scholarly journals Influence of bulls-producers on productivity and longevity of subsidiaries

2019 ◽  
pp. 74-77
Author(s):  
Alexey Vladimirovich Stepanov ◽  
Olga Aleksandrovna Bykova ◽  
Olga Gennadievna Loretz ◽  
Olga Sergeevna Chechenikhina ◽  
Olga Nikolaevna Aksenova
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Source Material ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Breeding Material ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Productivity Indicators

The mean group values  of phenotypes of the daughters of each bull were determined and taken into account for the milk yield for 305 days of maximum lactation, longevity (the number of full lactations) and life-long milk yield. As the source material, we used the data of pedigree cows of the black-motley breed of SPK Kolginsky. They were estimated 7,468 heads of cows that were left between 2003 and 2018. The highest longevity and the lifetime milk yield were characterized by the daughters of bulls of the line M. Chiftein 95679. An average of 30556.64 kg of milk was received from them for 4.73 lactations. It exceeded the average value in the sample: by longevity – by 0.24 lactation (5.3%), by life-long milk yield – by 351.01 kg (1.1%). In the Vis Beck Aydial 1013415line, in order to increase the period of productive use of cows, the bull Auction 7318 should be preferred. Among bulls of the Reflex Sovering 198998 line, the breeding material of the bull Solo 62181522 should be used more widely. In the Montvik Chiftein95679 line, the best combination of longevity and lifetime productivity indicators were in daughter of the bull   Emos 61280669.        

scholarly journals Behavior of Murrah buffaloes under influence of strangers in the milk parlor during milk control

2015 ◽  
pp. 4709-4719 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Vanderly Andrea ◽  
Cintia Righetti Marcondes ◽  
Adriana Bagaldo ◽  
Kaliane Nascimento de Oliveira ◽  
Evani De Oliveira-Strada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Stress Level ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Duration Of Stay ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Side Preference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Control Milk

ABSTRACT Objective. The study was carried out in two farms, located in São Sebastião do Passé, Bahia, Brazil, during the three first months of lactation of 81 female buffaloes, to observe if stranger people at milk parlor could affect the milk production. Materials and methods. Four strangers were at the milking parlor during the milking time to observe the following parameters: Duration of Stay in the Milking Parlor; Milking Period; Rumination; Defecation; Urination Reactivity; Stress Level; Side Preference in the Milking Parlor ; Milk Yield, and Post Control Milk Yield. The females were categorized as 1=primiparous, 2=pluriparous, and 3=when information about calving number was not available. The data were analyzed using SAS Statistical Package. Results. During the presence of four strangers at the milking parlor, it was observed that the mean value for Duration of Stay in the Milking Parlor was 23 minutes (varying from 12 to 38 minutes). Average Milking Period was 8 minutes (varying from 4 to 13 minutes). Average Milk Yield during observation days (MY) varied from 2.30 kg to 14.70 kg, with an average value of 7.70±2.60 kg, while Mean Milk Yield after the observation days was 8.600±2.70 kg. Conclusions. As far as Post Control Milk Yield, since the animals presented increased milk yield in both farms on the days following the observations, it is possible to assert that the presence of strangers in the milk parlor during milk control reduced milk yield only during the day of observation, with no adverse effects on subsequent milk production.

scholarly journals APPLICATION OF THE DESIRED TYPE CONCEPT IN HERD OF JERSEY BREED

2020 ◽  
Vol 59 ◽  
pp. 41-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. А. Kochuk-Yashchenko ◽  
D. M. Kucher
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Dairy Herd ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Reproductive Ability ◽  
Automated Information System ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
High Level

