scholarly journals Sustainable Income, Employment, and Income Distribution in Indonesia

2007 ◽  
Vol 46 (4II) ◽  
pp. 579-596
Author(s):  
Seeme Mallick
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Natural Capital ◽  
Large Population ◽  
National Income ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Sustainable Income

Production and consumption activities in any economy have a direct impact on the environment. Although increased economic activity and population growth in developing countries continue to exert enormous pressure on their natural environments, the role of the environment is neglected in the estimation of national income. Such neglect at the macroeconomic level is at least in part, an important cause of environmental degradation in developing countries. Since the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in 1992 at Rio and even as early as middle of the 1980s, a substantial literature had developed on methods to integrate the environment into the economic development process. The main assertion in this literature is that natural resources represent a form of capital that is analogous to the stock of manufactured capital. Sustainable income can be determined by allocating a portion of income to allow for the deprecation of natural capital [Ahmed, El Serafy, and Lutz (1989) and Solow (1992)]. Indonesia had average real GDP growth rates of more than five percent per year up to the early 1990s [World Bank (1994)]. But income inequality (measured by the Gini coefficient) has been high. Although inequality continues to be quite high, especially between rural and urban populations, Indonesia has been successful in poverty alleviation up to mid 1990s. In 1976 almost 40 percent of its population was below the poverty line, which in 1993 decreased to less than 14 percent [Todaro (1994)]. Income distributional consequences of economic growth would continue to be one of the main policy issues in Indonesia. This is due to its large population size, presence of different ethnic and religious groups, large diversity between rural and urban groups, variety of natural resources scattered over the country, huge distances and the effects of a far-flung archipelago [Akita, Lukman, and Yamada (1999)].

Poverty and Food Security: Trends Among Socio-religious Groups in India

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 384-396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Panchanan Das ◽  
Anindita Sengupta
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Poverty Risk ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Level Information ◽  
Food Insecure Households

This article analyses food insecurity, poverty risk and inequality in different castes and religious groups in India by utilizing National Sample Survey Organisation’s (NSSO) household-level information between 1999–2000 and 2011–2012. The article provides an assessment of the socio-economic characteristics of food-insecure households of the country, and it finds that the poverty risk estimated on the basis of relative poverty line increased both in rural and urban India between 1999–2000 and 2011–2012. The study finds that the likelihood of incidence of food security for the population increased, irrespective of social and religious groups. Food security was lower in Muslims than in Hindus. The relative degree of food security was significantly less among the tribal people compared to other social groups.

Green accounting using imperfect, current prices

2002 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert D. Cairns
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
National Income ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Partial Equilibrium ◽  
Shadow Prices ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Equilibrium Models ◽  
Green Accounting

Especially in developing countries, natural resources and the environment are not optimally managed. Even so, it is possible for green accounts based on current prices to measure the realized contributions of the environment to net product. The prices for use in the green accounts, however, are not necessarily shadow prices as would be recommended by cost–benefit analysis: in practice, green or comprehensive NNP is an approximation of an index of welfare. The fact that a linearization of generalized national income is used implies that disaggregated, partial-equilibrium models of resources are useful.

scholarly journals Microcredit As A Tool For Rural Development: A Case Study Of Malaysia

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wali I. Mondal
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Poverty Alleviation ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Retail Trade ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban

Malaysia is a prosperous country in Southeast Asia with two distinct geographical sections separated by the China Sea. Because the country has one of the lowest poverty rates of any developing country with 5.1 per cent of its population living below the poverty line, microcredit projects which are typically aimed at poverty alleviation, have not grown as rapidly as in other developing countries. However, microcredit and microfinancing lead to the growth of the microentrepreneur class in both rural and urban areas. Historically, of the 11 economic sectors of Malaysia, four sectors, namely Agriculture, forestry and fisheries; Mining and quarrying; Construction; and Wholesale and retail trade, hotels and restaurant did not grow at the rate of other economic sectors. A significant amount of economic activities of these four sectors take place in rural Malaysia. This was confirmed by the results of a Shift-Share analysis conducted by the author for the period of 2000-2005 and later compared with similar statistics for 2010. Using these results and comparing the success of microcredit in other developing countries, a case is made for sustained investment in microenterprises throughout rural Malaysia in the four sectors noted above.

