scholarly journals The Implementation of Distance Learning on Early Childhood Education During New Normal Era of Covid-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 32
Author(s):  
Luluk Musthofiyah ◽  
Sopiah Sopiah ◽  
Hendri Hermawan Adinugraha
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Distance Learning ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
School Facilities ◽  
New Normal ◽  
Inhibiting Factors ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
Additional Costs ◽  
Or Applications

<p><strong><em>Abstract</em></strong></p><p><em>The purposes of this study are to describe the implementation and to find out the supporting and inhibiting factors of distance learning for early childhood in the new normal era of Covid-19 at ABA Penconga</em><em> </em><em>n Kindergarten. Method that used in this study is field research with a qualitative approach, as for data collection techniques used triangulation, and data analysis technique used an interactive model. The results showed that the implementation of distance learning for early childhood at ABA Pencongan Kindergarten was implemented through the Whatsapp class group. The learning implementation was carried out remotely every Monday, teachers provided weekly lesson preparation plans and learning videos. As for learning evaluation teachers used the work, checklists, and anecdotal notes. The work results are in the form of collaging task, coloring and drawing, folding and cutting, and building blocks. Several factors that support this learning process are adequate school facilities, the skills of educators in using media or applications, good psychological condition of students, and their parents’ free-time to assist and guide students to learn at home. On the other hand, the inhibiting factors are school financial constraints, difficulties for teachers in managing learning activities, students being forced to make academic adjustments by limiting social interaction, busy activity of students’ parent, and additional costs for buying internet data packages.</em></p><p><em><br /></em></p><p><em>Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mendiskripsikan implementasi dan untuk mengetahui faktor pendukung dan penghambat pembelajaran jarak jauh anak usia dini pada era new normal Covid-19 di TK ABA Pencongan. Metode yang digunakan adalah penelitian lapangan dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan observasi, wawancara dan dokumentasi. Teknik analisis data menggunakan model interaktif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa implementasi pembelajaran jarak jauh anak usia dini pada era new normal Covid-19 di TK ABA Pencongan melalui grup Whatsapp kelas. Pelaksanaan pembelajaran dilakukan secara jarak jauh setiap hari senin tenaga pendidik memberikan Rencana Persiapan Pelajaran Mingguan dan video pembelajaran sekaligus mengabsensi kehadiran. Evaluasi pembelajaran menggunakan hasil karya, checklist, dan catatan anekdot. Hasil karya berupa kolase, mewarnai dan menggambar, melipat dan menggunting, dan hasil karya bangunan balok. Faktor yang mendukung dalam proses pembelajaran ini ialah fasilitas sekolah yang memadai, keterampilan tenaga pendidik menggunakan media atau aplikasi dalam pengajaran yang mumpuni, kondisi psikis murid yang baik, dan keluangan waktu orang tua untuk mendampingi sekaligus membimbing pembelajaran anak murid di rumah. Sedangkan faktor penghambatnya yaitu kendala finansial sekolah, kesulitan para guru dalam mengelola kegiatan pembelajaran, murid dipaksa melakukan penyesuaian akademik dengan membatasi interaksi sosial, dan kesibukan beberapa orang tua, dan biaya tambahan untuk membeli paket data internet.</em></p><p><strong>Abstrak </strong></p><p><em>Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mendiskripsikan implementasi dan untuk mengetahui faktor pendukung dan penghambat pembelajaran jarak jauh anak usia dini pada era new normal Covid-19 di TK ABA Pencongan. Metode yang digunakan adalah penelitian lapangan dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan observasi, wawancara dan dokumentasi. Teknik analisis data menggunakan model interaktif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa implementasi pembelajaran jarak jauh anak usia dini pada era new normal Covid-19 di TK ABA Pencongan melalui grup Whatsapp kelas. Pelaksanaan pembelajaran dilakukan secara jarak jauh setiap hari senin tenaga pendidik memberikan Rencana Persiapan Pelajaran Mingguan dan video pembelajaran sekaligus mengabsensi kehadiran. Evaluasi pembelajaran menggunakan hasil karya, checklist, dan catatan anekdot. Hasil karya berupa kolase, mewarnai dan menggambar, melipat dan menggunting, dan hasil karya bangunan balok. Faktor yang mendukung dalam proses pembelajaran ini ialah fasilitas sekolah yang memadai, keterampilan tenaga pendidik menggunakan media atau aplikasi dalam pengajaran yang mumpuni, kondisi psikis murid yang baik, dan keluangan waktu orang tua untuk mendampingi sekaligus membimbing pembelajaran anak murid di rumah. Sedangkan faktor penghambatnya yaitu kendala finansial sekolah, kesulitan para guru dalam mengelola kegiatan pembelajaran, murid dipaksa melakukan penyesuaian akademik dengan membatasi interaksi sosial, dan kesibukan beberapa orang tua, dan biaya tambahan untuk membeli paket data internet.</em></p><p><em><br /></em></p>