The results of the studies highlight the usefulness of application of the concept of the desired type for herd of Jersey breed. The researches have conducted in the herd of the Jersey breed of «Dan-Milk» subsidiary of Chernyakhiv district of Zhytomyr region. Zootechnical and breeding records have been established at a high level. The implementation of various zootechnical and technological operations greatly facilitate by the introduction of the automated information system "Uniform Agri". The conditions for raising, feeding, keeping and using cows ensure the realization of their genetic potential for milk production. Milking of cows held on the "Parallel". Keeping cows unattached to rest boxes. The rations have made according to the physiological state and the level of productivity of the animals. The correspondence of the indices of first-calf cows of cognate groups, offspring of booger-breeders, differentiated groups by the value of the animals of the desired type was determined by the mean normalized deviation (t) in fractions of the mean square deviation (σ) according to the concept of the desired type by the method of M. Pelekhaty and L. Piddubna. The cows were characterized by 6 indicators of dairy productivity and 5 – reproductive ability of the first lactation. Improving the economically useful traits of cows to parameters of the desired type were carried out by using various breeding techniques. The offspring of bulls Headline 114114336 (t = -0.27) and DJ Jante 302761 (t = -0.30) had the best fit for the parameters of animals of the desired type according to the studied characteristics, the worst was Karl 67037285 (t = -0.77). As a result of researches it has been established that indices of cows of different cognate groups have characterized by less conformity to parameters of animals of the desired type, in comparison with the results of daughters of individual sires on the average value of normalized deviation. Cows of the Fallneva’s 593883 (+0.01) cognate group are closer in terms of reproducibility to animals of the desired type of cows, Surville’s 604694 (-0.06) are the least, and in the milk productivity, the Observer’s 553236 (-0.56) related group and Fallneva’s 593883 (-0.82), respectively. With the increase in the milk yield of Jersey cows, there was a decrease in the difference between the indices of animals of different groups with corresponding parameters of animals of the desired type. With the increase in the level of milking from 10 thousand. slightly better cows (t = +0.06) have observed for the parameters of the animals of the desired type, but this result is due to the very low reproductive ability of the cows and long lactation, which makes it impossible to repair the herd in time for its own young. In 36 cases out of the 55 cows with different levels of dairy productivity were significantly inferior to parameters of the animals of the desired type, accounting for 65.5% of the total number of comparisons. It is advisable to select animals with a milk yield of at least 9000 kg of milk, which will lead to an increase in the number of cows of the desired type in the herd. The most usefulness methods of creating a high-performance dairy herd for «Dan-Milk» subsidiary have been identified and presented. They identified the use of Jersey sires cows and the selection of cows by milk yield (the average normalized deviation on reproduction ability were -0.07 and -0.08, on the basis of dairy productivity -0.73 and -0.72).

MODERN CONDITION AND PROSPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE UKRAINIAN WHITEHEAD BREED

2016 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 194-202
Author(s):  
S. L. Voitenko ◽  
L. V. Vishnevsky
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Objective Assessment ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Early Age ◽  
Average Value ◽  
The Future ◽  
Efficiency Of Selection ◽  
Selection Of

The article shows the state of Ukrainian Whiteheaded cattle, which includes distribution of cattle, the number of animals belonging to respective bloodlines, evaluation of young animals with live weight in the process of growing and milk production of cows during the first lactation. It reflects the historic development of the breed when it was colonism whiteheaded cattle, which turned into the original breed, undergone a significant expansion in livestock and increase of productivity, decreased in the number, was as basis for creation of Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breed and now bred only in one breeding farm. Visual estimation of animal exterior showed good development of cows and calves and their belonging to the dairy type. In the vast majority the cows of the herd have a black suit, a white head with " glasses" around the eyes, white belly, udder, lower legs and brush of the tail. The youngsters aren’t consolidated by the exterior, and among them there are animals which are not typical for Ukrainian Whiteheaded breed. The young animals have some lag in live weight behind the breed standard [12] to 7 months’ age with exceeding of this trait in certain periods quite significantly in the future. It was established that selection of heifers on live weight will be effective at the early age (1-5 months), given the coefficient of variation of live weight – 22,63-30,21% and will not have a significant influence in the future. Milk yields of first-calf heifers vary considerably depending on the origin. The milk yield of first-calf heifers in the herd was 4238,5 kg on average, the heifers belonging to Mart 171 and Ozon 417 bloodlines had the best milk performance – 4483,1 and 4254,9 kg accordingly. The most aligned milk yield during the first lactation was in the cows belonging to Ozon 417 bloodline, the limits of the trait are 4128,5-4327,4 kg with the average value by the line 4254,9 kg. In contrast, the first-calf heifers of Ryezvyi 33 bloodline with average milk yield 4048,9 kg had limits of the trait 2199,3-4736,1 kg. Even greater range in cows’ milk yield during the first lactation R= 4939 kg (limits 1687 – 6626 kg) is characterized for the herd in general, it shows, on the one hand, the possibility of qualitative improvement of cows’ productivity due to selection on the investigated trait and lack of selection in the herd on the other hand. It was established that daughters of bull Chardash belonging to Ryezvyi 33 bloodline produced 4736,1 kg of milk for 305 days of the first lactation with fat content 3,6%, whereas Zlak’s descendants of the same line were characterized by the lowest milk yield for the first completed lactation – 2199,3 kg with fat content 3,7% and the average value by the line – 4048,9 kg of milk, fat content 3,6%. Similar variability of first-calf heifers’ milk yields, depending on the origin, is typical for other bloodlines of Ukrainian Whiteheaded breed. To increase milk productivity of Ukrainian Whiteheaded cows is recommended to repeat successful combinations of parental forms, and to preserve the breed – to carry out an objective assessment of animals by a range of traits, given the efficiency of selection of heifers on live weight at early age.

