scholarly journals The dynamics of morphological changes of structural components of the intervertebral disc at the end of the thirty-fifth and forty-second days while applying the experimental opioid impact

Morphologia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 42-48
Author(s):  
M. V. Pankiv
Keyword(s):  
Intervertebral Disc ◽  
Musculoskeletal System ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Structural Components ◽  
Cellular Components ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Sexually Mature

Background. According to the WHO, the diseases of the musculoskeletal system, which cause disability and mortality, rank fourth in the world following cardiovascular disease, cancer and diabetes. Due to the statistics, every fifth person suffers from back pain. Chronic diseases of musculoskeletal system are also one of the most urgent problems in Ukraine, and about 3.5 million people encountered the problem of musculoskeletal system. Objective. The aim of the study was to investigate the impact of opioids on changes of structural components of the intervertebral disc at the end of the fifth and sixth weeks of the experiment. Methods. The materials of the study were 32 sexually mature, outbred male rats, weighing from 125 to 135 g, aged 4.5 months. Animals were injected with nalbuphine intramuscularly daily in the same intervals (at 10-11 am) for 42 days. This aim was achieved by using microscopic techniques of visualization of cellular components of the rat’s intervertebral disc. Histological specimens were prepared according to the common methods using the dye hematoxylin, eosin, azan according to Heidenhain method, PAS reaction according to McManus and Alcian blue according to Steedman. Results. As a result of experimental opioid exposure for 35 and 42 days, we discovered that in 35 days the gelatinous nucleus was reduced and deformed. Notochondral cells were rare. Mostly cell-free zones with a somewhat compacted matrix were localized in the gelatinous nucleus. In 42 days, there were significant structural changes in the gelatinous nucleus, as well as in the structural elements of the fibrous ring and cartilaginous locking plates. The amount of notochondral cells was reduced. The cytoplasm of some notochondral cells was compacted. Conclusion. Pathomorphological changes in the structural components of the intervertebral disc while applying the experimental opioid effect at the end of the 35th and 42nd days will serve as a basis for further study and comparison of the manifestations of opioid chondropathy in the longer periods applying experimental opioid impact.

IMPACT OF EARLY LIFE STRESS ON ANTI-DEPRESSANT SENSITIVITY

2021 ◽  
pp. 123-132
Author(s):  
V.A. Vokina
Keyword(s):  
Open Field ◽  
Life Stress ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Early Life Stress ◽  
Anxiety Level ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Porsolt Test ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Sexually Mature