Implementasi nilai-nilai Etika, Moral dan Akhlak dalam perilaku belajar di STIT Raden Wijaya Mojokerto

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 71
Author(s):  
Aan Eko Khusni Ubaidillah
Keyword(s):  
Field Research ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Learning Behavior ◽  
The West ◽  
Internal Factors ◽  
Inhibiting Factors ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
Western Values ◽  
Culture Environment ◽  
Research Type

The problems we face today live in a time of moral degradation and destruction. People feel proud if they can imitate the trend carried by the West; both in thought and lifestyle. Ironically, not a few generations of Muslims who terpedaya with the trend. They make Western values ​​as their standard of behavior and morals. Meanwhile, Islamic morality is increasingly felt strange and difficult to practice in the midst of society facing such problems plural and complex. The purpose of this study are: 1) To describe the steps Implementation of values ​​of Ethics, Moral and Morals in learning behavior in STIT Raden Wijaya Mojokerto. 2) To describe the supporting and inhibiting factors Implementation of Ethics, Morals and Morals values ​​in the behavior of learning in STIT Raden Wijaya Mojokerto This research type is field research research using qualitative approach. Data collection techniques include observation, interview, and documentation. Data analysis technique uses descriptive explorative, that is by describing state and phenomenon status. Based on the exposure of the analysis of data sources can be concluded that: 1) Steps Implementation of values ​​of Ethics, Morals and Morals in the behavior of learning in STIT Raden Wijaya Mojokerto is the first institution to make a mature planning, then applied with the pattern pembiasaan. 2) To describe the supporting and inhibiting factors Implementation of Ethics, Morals and Morals values ​​in learning behavior in STIT Raden Wijaya Mojokerto consists of internal factors (consisting of heredity, gender, physical character, personality, intelligence and talent) and external ( consisting of education, religion, culture, environment and socio-economic)

scholarly journals POLÍTICA NACIONAL DE FORMAÇÃO CONTINUADA: experiência formativa em Belém-Pará

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 289
Author(s):  
Adelice Sueli Braga Delgado ◽  
Tânia Regina Lobato dos Santos ◽  
Kátia Maria dos Santos Dias ◽  
Ely do Socorro Oliveira de Medeiros
Keyword(s):  
Teacher Education ◽  
Early Childhood ◽  
Focus Group ◽  
Continuing Education ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Pedagogical Practice ◽  
Training Experience ◽  
Dialectical Approach ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
Formación Docente