POTRET PERILAKU RELIGIUS MAHASISWA UIN SAYARIF HIDAYATULLAH JAKARTA

Al-Risalah ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 126-148
Author(s):  
Ay Maryani
Keyword(s):  
Religious Behavior ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Environment Variable ◽  
Independent Variable ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Gender Factor ◽  
Level 2

This study describes the religious behavior of UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta students. The variables used are internal and external environment as independent variable and religious behavior as dependent variable. The internal environment variable consists of gender factor, (male and female). The external environmental variables comprise the faculty environment, the present resident and the place to grow. The present resident consist of dormitories, boarding houses and parents' homes and the place to grow consist of urban and rural environment. Religious behavior variables consist of habluminallah behavior and habluminannas behavior. Habluminallah's behavior measured by (1) knowledge of faith and worship, (2) attitudes toward faith and worship, and (3) practice of faith and worship. The habluminannas variable measured by (1) Islamic behavior for them self, like honest, discipline and good work / studyethics, trust and concern on legality, (2) Islamic behavior with others, like generous, cooperation, caring, respect to the people's rights and tolerance and (3) Islamic behavior for the natural surroundings, like love of nature and nature conservation efforts. The methodology used was (1) Statistical descriptive, (2) MANOVA (Multivariate Analysis of Variance) and (3) Independent sample t-test. The results showed the religious behavior UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta students has a very good category. This is indicated by the mean values for the behavior of haluminallah and habluminannas of 158.85 and 178.76,  espectively. The average value of habluminallah behaviour in the range of values "145-180" with the category of "very good" and habluminannas behavior in the range value "165-205" with the category "very good. Habluminallah and habluminannas behavior are different for each faculty. This is indicated by the significance level of Pillai Trace, Wilk Lambda, Hotelling Trace, Roy's Largest Root of 0.00 (<0.05). Habluminallah and habluminannas behavior are the same for respondents who live in dormitories, boarding houses, and parents' homes. This is indicated by the value of F test and significance at Wilk's Lambda respectively for 2.055 and 0.085 (>0.05). Habluminallah and habluminannas behaviors are similar for urban and rural respondents. This is known from the sig level. (2-tailed) for habluminallah and habluminannas behavior of 0.317 and 0.245 (> 0.05), respectively. Habluminallah and habluminannas behaviors are similar for male and female. This is known from the sig level. (2-tailed) for habluminallah and habluminannas behavior of 0.950 and 0.307 (> 0.05),respectively. The results of this study are expected to be used to develop university policies that can enhance the Islamic values of UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta.

Trends in the European Monetary Union. An Overview

2021 ◽  
pp. 097215092110161
Author(s):  
Papageorgiou Christos ◽  
Anastasiou Athanasios ◽  
Liargovas Panagiotis
Keyword(s):  
Monetary Union ◽  
European Monetary Union ◽  
Inflation Rate ◽  
European Monetary ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Average Value ◽  
General Government ◽  
Government Deficit ◽  
The Mean

Four indicators corresponding to the four targets of the European Monetary Union were calculated. The study showed that: (a) concerning the deviation of state’s general government deficit/surplus from 3% of gross domestic product (GDP), all member states had reached their target, with the exception of Cyprus, which was slightly under the target, (b) concerning the deviation of state’s general government debt from 60% of GDP, half of all European Union (EU) member states did not reach their targets, and there was a lot to be done, especially from the EU15 member states, (c) concerning the deviation of state’s inflation rate from the mean of the three states with best results of +1.5%, it was observed that the average value of EU28 member states had reached the final target, mainly due to the performances of the EU15 member states, (d) and concerning the deviation of state’s interest rate from the mean of the three states with the best results of +2%, it was observed that the average value of EU28 member states had reached the final target.

