epidemiological and intervention studies provide evidence of a negative but modest association between milk and dairy product consumption and BMI and other measures of adiposity, with indications that higher intakes result in increased weight loss and lean tissue maintenance during energy restriction. The purported physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying the impact of dairy constituents on adiposity are incompletely understood but may include effects on lipolysis, lipogeneis and fatty acid absorption. Furthermore, accumulating evidence indicates an impact of dairy constituents, in particular whey protein derivatives, on appetite regulation and food intake. The present review summarises available data and provides an insight into the likely contribution of dairy foods to strategies aimed at appetite regulation, weight loss or the prevention of weight gain.

scholarly journals The Endocannabinoid System in the Retina: From Physiology to Practical and Therapeutic Applications

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Schwitzer ◽  
Raymund Schwan ◽  
Karine Angioi-Duprez ◽  
Anne Giersch ◽  
Vincent Laprevote
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cannabinoid Receptors ◽  
Synthetic Cannabinoids ◽  
Endocannabinoid System ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Cannabinoid System ◽  
Retinal Processing ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Impact

Cannabisis one of the most prevalent drugs used in industrialized countries. The main effects ofCannabisare mediated by two major exogenous cannabinoids: ∆9-tetrahydroxycannabinol and cannabidiol. They act on specific endocannabinoid receptors, especially types 1 and 2. Mammals are endowed with a functional cannabinoid system including cannabinoid receptors, ligands, and enzymes. This endocannabinoid signaling pathway is involved in both physiological and pathophysiological conditions with a main role in the biology of the central nervous system. As the retina is a part of the central nervous system due to its embryonic origin, we aim at providing the relevance of studying the endocannabinoid system in the retina. Here, we review the distribution of the cannabinoid receptors, ligands, and enzymes in the retina and focus on the role of the cannabinoid system in retinal neurobiology. This review describes the presence of the cannabinoid system in critical stages of retinal processing and its broad involvement in retinal neurotransmission, neuroplasticity, and neuroprotection. Accordingly, we support the use of synthetic cannabinoids as new neuroprotective drugs to prevent and treat retinal diseases. Finally, we argue for the relevance of functional retinal measures in cannabis users to evaluate the impact of cannabis use on human retinal processing.

BODY WEIGHT AND FOOD CONSUMPTION OF LACTATING RATS: EFFECTS OF OVARIECTOMY AND OF ARREST AND RESUMPTION OF SUCKLING

1967 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 251-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. ÔTA ◽  
A. YOKOYAMA
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Ovarian Function ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Ovariectomized Rats ◽  
Milk Secretion ◽  
Lactating Mothers ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation

SUMMARY In order to assess the role of the suckling stimulus in the regulatory mechanism of body weight and food consumption of lactating rats, changes in body weight and food intake under various conditions were investigated. The results of the changes in food intake during the oestrous cycle, pregnancy and lactation, and after weaning were consistent with those reported by previous workers. The rate of increase in body weight was similar during dioestrus, early pregnancy, early lactation and after ovariectomy. Food consumption of mother rats was maintained at the lactating level for 24 hr. after the removal of suckling pups on the 12th day of lactation, then it rapidly decreased. Resumption of suckling by foster litters, 5 days after removal of the original litters, caused increase in body weight and food intake as well as the restoration of lactation in both normal and ovariectomized animals. The rate of increase in body weight arising from the resumption of suckling was similar to that observed in the ovariectomized rats that were not resuckled after removal of the litters. The increase in body weight in the resuckled rats was not necessarily associated with the enhanced food intake. In spite of vigorous suckling by pups, food intake of the resuckled animals did not show a progressive increase as in normal lactating mothers until the function of mammary glands was restored and sufficient milk was produced to increase the weight of the foster litters. After restoration of lactation food consumption of the resuckled mothers increased progressively, the increase being closely related to increased milk secretion. The greater food intake in the resuckled rats than in the non-resuckled animals, even before restoration of milk secretion, seems to indicate a direct stimulating effect of the suckling stimulus on appetite; consumption of energy associated with milk secretion is also considered to be one of the main factors in inducing the enhanced food intake in lactating rats. A further possibility that the suckling stimulus participates in the regulation of body weight and food consumption in lactating animals by changing the ovarian function is discussed.

scholarly journals Targeting the Endocannabinoid CB1 Receptor to Treat Body Weight Disorders: A Preclinical and Clinical Review of the Therapeutic Potential of Past and Present CB1 Drugs

Biomolecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 855 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Murphy ◽  
Bernard Le Foll
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Endocannabinoid System ◽  
Cb1 Receptor ◽  
Obese Subjects ◽  
Treatment Of Obesity ◽  
Psychiatric Side Effects ◽  
Preclinical And Clinical Studies ◽  
The Impact

Obesity rates are increasing worldwide and there is a need for novel therapeutic treatment options. The endocannabinoid system has been linked to homeostatic processes, including metabolism, food intake, and the regulation of body weight. Rimonabant, an inverse agonist for the cannabinoid CB1 receptor, was effective at producing weight loss in obese subjects. However, due to adverse psychiatric side effects, rimonabant was removed from the market. More recently, we reported an inverse relationship between cannabis use and BMI, which has now been duplicated by several groups. As those results may appear contradictory, we review here preclinical and clinical studies that have studied the impact on body weight of various cannabinoid CB1 drugs. Notably, we will review the impact of CB1 inverse agonists, agonists, partial agonists, and neutral antagonists. Those findings clearly point out the cannabinoid CB1 as a potential effective target for the treatment of obesity. Recent preclinical studies suggest that ligands targeting the CB1 may retain the therapeutic potential of rimonabant without the negative side effect profile. Such approaches should be tested in clinical trials for validation.

Cannabinoid Receptors in Metabolic Regulation and Diabetes

Physiology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 102-113
Author(s):  
Elisabeth Rohbeck ◽  
Juergen Eckel ◽  
Tania Romacho
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Regulation ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Cannabinoid Receptors ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Therapeutic Targets ◽  
Endocannabinoid System ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Pharmacological Intervention ◽  
The Impact

There is an urgent need for developing effective drugs to combat the obesity and Type 2 diabetes mellitus epidemics. The endocannabinoid system plays a major role in energy homeostasis. It comprises the cannabinoid receptors 1 and 2 (CB1 and CB2), endogenous ligands called endocannabinoids and their metabolizing enzymes. Because the CB1 receptor is overactivated in metabolic alterations, pharmacological blockade of the CB1 receptor arose as a promising candidate to treat obesity. However, because of the wide distribution of CB1 receptors in the central nervous system, their negative central effects halted further therapeutic use. Although the CB2 receptor is mostly peripherally expressed, its role in metabolic homeostasis remains unclear. This review discusses the potential of CB1 and CB2 receptors at the peripheral level to be therapeutic targets in metabolic diseases. We focus on the impact of pharmacological intervention and/or silencing on peripheral cannabinoid receptors in organs/tissues relevant for energy homeostasis. Moreover, we provide a perspective on novel therapeutic strategies modulating these receptors. Targeting CB1 with peripherally restricted antagonists, neutral antagonists, inverse agonists, or monoclonal antibodies could represent successful strategies. CB2 agonism has shown promising results at preclinical level. Beyond classic antagonism and agonism targeting orthosteric sites, the recently described crystal structures of CB1 and CB2 open new possibilities for therapeutic interventions with negative and positive allosteric modulators. The challenge of simultaneously targeting CB1 and CB2 might be possible by developing dual-steric ligands. The future will tell whether these promising strategies result in a renaissance of the cannabinoid receptors as therapeutic targets in metabolic diseases.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document