Este artigo apresenta reflexões sobre uma experiência de proposta de curso vinculada a uma política nacional de formação de professores, tomando por base duas categorias: reflexões sobre a formação de professores e a prática pedagógica; aprendizagens proporcionadas pelo curso de formação continuada de professores. As categorias são oriundas da análise das falas de egressas do curso mediante sessões de grupo focal. Caracteriza-se como uma pesquisa de campo, sustentada por uma abordagem qualitativa (MINAYO, 2008) e enfoque dialético (FRIGOTTO, 2010). A pesquisa foi realizada com egressas do curso de especialização em docência na Educação Infantil, no município de Belém, sendo este o locus da pesquisa. Os procedimentos metodológicos utilizados foram: levantamento bibliográfico; leitura e consulta de documentos e Grupo Focal (SEVERINO, 2007; GATTI, 2005). Para a sistematização e análise dos dados, foi utilizada a técnica da análise de conteúdo (BARDIN, 2011). O referencial teórico utilizado foi pautado em estudiosos sobre a Educação Infantil e a Formação de Professores. Identificou-se que o curso de especialização configurou-se como um espaço privilegiado para estudos, pesquisas e aprofundamento teórico-metodológico, já que o estudo e a problematização das realidades de trabalho foram pontos fundantes para exercitar a atitude reflexiva e as aprendizagens contribuíram para (re)significar suas práticas.Palavras-chave: Formação de Professores. Professor reflexivo. Prática Pedagógica.NATIONAL POLICY FOR CONTINUING EDUCATION: training experience in Belém-ParáAbstractThis article presents reflections on a course proposal experience linked to a national teacher education policy, based on two categories: reflections on teacher education and pedagogical practice; learning provided by the continuing education course for teachers. The categories come from the analysis of the speeches of the course's graduates through focus group sessions. It is characterized as a field research, supported by a qualitative approach (MINAYO, 2008) and a dialectical approach (FRIGOTTO, 2010). The research was carried out with graduates of the Teaching in Early Childhood Education's specialization course, from the city of Belém, which is the locus of the research. The methodological procedures used were: bibliographic survey; reading and consulting documents and Focus Group (SEVERINO, 2007; GATTI, 2005). For the systematization and analysis of the data, the content analysis technique was used (BARDIN, 2011). The theoretical framework used was based on scholars on Early Childhood Education and Teacher Education. It was identified that the specialization course was configured as a privileged spot for studies, research and theoretical-methodological deepening, since the study and problematization of work realities were fundamental points to exercise the reflexive attitude and the learning contributed to ( re) signify your practices.Keywords: Teacher Education. Reflective teacher. Pedagogical Practice.POLÍTICA NACIONAL DE FORMACIÓN CONTINUA: experiencia Formativa En Belém-ParáResumen Este artículocpresenta reflexión sobre una experiencia de proposta de curso vinculada a una política nacional de formación docente, a partir de dos categorías: reflexiones sobre la formación y práctica pedagógica del profesorado; aprendizaje proporcionado por el curso de educación continua para profesores. Las categorías se derivan del análisis de los discursos de los egresados del curso a través de sesiones de focus grup.  Se caracteriza por ser una investigación de campo, sustentada en un enfoque cualitativo (MINAYO, 2008) y un enfoque dialéctico (FRIGOTO, 2010). La investigación se realizó con egresados del curso de especialización en docencia en Educación Infantil, en la ciudad de Belém, que es el lugar de la investigación. Los procedimientos metodológicos utilizados fueron: levantamiento bibliográfico; lectura y consulta de documentos y Focus Grup (SEVERINO, 2007, GATTI, 2005). Para la sistematización e análisis de los dados se utilizó la técnica de análisis de contenido (BARDIN, 2011). El marco teórico utilizado se báso en estudiosos de Educación Infantil y Formación Docente. Se identificó que el curso de especialización se configuró como un espacio privilegiado para los estudios, la investigación y la  profundización teórico-metodológica, ya que el estudio y proplematización de las realidades laborales fueron puntos fundamentales para ejercitar la actitud reflexiva y los aprendizajes aportados a (re) signifique sus práctica.Palabras clave: Formación del profesorado. Maestra reflexiva. Práctica pedagógica.

scholarly journals Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Berbasis Sentra dalam Mengembangkan Kecerdasan Jamak di Taman Kanak-Kanak Kota Samarinda

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-31
Author(s):  
Nurwati Nurwati
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Multiple Intelligences ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Learning Model ◽  
Learning Activities ◽  
Learning Center ◽  
Learning Models ◽  
Visual Spatial ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
The Right