Long-term consequences of impaired perinatal development are very significant. They appear during the neonatal period and in the first years of life, and persist during ontogenesis. There is little data on the impact of any prenatal factors on the sensitivity of a sexually mature organism to medications. The aim of the study is to assess the impact of early life stress on the development of individual antidepressant sensitivity. Materials and Methods. The authors conducted the experiments on sexually mature outbred male rats. To simulate the early life stress, a standard protocol was used. From the 2nd to 15th days of the postnatal period the pup rats were separated from their mother for 3 hours and kept in an incubator. The open-field test, Porsolt test and Sucrose consumption test were used to determine rat’s anxiety level as well as motor, orientation and exploratory activity at puberty. Then, for 14 days, the rats were intragastrically administered with a fluoxetine solution (10 mg/kg/daily), followed by their full examination. Statistical analysis of results was performed using the Mann-Whitney U-test to compare unrelated groups and Wilcoxon's test to compare related groups. Results. Fluoxetine did not have a pronounced antidepressant effect in animals that survived the early life stress. Such animals demonstrated passive floating during the Porsolt test, without any changes in immobility time. When testing in an open field, a sharp increase in the number of freezing behavior was observed, which was an indicator of an increased anxiety level in animals. Conclusion. The results obtained indicate that the long-term effects of neonatal stress may be associated with a change in antidepressant sensitivity or an increase in development of unwanted adverse reactions. Keywords: early life stress, depression, antidepressants, fluoxetine, rats. Отдаленные последствия нарушения перинатального развития весьма значительны и не только проявляются в период новорожденности и в первые годы жизни, но и сохраняются в период онтогенеза. Данные о влиянии каких-либо пренатальных факторов на чувствительность половозрелого организма к действию лекарственных веществ в доступной литературе представлены незначительно. Цель исследования – оценить роль стресса раннего периода жизни в формировании индивидуальной чувствительности к действию антидепрессантов. Материалы и методы. Эксперименты проведены на половозрелых беспородных крысах-самцах. Для моделирования стресса раннего периода жизни использовали стандартный протокол, подразумевающий отделение детенышей от матери со 2-го по 15-й дни постнатального периода на 3 ч в условиях инкубатора. В половозрелом возрасте проводили оценку уровня тревожности, двигательной и ориентировочно-исследовательской активности крыс в условиях теста открытого поля, теста Порсолта и теста «Потребление раствора сахарозы». Затем в течение 14 дней крысам внутрижелудочно вводили раствор флуоксетина (10 мг/кг/сут), после чего обследование повторяли в том же объеме. Статистический анализ результатов исследования проводили с использованием U-критерия Манна–Уитни для сравнения несвязанных групп и критерия Вилкоксона для сравнения связанных групп. Результаты. У животных, переживших стресс раннего периода жизни, флуоксетин не оказывал выраженного антидепрессантного действия. У данных животных в тесте Порсолта преобладало пассивное плавание, без изменения длительности иммобильности. При тестировании в открытом поле наблюдалось резкое повышение числа актов фризинга, что является показателем повышенного уровня тревожности у животных. Выводы. Полученные результаты свидетельствуют о том, что отдаленные последствия неонатального стресса могут быть связанны с изменением чувствительности к действию антидепрессантов или повышением риска развития нежелательных побочных реакций. Ключевые слова: стресс раннего периода жизни, депрессия, антидепрессанты, флуоксетин, крысы.

scholarly journals THE COMPARATIVE MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE NEPHROTOXICITY OF DOXORUBICIN AND NANOSTRUCTURED DOXORUBICIN IN CONDITIONS OF TRANSPLANTABLE CARCINOGENESIS

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 45-48
Author(s):  
I. N. Chairkin ◽  
N. V. Chairkina ◽  
O. N. Deryabina ◽  
V. Y. Medvezhonkov ◽  
O. V. Kalmin
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Analysis ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Structural Components ◽  
Laboratory Rats ◽  
Chemotherapy Drugs ◽  
Morphological Evaluation ◽  
Comparative Morphological Analysis ◽  
Convoluted Tubules

The study was carried out on 120 mongrel white laboratory rats, to whom were transplanted the ascitiс Zaidel's hepatoma and which were divided into three equal groups. Of these, the first group of animals was a control group without treatment. In the second group, to animals doxorubicin was injected, in the third group, nanostructured doxorubicin was injected to the animals for 21 days. The aim of the study was to assess the degree of morphological changes in the tubules and glomeruli of the kidneys under the influence of nanostructured doxorubicin and doxorubicin in the condition of transplantable carcinogenesis. Given the nephrotoxicity of the chemotherapy drugs studied, the dynamics of structural changes in the tubules and glomeruli of the kidneys was studied. Conducted a comparative morphological evaluation of the changes occurring in the kidneys. The results of a morphological study of the structural components of the kidneys prove that doxorubicin and nanostructured doxorubicin have different effects on both the tubular apparatus and the glomeruli of the kidneys in the condition of transient carcinogenesis. The use of doxorubicin is accompanied by a relatively pronounced nephrotoxic effect, which is indicated by dystrophic and necrobiotic changes in the epithelium of convoluted tubules and the glomerular apparatus of the kidneys. The use of nanostructured doxorubicin is limited to moderately expressed dystrophic changes in the epithelium of the tubular apparatus of the kidneys, the glomerular apparatus remains intact at the same time. Thus, the use of the preparation of nanostructured doxorubicin for the treatment of the ascitic hepatoma of Zaidel in experimental animals has a less pronounced toxic and damaging effect on the renal parenchyma.