scholarly journals Time required to move cash through slot machines

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 376-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Kelly ◽  
Carl James Schwarz ◽  
Ricardo Gomez ◽  
Kim Marsh
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Slot Machines ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Public ◽  
Average Value ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Rest Breaks ◽  
Mean Time ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present an empirical study on the time needed to load and disburse cash using bill validators on slot machines and stand-alone cash dispensers in casinos in British Columbia under a Ticket In Ticket Out (TITO) system. Design/methodology/approach Testing took place over two days, using 18 machines. The results were extrapolated to estimate the approximate time required to process $1,000,000 with different average bill amounts in the cash mix and three different bill validator machines in common use. The average value per bill using the cash mix used by the public in the casino was $33.11 [standard error (SE) $2.11]. Findings The mean time/accepted note ranged from 4.12 to 9.65 s, depending on bill validator type. This implies that the time needed to load $1,000,000 onto credit slips using bill validators on slot machines ranges from 35 to 81 h, excluding rest breaks and other breaks. The time needed to redeem $1,000,000 is estimated to be 3 h. Practical/implications The implications of these finding for illicit actors to successfully launder large amounts of cash are discussed. Given the time needed to physically handle the cash, and other control systems currently in use in casinos in British Columbia, processing large amounts of cash using bill validators on slot machines would require a highly organized team that would find it difficult to elude detection. Originality/value The trial results provide a baseline estimate to be used going forward when investigating or proposing money laundering methodologies that include slot machines.

scholarly journals ANALISIS FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI IMPLEMENTASI ANGGARAN BERBASIS KINERJA

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaillin Lalli Randa ◽  
Ida Ayu Purba Riani ◽  
Balthazar Kreuta
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Organizational Commitment ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Ordinary Least Square ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Data Analysis Technique ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
Partial Analysis ◽  
The Mean

The purpose of the study was to analyze what factors influence the Performance Based Budget by using a sample of 87 respondents working at the Secretariat of the Papuan People's Representative Council. While the data analysis technique used is the Ordinary least square (OLS) technique. The results of the study are indicated by the calculation of the mean (mean) of 32 item questions and 87 respondents and the result is 137.31. If the value is compared to the criteria that the author has set, then the average value is included in the "Very Good" category. While the results of the partial analysis of organizational commitment (X1) have a significant and positive influence on the performance-based budget of 1,261. Keywords: Performance Based Budget

scholarly journals On designing the average lactation curve at the ascending phase

1962 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 162-168
Author(s):  
Aarne Mäkelä
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Lactation Curve ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Daily Milk Yield ◽  
Daily Milk

Comparisons are made between different methods to find the peak production (maximum daily milk yield) and methods to design the average lactation curve at the ascending phase in dairy cows. It was noted that in order to determine the height and location of the maximal producing capacity of a cow in a known lactation period, it is preferable to choose the peak production as a mean of three subsequent best days. It was also noted that the usual methods for drawing the average lactation curves do not give a true picture of the height and location of the peak. The author suggests a method for determining the average lactation curve at the ascending phase by using the averages of both milk productions and times involved in reaching the peak and known fractions (e.g. 1/8, 1/4, 1/2, 3/4, and 5/4) of it. In this lactation curve the peak production is the mean of the peaks of individual cows, and the time involved in reaching it is the mean of the durations of the ascending phases of the individual cows.

scholarly journals Obesity, smoking status and their relationships in selected population groups

2021 ◽  
pp. 291-299
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Lipid Profile ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Severe Obesity ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Copd Patients ◽  
The Mean

Background. Overweight and obesity are defined as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may impair health. Obesity is associated with many chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease and diabetes, and recently the role of overweight and obesity in lung disease has received new interest. Chronic obstructive lung disease is the third-leading cause of death globally, and both obesity and diet appear to play roles in its pathophysiology. Cross-sectional studies have demonstrated an inverse association between obesity and the prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Objective. This study aims to evaluate the relationship between smoking, lipid profile and obesity (body composition changes) in a selected groups of population (30 non-smokers, 30 smokers and 60 COPD patients). Material and Methods. We evaluated fat mass, fat free mass, body mass index and lipid profile in a group of 120 randomly selected probands (60 COPD patients; 30 smokers without COPD; 30 non-smokers without COPD) to identify possible negative relationships of smoking to body composition. To the measurement of fat mass (FM) and fat free mass (FFM) was used a device Bodystat Quadscan 4000 (Bodystat Ltd, British Isles). The device works by using four-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis. Laboratory parameters as total cholesterol (T-C), high-density cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density cholesterol (LDL-C) and triacylglycerols (TG) were investigated by automated clinical chemistry analyzer LISA 200th. The measured values were statistically processed and evaluated in a statistical program STATISTICA Cz. Version 7.1. (Kruskall-Wallis test). Results. A comparison of the mean fat mass we found statistically highly significant differences between the group of COPD patients and non-smokers (P <0.001) and insignificant differences (P ≥ 0.05) between the other groups of our experiment. A comparison of the mean fat mass values of all three groups of the experiment shows a steady increase in fat from non-smokers (17.66 ± 10.04 kg) to COPD patients with the highest mean value (25.08 ± 10.14 kg). In the group of COPD patients we recorded the lowest average value of FFM (51.76 ± 13.84 kg), in group of smokers the middle (56.06 ± 10.76 kg) and in non-smokers the highest average value of FFM (59.91 ± 9.90 kg) at relatively the same body weight in the groups. Based on calculated body mass index (BMI), we found in group of COPD patients overweight in 15 cases (25%), obesity in 7 patients (11.67%), severe obesity in 14 patients (23.3%) and morbid obesity in 2 patients (3.33%); in the group of smokers overweight in 16 cases (53.33%), obesity in 5 cases (16.6%) and severe obesity in 1 case (3.33%); in non-smokers we recording overweight in 14 cases (46.67%), obesity in 5 cases (16.67%) and severe obesity in 2 cases (6.67%). In the lipid profile of the monitored groups of probands, we observed statistically significant differences only for LDL cholesterol (LDL-C). There was a statistically significant difference (P <0.001) between the group with COPD and smokers, as well as between the group of smokers and non-smokers (P < 0.05). Conclusions. In the vast majority of patients with COPD, the lung damage that leads to COPD is caused by long-term cigarette smoking. The presence and absence of risk factors such as smoking, inappropriate lipid profile and obesity (amount of fat mass) in selected population groups were observed. Additional studies to explore both the quantitative and qualitative changes in body composition with disease process of COPD are required.