The right learning model determines success in learning. Activities that suit the needs of children, of course, prioritize a sense of pleasure and comfort. Fun learning can develop abilities or multiple intelligences as optimal as possible in accordance with existing standards in the curriculum. The learning center model is one of the learning models that is able to stimulate all aspects of child development through directed play. The center-based learning model is one of the more effective learning models because it is oriented in playing while learning. This learning model has been applied to Islamc Center Kindergarten, Silmi Islamic Kindergarten and Fastabiqul Khairat Kindergarten. The purpose of this study was to determine the application of the Islamic learning center model to develop children's multiple intelligences in Samarinda City Kindergarten.This research used field research using a qualitative descriptive approach. The research locations were Islamic Center Kindergarten (TK), Silmi Islamic Kindergarten (TK) and Fastabiqul Khairat Kindergarten (TK). Data collection techniques were observation, interviews and documentation. The data analysis technique used was descriptive analysis.The results of this study were obtained after an analysis that center-based learning models develop the ability of multiple intelligence in early childhood. Each center has a focus on developing aspects of intelligence and when put together, all centers are designed with a variety of strategies in the process of learning activities where children learn to actually encourage to be directly involved in observation, do it directly using existing media with pleasure because it is inseparable from the concept of play children, all centers hone the intelligence abilities of logical thinking, intrapersonal, interpersonal, kinesthetic, linguistic, naturalist, musical, visual-spatial and existential. In developing plural intelligence in early childhood, it is supported with facilities and infrastructure that are in line with the concept of learning, namely playing while learning.

Implementasi nilai-nilai Etika, Moral dan Akhlak dalam perilaku belajar di STIT Raden Wijaya Mojokerto

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 71
Author(s):  
Aan Eko Khusni Ubaidillah
Keyword(s):  
Field Research ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Learning Behavior ◽  
The West ◽  
Internal Factors ◽  
Inhibiting Factors ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
Western Values ◽  
Culture Environment ◽  
Research Type

The problems we face today live in a time of moral degradation and destruction. People feel proud if they can imitate the trend carried by the West; both in thought and lifestyle. Ironically, not a few generations of Muslims who terpedaya with the trend. They make Western values ​​as their standard of behavior and morals. Meanwhile, Islamic morality is increasingly felt strange and difficult to practice in the midst of society facing such problems plural and complex. The purpose of this study are: 1) To describe the steps Implementation of values ​​of Ethics, Moral and Morals in learning behavior in STIT Raden Wijaya Mojokerto. 2) To describe the supporting and inhibiting factors Implementation of Ethics, Morals and Morals values ​​in the behavior of learning in STIT Raden Wijaya Mojokerto This research type is field research research using qualitative approach. Data collection techniques include observation, interview, and documentation. Data analysis technique uses descriptive explorative, that is by describing state and phenomenon status. Based on the exposure of the analysis of data sources can be concluded that: 1) Steps Implementation of values ​​of Ethics, Morals and Morals in the behavior of learning in STIT Raden Wijaya Mojokerto is the first institution to make a mature planning, then applied with the pattern pembiasaan. 2) To describe the supporting and inhibiting factors Implementation of Ethics, Morals and Morals values ​​in learning behavior in STIT Raden Wijaya Mojokerto consists of internal factors (consisting of heredity, gender, physical character, personality, intelligence and talent) and external ( consisting of education, religion, culture, environment and socio-economic)

scholarly journals Distance Learning Model Innovation for Early Childhood during COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-98
Author(s):  
Musyafa Ali ◽  
Mukhamad Hamid Samiaji ◽  
Cesilia Prawening
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Distance Learning ◽  
Early Childhood Education ◽  
Elementary Education ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Learning Model ◽  
Learning Models ◽  
Childhood Education