scholarly journals Structural changes in skeletal muscles in hypokinesia and physical loading in the posthypokinetic period of recovery of rats’ organisms

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 118-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. L. Popel’
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscles ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Aerobic Power ◽  
Muscle Fibers ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Physical Loading ◽  
Nervous Apparatus ◽  
Sexually Mature

This article reports the study of histo-ultrastructural changes of different structural components of the direct muscle of the thigh of sexually mature male rats over a prolonged period of hypokinesia and subsequent application of physical loading of average aerobic power. Using a light optical, electron microscope (for the exposure of structural transformations of muscle components) and histochemical (for determination of activity of succinate dehydrogenase according to the Nahlas method to identify muscle fibers with different phenotypes) methods, we studied the structural manifestations of adaptation of muscle fibres under prolonged (240 day) hypokinesia and 15–30 episodes of physical loading of average aerobic power in the posthypokinetic period among 55 sexually mature rats. Under prolonged hypokinesis we primarily observed changes in the intramuscular network and morphometric changes in the blood vessels. These data closely correlate with the progression of changes of the subcellular components responsible for energetic and flexible balance of muscle fibres. We found that fast oxygen-glycolytic muscle fibers and their peripheral nervous apparatus are the most sensitive to prolonged hypokinesia. As a result of application of physical loading of average aerobic power, reparative regeneration is intensified, which substantially shortens the period of recovery of structural-functional properties of skeletal muscles in the conditions of hypokinetic disorders. Thus, in prolonged hypokinesia, changes primarily affect the sources of blood supply to skeletal muscles, with the secondary development of reverse processes in muscle fibers and peripheral nervous apparatus with certain morphometric signs. 

scholarly journals МОРФОЛОГІЧНА ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА СТРУКТУРНИХ КОМПОНЕНТІВ ХРЯЩОВОГО ПОКРИТТЯ КОЛІННОГО СУГЛОБА НА УЛЬТРАСТРУКТУРНОМУ РІВНІ В НОРМІ

World Science ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1(41)) ◽  
pp. 7-10
Author(s):  
Войценко К. І. ◽  
Пальтов Є. В. ◽  
Кривко Ю. Я.
Keyword(s):  
Articular Cartilage ◽  
Knee Joint ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Structural Organization ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Structural Components ◽  
Cellular Components

The work, presented below, aimed at studying the peculiarities of structural organization of the articular cartilage coating of the knee joint in the norm. The objective was achieved by microscopic visualization of cellular components of the articular cartilage. To obtain the microstructural materials we applied generally accepted, conventional methods.The results of the study will allow to form an ultrastructural base that can be further used for a comparative study of the structural components of the articular cartilage in norm as opposed to morphological changes of some elements in different stages of acute, subchronic and chronic experimental opioid exposure.

scholarly journals Reorganization of the structural elements of the venous wall in oncogenic pathology

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 32-37
Author(s):  
P.Ya. Bodnar ◽  
Ya.Ya. Bodnar ◽  
T.V. Bodnar ◽  
L.P. Bodnar
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Embolism ◽  
Retrospective Analysis ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Hind Limbs ◽  
Blood Clots ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Venous Wall

