scholarly journals Neuroprotective effects of Zingerone against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced brain mitochondrial toxicity in Swiss albino mice

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 548-552
Author(s):  
Mohammad Firoz Alam
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Carbon Tetrachloride ◽  
Antioxidant Enzyme ◽  
Brain Mitochondria ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Mitochondrial Toxicity ◽  
Swiss Albino Mice ◽  
Group I ◽  
Albino Mice ◽  
Group Ii

The present study targeted the brain mitochondria dysfunction in Swiss albino mice through carbon tetrachloride intoxication and its treatment with Zingerone. It is proposed that brain mitochondria is the main organelle responsible for oxidative stress by producing  reactive oxygen species (ROS). Swiss albino mice were divided into four groups; Group-1 was control; Group-2 was carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) toxic (1.5mg kg-1 bm i.p two days in a week.); Group-3 was pretreated with Zingerone (100 mg kg-1 b.m)  a day before  the administration of CCl4 and Group-4 was only Zingerone (100 mg kg-1 bm) given orally for 15days once in a day. At the end of the experiment mice were sacrificed and mitochondria were isolated from brain. Isolated brain mitochondria were further analyzed for oxidative stress marker. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) content was increased significantly by CCl4 administration in Group-II as compared to the control Group-I, while the antioxidant (GSH) and other antioxidant enzyme GPx , GR, and CAT was depleted significantly in CCl4 treated Group-II as compare to control Group-I. Zingerone protected the  toxicity of brain mitochondria by reducing the lipid peroxidation and enhancing the antioxidant enzyme in Group-III and there was no significant changes were noticed in Group-IV as  compared to Group-I. Overall results showed the potential effects of Zingerone in protecting the neuronal cell loss by oxidative stress. Thus, the  present study indicated that the Zingerone may be used as the potential therapeutic tools for the prevention of CCl4 induced brain mitochondrial toxicity.  

scholarly journals Effect of aqueous Extract of Terminalia bellirica fruit pulp on Alcohol affected learning in swiss albino mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 76-78
Author(s):  
Sowmya ◽  
Manohar VR ◽  
Mohandas Rai ◽  
H N Gopalakrishna ◽  
Chandrashekar R
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Protective Action ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Acute Administration ◽  
Aqueous Extracts ◽  
Swiss Albino Mice ◽  
Alcohol Administration ◽  
Group I ◽  
Albino Mice

To evaluate the effect of Aqueous extract of Terminalia belliricafruit pulp (AETB) on learning by Hebb William maze model in mice with acute alcohol consumption.Swiss albino mice (n=48) of either sex weighing 20-30g will be divided into eight groups of six mice each. Drugs were given orally after 12 hours of fasting. Group I mice received 10ml/kg of Normal Saline, Group II mice received Piracetam 200mg/kg, Group III received AETB 36mg/kg, Group IV received ethanol 1.5g/kg orally, Group V received ethanol(1.5g/kg )+ piracetam (200mg/kg), Group VI mice received ethanol(1.5g/kg) +AETB(9mg/kg), Group VII mice received ethanol(1.5g/kg) +AETB (18mg/kg), Group VIII mice received ethanol(1.5g/kg) +AETB(36mg/kg). Time taken by the animal to reach the reward chamber from the start chamber (TRC) in Hebb-William maze was used as a parameterto evaluate the learning.Acute alcohol administration showed increase in TRC. Whereas, acute administration of Aqueous extracts of Terminalia belliricafruit pulp showed a decrease in TRC when compared to the control group. The TRC values for the groups that were administered AETB along with acute alcohol administration showed decrease in TRC values compared to the negative control.Current study showed acute alcohol administration caused impairment of thelearning ability in mice. Whereas, acute administration of Aqueous extracts of Terminalia belliricafruit pulp (AETB)caused enhancement of learning. Pre-treatment with AETB before acute alcohol administration indicated protective action of AETB on alcohol affected learning in mice.

scholarly journals GAMBARAN HISTOPATOLOGI HATI TIKUS WISTAR YANG DIBERIKAN JUS TOMAT (Solanum Lycopersicum) PASCA KERUSAKAN HATI WISTAR YANG DIINDUKSI KARBON TETRAKLORIDA (CCl4)