Purpose – The COVID-19 pandemic has changed many lives, especially in the field of education. These changes start from the level of early childhood education, elementary education, to higher education. The learning process initially done conventionally in early childhood education has now been transformed into distance-learning or online. This sudden transformation of learning is essential to present an innovative distance learning model in the early childhood education environment. This study describes the distance learning model innovation for early childhood, implemented by PAUD Wadas Kelir, South Purwokerto, during the COVID-19 pandemic. Teachers designed this learning model at PAUD Wadas Kelir by combining fun and unique online and offline learning. Design/methods/approach – This type of research is field research with a descriptive qualitative method. In collecting data, researchers used three methods, i.e., observation, interviews, and documentation. The data analysis technique used, i.e., reducing data, presenting data, and drawing conclusions. Moreover, the validity of the data is tested using triangulation techniques. Findings – The results of this study show that there are ten learning model innovations implemented by ECE Wadas Kelir, i.e., learning with parental involvement, work projects, study visits, quizzes, online learning, creativity competitions, films and videos, creative and interactive stories, recording materials, and learning appreciation. Research implications/limitations – This case study focuses on Early Childhood Education (ECE) learning models applied to early childhood education institutions during the pandemic in PAUD Wadas Kelir, South Purwokerto, but it is unlikely that the situation is different elsewhere because the pandemic is Indonesia and global. Practical implications – This case study demonstrated how the application learning models of ECE during the pandemic are effective for children's growth and development. Originality/value – This paper contributes to knowledge and understanding of applying several learning models for ECE during the pandemic as reference material in implementing the learning process for early childhood. Paper type Case study

IMPLEMENTASI PENGEMBANGAN KECERDASAN SPIRITUAL ANAK MELALUI METODE PEMBIASAAN DI SD ISLAM PLUS MASYITHOH KROYA KABUPATEN CILACAP

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-176
Author(s):  
Fita Tri Wijayanti
Keyword(s):  
Extracurricular Activities ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Routine Activities ◽  
Spiritual Intelligence ◽  
Learning Activities ◽  
Outdoor Learning ◽  
Special Events ◽  
Grade 5 ◽  
Analysis Technique

This study aims to describe and analyze it critical about the implementation of the development of children's spiritual intelligence through habituation methods at SD Islam Plus Masyithoh Kroya, Cilacap district. This type of research is field research or field research. This research is presented in descriptive form with the aim to describe a process that occurs in the field. While the approach taken is a qualitative approach. Data collection techniques used: observation, interviews, and documentation. While the data analysis technique uses the Miles and Huberman Model, which consists of: Data Reduction, Data Display and Verification (Conclusion Drawing). The results of this study found that the forms of development of children's spiritual intelligence through habituation methods at SD Islam Plus Masyithoh Kroya were divided into two activities, namely: first, programmed habituation activities, including extracurricular activities scheduled every Saturday namely extracurricular tilawah, tambourine and calligraphy . In addition, outdoor learning, activities that have been scheduled each year for grade 5 (five) students, are religious tourism. Second, habituation activities are not programmed in the development of children's spiritual intelligence through habituation methods. a) routine activities, carried out continuously and scheduled. The routine activities include: morning munajat activities (asmaul husna, daily prayers, tartil juz 30, and memorizing selected hadith) which are carried out before teaching and learning activities, dhuha prayer, dzuhur prayer in congregation, and social service activities, b) spontaneous namely activities that occur when experiencing special events. In this case the spontaneous activities carried out included: greeting, apologizing before asking for help, always dhikr, and thanking, c) exemplary is a habituation activity shown by the teacher in daily actions. Exemplary here is shown by the performance of the teacher both in the classroom providing subject matter as well as outside the classroom.