The objective: an identification of changes and reorganization of structural elements of the venous wall, their correlation with cancer processes in the organism; the establishment of the relationship between structural changes in the wall of the venous vessels and thrombosis, with the following complications; the determination of the necessity of the preventive measures to avoid complications. Materials and methods. Histological, submicroscopic and polarization data of the research of the veins of the hind limbs of 12 sexually mature nonlinear male rats weighing 170–180 g on the 30th day of chronic neoplastic intoxication were analyzed. A retrospective analysis of the autopsy protocols of cancer patients (n=54), the largest incidences – pulmonary embolism, during 2014-2018 in the Ternopil Regional Clinical Oncology Center was performed. The average age of women who died was 61.93±1.51 years and 62.44±2.61 years – for men.Results. As a result of morphological examination of the veins of the hind limbs of rats with experimental neoplastic intoxication revealed mainly submicroscopic reorganization of endothelial cells and their desquamation, as well as platelet aggregation that can be one of the links in the pathogenesis of thrombosis.According to a retrospective analysis of the autopsy protocols, the proportion of pulmonary embolism was higher among women (61.1 %) than men (38.9 %). The structure of oncopathology in this group of patients: bronchial and lung cancer (18.5 %); neoplasms of the uterine body (22.2 %); rectum cancer (13.0 %), colon cancer (7.4 %), rectosigmoid junction cancer (5.6 %); bladder cancer (9.3 %); gastric cancer (7.4 %); ovarian cancer (7.4 %); prostate cancer (5.6 %); thyroid cancer (1.8 %); pancreatic cancer (1.8 %). In all cases of autopsy phlebothrombosis of the deep veins of the leg and thigh with impaired blood flow caused by occlusion by blood clots of various manifestations of the structural organization was revealed. In five cases, fresh red blood clots were found, which were closely connected with the intima by fibrin threads, in five other cases – red blood clots were freely located in the lumen of the vein, swelling of all layers of the vein, fibrous structure and diffuse neutrophil infiltration were found. In the remaining 44 cases, vein occlusion was detected by already organized thrombi with signs of fibrosis, recanalization, and revascularization.Conclusions. The study of the morphology of rat hind limb veins with experimental neoplastic intoxication mainly revealed changes in the shape, structure and function of endotheliocytes, their desquamation and changes in all three layers of the venous wall as well as platelet ligation. The relationship between the presence of changes in the venous wall as a result of cancer and the formation of thrombosis was found. The number of thromboembolic complications emphasizes the necessity to prevent thrombosis in cancer patients.

scholarly journals Effect of overload on changes in mechanical and structural properties of the annulus fibrosus of the intervertebral disc

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Żak ◽  
Celina Pezowicz
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Intervertebral Disc ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Collagen Fibre ◽  
Posterior Column ◽  
Height Loss ◽  
Spinal Motion ◽  
Load Model ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe research focussed on analysing structural and mechanical properties in the intervertebral disc (IVD), caused by long-term cyclic loading. Spinal motion segments were divided into two groups: the control (C), and the group in which it was analysed the impact of posterior column in the load-bearing system of the spine—specimens with intact posterior column (IPC) and without posterior column (WPC). To evaluate the structural and mechanical changes, the specimens were tested with simulation of 100,000 compression-flexion load cycles after which it was performed macroscopic analysis. Mechanical properties of the annulus fibrosis (AF) from the anterior and posterior regions of the IVD were tested at the uniaxial tension test. The stiffness coefficient values were statistically 32% higher in the WPC group (110 N/mm) than in the IPC (79 N/mm). The dynamics of increase in this parameter does not correspond with the course of decrease in height loss. WPC segments revealed clear structural changes that mainly involve the posterior regions of the IVD (bulging and delamination with the effect of separation of collagen fibre bundles). Pathological changes also caused decreases in the value of stress in the AF. The greatest changes in the stress value about group C (7.43 ± 4.49 MPa) were observed in the front part of the fibrous ring, where this value was for IPC 4.49 ± 4.78 MPa and WPC 2.56 ± 1.01 MPa. The research indicates that the applied load model allows simulating damage that occurs in pathological IVD. And the posterior column’s presence affects this change’s dynamics, structural and mechanical properties of AF.

scholarly journals The Impact of the Constructive Solution on the Formation of the Portal in the Architecture of Armenian Churches of 4th-7th Centuries

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 16-31
Author(s):  
Ruben Shmavon Azatyan ◽  
Karen Ruben Azatyan ◽  
Arpine Aram Yolyan
Keyword(s):  
Main Type ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Structural Components ◽  
Medieval Architecture ◽  
Constructive Solution ◽  
Heritage Studies ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Typological Classification