scholarly journals PENERAPAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN BERBASIS PORTOFOLIO UNTUK MENINGKATKAN AKTIVITAS DAN HASIL BELAJAR MAHASISWA PROGRAM STUDI PENDIDIKAN MATEMATIKA FKIP UNRAM MATA KULIAH REVIEW CURRICULUM AND CONTENT OF MATHEMATICS

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laila Hayati ◽  
M. Turmuzi ◽  
Syahrul Azmi
Keyword(s):  
Student Learning ◽  
Mastery Learning ◽  
Learning Activities ◽  
Mathematics Courses ◽  
Curriculum Review ◽  
Average Value ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Classroom Study ◽  
Academic Year

Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menerapkan  model pembelajaran berbasis portofolio yang dapat meningkatkan aktivitas dan hasil belajar mahasiswa semester IV pada mata kuliah Review Curriculum and Content of Mathematics  di program studi pendidikan matematika FKIP Universitas Mataram tahun akademik 2011/2012. Langkah-langkah yang dilakukan dalam pembelajaran berbasis portofolio adalah: mengidentifikasi masalah, memilih masalah untuk kajian  kelas, mengumpulkan informasi, membuat portofolio kelas, penyajian portofolio dan refleksi pada pengalaman belajar dengan mengambil kesimpulan dan penilaian. Penelitian tindakan kelas ini dilakukan sebanyak 3 siklus. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terjadi peningkatan nilai rata-rata dari siklus 1  ke siklus 3, yaitu 68,46; 78,65; dan 77,5. Ketuntasan belajar  dari siklus 1 sampai siklus 3 secara berturut-turut 87,5%; 100%; dan 95,83%. Skor rata-rata aktivitas belajar adalah 3,29 dan 3,42 dengan kategori aktif pada siklus 1,  3,94 dan 3,82 dengan kategori sangat aktif pada siklus 2 , dan pada siklus 3 skor rata-ratanya 4 dengan kategori sangat aktif. Dari hasil tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa dengan menerapkan model pembelajaran berbasis portofolio dengan optimal dapat meningkatkan aktivitas dan hasil belajar mahasiswa semester IV pada mata kuliah Review Curriculum and Content of Mathematics. Kata kunci: Pembelajaran berbasis portofolio, aktivitas belajar, dan hasil belajar.      Abstract: This study aims to implement a portfolio-based learning model that can improve the activity and student learning achievements on Review Curriculum and Content of Mathematics courses of the fourth semester mathematics education in FKIP Mataram University academic year 2011/2012. The steps taken in the portfolio-based learning are: identifying the problem, selecting issues for classroom study, gather information, create a class portfolio, portfolio presentation and reflection on learning experiences to draw conclusions and evaluation. Action research was carried out in 3 cycles. The results showed that an increase in the average value from cycle 1 to cycle 3, which is 68.46; 78.65, and 77.5. Mastery learning from cycle 1 to cycle 3 respectively are 87.5%, 100% and 95.83%. In cycle 1, the mean score of students' learning activities is 3.29 and 3.42 with active category,. in cycle 2, the mean score is 3.94 and 3.82 with a very active category, and the third cycle, the mean scor is 4 with very active category. From these results it can be concluded that by applying the portfolio based learning models can enhance the activity and student learning achievements of the fourth semester on Curriculum Review and Content of Mathematics course.Keywords: portfolio-based learning, learning activities, and learning achievements.

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