scholarly journals Decoupling Economic Development from the Consumption of Finite Resources Using Circular Economy. A Model for Developing Countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 1291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Scheel ◽  
Eduardo Aguiñaga ◽  
Bernardo Bello
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
System Dynamics ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Natural Capital ◽  
Production Model ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Wealth Creation ◽  
Dynamics Modeling ◽  
The Social

Sustainable development is a major concern for developing and developed economies as economic growth has to led to scarcer and more expensive resources. Although countries have established public policies focusing on resource and energy efficiency, there is an increasing need for a coordinated industrial strategy able to create sustainable wealth through a holistic management of natural resources, capable of “decoupling” economic growth from resource extraction and natural deterioration. Consequently, the objective of the present research is to develop a decoupling model able to create increasing economic returns, reducing the social gap and regenerating the natural capital for regions in developing countries. Departing from a literature review on peer reviewed articles on successful industrial cases of decoupling around the world, we contrasted the linear production model with the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP)’s current four decoupling indicators in order to propose a more robust model. The result was an eight-factor decoupling model that used a well-supported framework for sustainable wealth creation named “circular value ecosystem” (CVES). By using system dynamics, we deployed the proposed framework using system dynamics modeling in order to improve the understanding of our proposal. We found that this model, with the proper regional conditions in developing countries, can: (1) reduce, through substitution, the consumption of natural resources; (2) produce alternative economic increasing returns; (3) reduce the negative environmental impacts; and (4) create self-sustainable wealth for the economy, the environment, and the social development of most stakeholders of these regions. Decoupling economic growth represents a complex and challenging task whose successful implementation can only be achieved if managed at a regional level with a systemic approach.

Relating Household Consumption Expenditures to Road Traffic Fatalities: A Rural–Urban Study

2021 ◽  
pp. 036119812110332
Author(s):  
Ruchika Agarwala ◽  
Vinod Vasudevan
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Traffic Safety ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Household Consumption ◽  
Household Expenditure ◽  
Traffic Fatality ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
The Relationship

Research shows that traffic fatality risk is generally higher in rural areas than in urban areas. In developing countries, vehicle ownership and investments in public transportation typically increase with economic growth. These two factors together increase the vehicle population, which in turn affects traffic safety. This paper presents a study focused on the relationship of various factors—including household consumption expenditure data—with traffic fatality in rural and urban areas and thereby aims to fill some of the gaps in the literature. One such gap is the impacts of personal and non-personal modes of travel on traffic safety in rural versus urban areas in developing countries which remains unexplored. An exhaustive panel data modeling approach is adopted. One important finding of this study is that evidence exists of a contrasting relationship between household expenditure and traffic fatality in rural and urban areas. The relationship between household expenditure and traffic fatality is observed to be positive in rural areas and a negative in urban areas. Increases in most expenditure variables, such as fuel, non-personal modes of travel, and two-wheeler expenditures, are found to be associated with an increase in traffic fatality in rural areas.

Forestry Working Groups/Groupes du travail

1989 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 220-224
Author(s):  
J. J. E. Dosne
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Burkina Faso ◽  
New Caledonia ◽  
International Organisations ◽  
Tropical Forestry ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Working Groups ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Definition Of

The advantages and disadvantages of working in developing countries are reviewed. The definition of a developing country and the aid it receives from Canada are analysed. Projects in these countries do not harm the Canadian industry. The development of natural resources is a priority of international organisations, after health, sanitation and education. Organisations interested in this development are listed. A few notes of forestry projects in Turkey, Jamaica, Honduras, Burkina Faso, Haiti, Costa Rica are enclosed; as well as an ideal project in New Caledonia where they have assumed their own responsibility. A message: all Canadian faculties of forestry, should give a few courses on tropical forestry because of its need and the increasing demand for Canadian foresters in this field. All who have worked overseas agree that there is a certain satisfaction in having contributed to the advancement of developing countries.