The article refers to the issues of decorative elements in architecture. The aim of the paper was to reveal the interaction peculiarities of the constructive and artistic solutions of the formation of the portals of the Armenian churches of 4th-7th centuries. The analysis of the process of formation allowed for carrying out the typological classification of the portals from the point of view of the transformation and development of the lintel construction. The classification showed that the portal created as a decoration of the entrance, as a result of the evolution of compositional-structural components was transformed into a unified constructive-artistic element, which has become the main type used in the later periods of the Armenian medieval architecture. The revealed features of the interaction of decorative and structural elements can be useful in the field of heritage studies and in the development of further works on the formation of decorative elements.

scholarly journals Morphofunctional State of the Mature Rats Pituitary Gland under Readaptation Conditions to the Long Influence of Heavy Metal Salts Complex and Correction with L-Tocopherol

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 245-252
Author(s):  
N. B. Hryntsova ◽  
◽  
A. M. Romanyuk ◽  
O. O. Tymakova ◽  
D. R. Khrin
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Mature Male ◽  
Metal Salts ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Structural Components ◽  
Adaptive Processes ◽  
Heavy Metal Salts ◽  
Sexually Mature ◽  
Experimental Group

The purpose of the study was to study the morphofunctional rearrangements of the structural components of the adenohypophysis of sexually mature male rats under the condition of a 30-day period of readaptation to the long-term influence of salts of heavy metals (zinc, copper, iron, manganese, lead and chromium) and taking a corrector drug. Materials and methods. The experiment was carried out on 24 white sexually mature male rats, which were divided into 1 control and 1 experimental group. The experimental group consisted of rats that consumed ordinary drinking water for 30 days after 90 days of receiving water saturated with a combination of heavy metal salts: zinc (ZnSO4 7H2O) – 5 mg / l, copper (CuSO4 5H2O) mg / l, iron (FeSO4) – 10 mg / l, manganese (MnSO4 5H2O) – 0.1 mg / l, lead (Pb (NO3) 2) – 0.1 mg / l and chromium (K2Cr2O7) – 0.1 mg / l and L-tocopherol corrector. Results and discussion. With a 30-day period of readaptation to the action of a complex of salts of heavy metals, combined with the intake of a corrector drug L-tocopherol, morphological rearrangements of a nonspecific polymorphic nature developed in the structural components of the pituitary gland: compensatory hypertrophy and increased vascularization of the pituitary gland were observed, the state of rheological properties of the blood improved, the number of chromophiles increased and the number of chromophobes decreased, the processes of cyst formation disappeared, the stress from the adaptive processes in the glandulocytes of the adenohypophysis decreased, namely their secretory activity, the expression of Hsp90α receptors in the cytoplasm of adenocytes significantly increased. Negative rearrangements include an increased value of the fibrous component of the connective tissue of the intertrabecular spaces, increased collagenization of the wall of veins and capillaries, preservation of stromal edema, plethora of hemocapillaries, the presence of a small number of adenocytes with signs of vacuolization of the cytoplasm, balloon dystrophy. Conclusion. A comprehensive study of the structural components of the adenohypophysis of the test animals under the condition of a 30-day period of readaptation to long periods of consumption of heavy metal salts and correction with L-tocopherol certainly indicate a number of adaptive and regenerative morphofunctional changes aimed at reducing the stress of adaptive processes on the part of the adenohypophysis in response to cancel the action of the stress factor

scholarly journals Morphological Changes in the Hepatic Tissue at the Impact of Industrial Copper-bearing Dust in the Experiment

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (E) ◽  
pp. 653-656
Author(s):  
Khamida R. Abdikadirova ◽  
Kymbat Ye. Amreyeva ◽  
Saule B. Zhautikova ◽  
Olga A. Kostyleva ◽  
Fatima S. Abikenova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liver Tissue ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
White Male ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Hepatic Tissue ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cu Content ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Dual Core