Pengembangan Minat Baca Peserta Didik : Studi Peran Kepala Sekolah

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 84
Author(s):  
Fahrurrrazi Fahrurrrazi
Keyword(s):  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Learning Ability ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
Role Of Principal ◽  
Strategic Role ◽  
Management Functions ◽  
Reading Interest

Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh fenomena minat baca siswa dan pengaruh minat baca terhadap pertumbuhan kemampuan belajar siswa pada jenjang-jenjang pendidikan selanjutnya. Kepala sekolah sebagai lokomotif perkembangan mutu pendidikan memiliki peran strategi bagi pengumbuhan dan pengembangan minat baca peserta didik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui peran kepala madrasah sebagai edukator, manajer, dan innovator dalam pengembangan minat baca peserta didik di MIT Nurul Islam Kota Semarang. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif lapangan, data dikumpulkan melalui observasi, wawancara, dokumentasi dan triangulasi, serta dianalisis dengan teknik analisis deskriptif. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa: 1) Peran kepala madrasah sebagai edukator dalam pengembangan minat baca peserta didik meliputi meliputi tiga pembinaan, yakni pembinaan mental dan moral, serta pembinaan artistik. 2) Peran kepala madrasah sebagai manajer dalam pengembangan minat baca peserta didik di MIT Nurul Islam meliputi penerapan fungsi-fungsi manajemen dengan didasarkan pada pada kerjasama dengan USAID dan UIN Walisongo Semarang. 3) Peran kepala madrasah sebagai innovator dalam pengembangan minat baca peserta didik di MIT Nurul Islam Kota Semarang meliputi inovasi strategi, pola pikir (mindset) dan struktur. Abstract This research is motivated by the phenomenon of reading interest of students and the influence of reading interest on the growth of students' learning ability in the next level of education. The principal as a locomotive of the development of the quality of education has a strategic role for the growth and development of reading interest of learners. This study aims to determine the role of principal as an educator, manager, and innovator in the development of reading interest of learners in MIT Nurul Islam Semarang City. This research is a qualitative field research, data collected through observation, interview, documentation and triangulation, and analyzed by descriptive analysis technique. The results of this study indicate that: 1) The role of principal as an educator in the development of reading interest of learners includes three activities are coaching, namely mental and moral coaching, and artistic coaching. 2) The role of principal as manager in the development of reading interest of learners at MIT Nurul Islam covers the application of management functions based on cooperation with USAID and UIN Walisongo Semarang. 3) The role of principal as innovator in the development of reading interest of learners at MIT Nurul Islam Semarang City includes innovation strategy, mindset, and structure.

scholarly journals Attrition as a bottom-up pathway to subnational democratization

2021 ◽  
pp. 019251212110192
Author(s):  
Trix van Mierlo
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Causal Process ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
System A ◽  
Extensive Field ◽  
Democratic System

Oftentimes, democracy is not spread out evenly over the territory of a country. Instead, pockets of authoritarianism can persist within a democratic system. A growing body of literature questions how such subnational authoritarian enclaves can be democratized. Despite fascinating insights, all existing pathways rely on the actions of elites and are therefore top-down. This article seeks to kick-start the discussion on a bottom-up pathway to subnational democratization, by proposing the attrition mechanism. This mechanism consists of four parts and is the product of abductive inference through theory-building causal process tracing. The building blocks consist of subnational democratization literature, social movement theory, and original empirical data gathered during extensive field research. This case study focuses on the ‘Dynasty Slayer’ in the province of Isabela, the Philippines, where civil society actors used the attrition mechanism to facilitate subnational democratization. This study implies that civil society actors in subnational authoritarian enclaves have agency.

scholarly journals Towards reafirmation of the case study research method: From „building blocks“ and „process tracing“ to typological theories

Sociologija ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 152-167
Author(s):  
Ivana Milovanovic
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Case Study Research ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Process Tracing ◽  
Case Study Method ◽  
Study Research

This paper represents a contribution to the consideration of the characteristics of the case study research method in sociological researches. In the first part of paper, some specifics of case study method are described, in the second part we represented ways of use of this method in field research. finally, third part of this paper indicates certain ?sub methods? within case study method, such as ?building blocks? and ?process tracing?, which are, at the same time, conditions for developing typological theories. Those ?sub methods? indicate evolution of case study method in social sciences during last few decades, as well as importance of existence and use of such ?elastic? method in all, especially field researches where researcher is facing with a series of cognitive concerns.

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