Measuring and Monitoring Urban Sprawl of Jaipur City using Remote Sensing and GIS

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 46-65
Author(s):  
Pushpendra Singh Sisodia ◽  
Vivekanand Tiwari ◽  
Anil Kumar Dahiya
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Image Processing ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Maximum Likelihood ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Urban Sprawl ◽  
Remote Sensing And Gis ◽  
Direct Impact ◽  
Maximum Likelihood Classification

The world's population increased drastically and forced people to migrate from rural area to major cities in search of basic amenities. The majority of the World's population are already living in the major cities and it is continuously increasing. The increase in population forced the major cities to expand. Expansion of cities acclaimed more unplanned settlement that leads unplanned growth. This is a global phenomenon that has a direct impact on natural resources. It is the biggest challenge for urban planners to achieve sustainable development. Developing countries like India, where the population is increasing at an alarming pace, require more attention towards this problem. In this study, an attempt has been made to measure and monitor urban sprawl in Jaipur (Capital, State of Rajasthan, India). Built-up area with corresponding population has been analysed over a period of 41 years (1972-2013). Remotely sensed images of 1972-2013 (MSS, TM and ETM+) have been classified using Supervised Maximum Likelihood Classification (MLC) for digital image processing. Shannon's entropy has been used to quantify the degree of urban sprawl, and eight landscape metrics have also been used to quantify urban sprawl and its pattern.

scholarly journals National sample survey organization survey report: An estimation of prevalence of mental illness and its association with age in India

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (01) ◽  
pp. 051-054 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ram Lakhan ◽  
Olúgbémiga T. Ekúndayò
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Prevalence Rate ◽  
Large Population ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Rural Setting ◽  
National Sample Survey ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
National Sample Survey Organization

ABSTRACT Background: The Indian population suffers with significant burden of mental illness. The prevalence rate and its association with age and other demographic indicators are needed for planning purpose. Objective: This study attempted to calculate age-wise prevalence of mental illness for rural and urban settings, and its association with age. Materials and Methods: Data published in National Sample Survey Organization (2002) report on disability is used for the analysis. Spearman correlation for strength of association, z-test for difference in prevalence, and regression statistics for predicting the prevalence rate of mental illness are used. Result: Overall population have 14.9/1000 prevalence of mental illness. It is higher in rural setting 17.1/1000 than urban 12.7/1000 (P < 0.001). There is a strong correlation found with age in rural (ϱ = 0.910, P = 0.001) and urban (ϱ = 0.940, P = 0.001). Conclusion: Results of this study confirm other epidemiological research in India. Large-population epidemiological studies are recommended.

scholarly journals Foreign investment activities of Chinese companies

2014 ◽  
Vol 66 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 231-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miroslav Antevski ◽  
Sanja Filipovic
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Foreign Investment ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Private Companies ◽  
Industrial Countries ◽  
Geographic Dispersion ◽  
Strategic Assets ◽  
Investment Capital

Chinese investments abroad have recorded high growth rates in the last decade, but its scope is still small in comparison to those of developed industrial countries. The state plays a key role in its encouragement and support directly and indirectly. Large state corporations are the biggest investors abroad, somewhere investments of Chinese private companies dominate, e.g. in Africa. There is a great geographic dispersion of investment flows, while the highest concentration is in developing countries. The main drivers of investment capital are trade, energy sources, natural resources, infrastructure projects and acquisition of strategic assets. These drivers are often are combined from two or more ones which are mutually supportive.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document