BACKGROUND: It is known that an increased intake of copper (Cu) has an adverse effect, and above all leads to the defeat of parenchymal organs, including liver tissue. AIM: This study the morphological changes in the hepatic tissue at the impact of polymetallic Cu dust. METHODS: An experimental study was carried out on the outbred white male rats. Dust was injected once intratracheally at a dose of 50 mg. For dynamic observation, the animals were killed in 1, 3, and 6 months with the control group using instant decapitation. The Balkhash industrial polymetallic dust with a predominant Cu content (Cu-0.6%) was used for the study. Morphological changes were assessed using histological and morphometric methods. RESULTS: Morphometric examination of liver tissue at 30 days showed Vv necrosis increasing in 320 times in Group 2 (p < 0.001), Vv infiltrates – in 121 times (p < 0.001), Vv dystrophic altered hepatocytes – in 19.91 times (p < 0.001), Vv dual-core cells – in 23 times (p < 0.01), and Vv fibrosis – in 2.82 times (p < 0.001) in comparison with Group 1. Vv portal tracts are not reliably changed. In 90 days, there were also the following morphometric parameters increasing in comparison with the control group: Vv necrosis – in 522 times (p < 0.001), Vv infiltrates – in 395 times (p < 0.001), Vv dystrophic altered hepatocytes – in 26.7 times (p < 0.001), Vv dual-core cells – in 314 times (p < 0.01), and Vv fibrosis – in 13.27 times (p < 0.001). On the 180 day of the experiment, there was the increasing of Vv infiltrates in 421 times (p < 0.001), Vv dystrophic altered hepatocytes – in 34.09 times (p < 0.001), Vv dual-core cells – in 411 times (p < 0.001), and Vv fibrosis – in 54.09 times (p < 0.001) CONCLUSION: The impact of polymetallic dust with 0.6% Cu concentration at the early stages leads to the changes in the liver in the form of reactive hepatitis with the following transformation into portal-type hepatitis.

scholarly journals COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES OF NEPHRON TUBULES AT THE EARLY AND LATE STAGES OF THE CHRONIC OPIOID EFFECT

2019 ◽  
pp. 19-22
Author(s):  
Lesya Mateshuk-Vatseba ◽  
Iryna Vilkhova ◽  
Anna Bekesevych ◽  
Yeugen Paltov ◽  
Elena Kantser
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Mature Male ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Histological Investigation ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Hematoxylin And Eosin ◽  
Convoluted Tubules ◽  
Late Stages ◽  
Sexually Mature ◽  
Proximal Convoluted Tubules

The aim of the study is the examination of the nephron tubules morphological changes at the early and late stages of the experimental chronic opioid effect. Varying degrees of the morphological changes of proximal convoluted tubules, loops of Henle and distal convoluted tubules under chronic nalbuphine effect in the dynamics have been detected. The materials of the study – kidneys of 56 sexually mature male-rats. The experimental animals received daily intramuscular nalbuphine injections for 98 days. From the first to the fourteenth day of the experiment the dose of nalbuphine was 0,212 mg/kg. Every next two weeks nalbuphine injections were done in increasing doses. For histological investigation was used commonly agreed method. The colouring was performed using hematoxylin and eosin as well as azan by Heidenhain's method. Varying degrees of morphological changes of proximal convoluted tubules, loops of Henle and distal convoluted tubules under continuous nalbuphine injection in the dynamics have been detected. The most vivid alterative changes can be observed in proximal convoluted tubules both: at the early and late stages of the experiment. At the early stages as of the 14th day of the experiment signs of granular dystrophy appear, as of the 28th day – necrotic changes, progressing further at the late stages of the experiment. The loops of Henle undergo sporadic destructive changes at the early stages and at the beginning of the late stage of the experiment. Distal convoluted tubules have been necrotic altered only at the late stages of the experiment.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document