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eka Sari Tappi ◽  
Poppy Lintong ◽  
Lily Loho
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Tetrachloride ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Liver Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
Tomato Juice ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Histopathological Changes ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii

Abstract: Liver is the largest organ in the abdominal cavity. As the center of metabolism in the body, liver is potentially damaged by exposure of toxic substances, inter alia carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). Metabolism of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) produces CCl3 free radicals that can damage the liver. In Indonesia, there are a lot of natural ingredients that have antioxidant properties, such as tomato. Lycopene in tomatoes contains antioxidant compounds that can prevent damages due to free radical. This study aimed to obtain liver histopathological changes of wistar rats fed with tomato juice after being induced of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). This was an experimental study, using 10 wistar rats which were divided into 4 groups. Group I was the negative control; group II was induced with CCl4 0,05 cc/day and was terminated on day 6; group III was induced with CCl4 0,05 cc/day and was given tomato juice 3 ml/day, and terminated on day 13; group IV was induced by CCl4 0,05 cc/day, given regular pellets, and terminated on day 13. The results showed that group II had histopathological changes of the liver indicating fatty liver, meanwhile group III showed regeneration of nearly all liver cells. Conclusion: Administration of tomato juice after the induction of 3 ml carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) for 7 day showed regeneration of almost all liver cells. Keywords: histopathological changes of the liver, carbon tetrachloride, tomato juice.   Abstrak: Hati merupakan organ terbesar dalam rongga abdomen, dan pusat metabolisme tubuh dengan fungsi yang sangat kompleks dan sangat berpotensi mengalami kerusakan akibat terpapar oleh bahan-bahan toksik, salah satunya yaitu karbon tertraklorida (CCL4). Metabolisme CCl4 menghasilkan radikal bebas CCl3 yang dapat merusak hati. Di Indonesia terdapat  banyak sekali bahan-bahan alami yang mempunyai kandungan antioksidan, salah satunya yaitu tomat. Tomat mengandung senyawa likopen sebagai antioksidan yang dapat mencegah kerusakan jaringan akibat radikal bebas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan gambaran histopatologi hati tikus wistar yang diberi jus tomat pasca induksi karbon tetraklorida (CCl4). Metode penelitian ialah eksperimental. Sampel sebanyak 10 ekor tikus wistar yang dibagi dalam 4 kelompok. Kelompok I sebagai kontrol negatif; kelompok II diinduksi CCl4 0,05cc/perhari dan diterminasi hari ke-6; kelompok III diinduksi CCl4 0,05 cc/hari kemudian diberikan jus tomat 3ml/hari;  dan kelompok IV diinduksi CCl4 0,05 cc/hari kemudian diberikan pelet biasa dan diterminasi hari ke-13. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pada pemberian CCl4 pada tikus wistar selama 5 hari terdapat gambaran morfologik perlemakan sel hati. Pemberian jus tomat dosis 3 ml pasca induksi karbon tetraklorida (CCl4) menunjukkan terjadinya regenerasi pada hampir seluruh sel-sel hati. Simpulan: Pemberian jus tomat dosis 3 ml pasca induksi karbon tetraklorida (CCl4) selama 7 hari menunjukkan regenerasi pada hampir seluruh sel-sel hati. Kata kunci: gambaran histopatologi hati, karbon tetraklorida, jus tomat.

scholarly journals Methyl Gallate Attenuates Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity in Rats by Suppressing Oxidative Stress

Scientifica ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Akheruz Zaman Ahmed ◽  
Shakta Mani Satyam ◽  
Prakashchandra Shetty ◽  
Melanie Rose D’Souza
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Normal Control ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Group Iv ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Methyl Gallate ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
Female Wistar Rats ◽  
Group Ii

Doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among cancer survivors. The present study was aimed to investigate the cardioprotective potential of methyl gallate; an active polyphenolic nutraceutical, against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in Wistar rats. Twenty-four female Wistar rats (150–200 g) were divided into four groups (n = 6) which consist of normal control (group I), doxorubicin control (group II), test-A (group III), and test-B (group IV). Group III and group IV animals were prophylactically treated with methyl gallate 150 mg/kg/day and 300 mg/kg/day orally, respectively, for seven days. Doxorubicin (25 mg/kg; single dose) was administered through an intraperitoneal route to group II, III, and IV animals on the seventh day to induce acute cardiotoxicity. On the 8th day, besides ECG analysis, serum CK, CK-MB, LDH, AST, MDA, and GSH were assayed. Following gross examination of isolated hearts, histopathological evaluation was performed by light microscopy. A significant ( p  < 0.05) cardiac injury, as well as oxidative stress, was observed in doxorubicin control rats in comparison to normal control rats. Methyl gallate at both the doses significantly ( p  < 0.05) reduced doxorubicin-induced ECG changes, dyslipidaemia, and elevation of CK, CK-MB, LDH, AST, MDA and increased GSH level. Methyl gallate reversed the doxorubicin-induced histopathological changes in the heart. The present study revealed that methyl gallate exerts cardioprotection against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in female Wistar rats by suppressing oxidative stress. Our study opens the perspective to clinical studies for consideration of methyl gallate as a potential chemoprotectant nutraceutical in the combination chemotherapy with doxorubicin to limit its cardiotoxicity.

scholarly journals Effect of Curcumin on Oxidative Stress in a Model of Turpentine Induced Acute Experimental Inflammation

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrei CONEAC ◽  
Meda Sandra ORASAN ◽  
Daniel Corneliu LEUCUTA ◽  
Nicoleta DECEA ◽  
Miuta FILIP ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Total Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
Total Antioxidant ◽  
Experimental Inflammation ◽  
Group Ii

Curcumin, a natural phenolic compound is an anti-tumor agent with anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties. The aim of this research was to evaluate oxidative stress levels, the antioxidant activity and Curcumin concentrations by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in an acute experimental inflammation induced by Turpentine oil (intramuscular 0.6 mg kg-1 body weight) and to compare a prophylactic versus a therapeutic regimen of Curcumin (oral suspension of 150 mg Curcumin kg-1 rat weight). Sixteen adult male Wistar rats were assigned to four groups: Control, Group I (Curcumin only), Group II (Curcumin administration, then induced inflammation after 1 hour) and Group III (induced inflammation then Curcumin administration after 2 hours). Oxidative stress was assessed by measuring serum malondialdehide and carbonylated proteins, while systemic and local total antioxidant capacity was determined by ABTS. Local tissue changes (muscle, kidney, liver) were analysed using histopathology. Results showed that acute inflammation significantly increased lipid peroxidation in Groups II and III compared to Control and Group I. A significantly reduced total antioxidant capacity (ATBS) was present in serum and kidney in Group II, also in muscle and kidney in Group III. ABTS levels were significantly increased only in the liver tissue of the animals in Groups II and III with induced inflammation as compared to Group I. This study proved the potential of Curcumin in reducing oxidative stress in both prophylactic and therapeutic regimens.

Effect of Pesticide Indoxacarb on the Thyroid Gland in Swiss Albino Mice

2021 ◽  
pp. 23-30
Author(s):  
Salma Abusrer ◽  
Zainab EL Mabrouk ◽  
Habiba El Jaafari ◽  
Naema Shibani ◽  
Sassia Regeai
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Epithelial Tissue ◽  
Female Group ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Swiss Albino Mice ◽  
Group I ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Albino Mice ◽  
Tsh Levels

Background and objectives: Pesticides play an essential role in crop protection, but their overuse caused environmental pollution and harmful effect on different animal body systems, including the endocrine system. The thyroid gland is one of the homeostatic regulators of metabolic activities, which is affected by the elements of the external environment. There are very limited studies on the effect of indoxacarb on the histological architecture and functions of thyroid gland. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of examining functionally and histologically of the thyroid gland exposed to indoxacarb. Method: 24 Swiss albino mice male and female were randomly divided into two groups, each group male and female; group I is a control group given orally with 1ml of distilled water and group II orally treated with 120 mg/kg Bw. of indoxacarb daily for 3 weeks. Blood samples were collected from each mouse under anesthetic to determine the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroxine (T4) levels. Thyroid gland histopathology was attained for the evaluation of the indoxacarb effect. Results: The treated mice showed non-significant increase in T4 levels and a significant decrease in TSH levels but there was no significant difference recorded in T4 and TSH levels between sexes. Histologically, the sections of the thyroid gland of the treated group showed empty and irregular follicles, degeneration of the follicular epithelial tissue, and hyperplasia in the lining of some follicles, the capsule with congestion blood vessels. Conclusion: This study concluded that indoxacarb may act as a thyroid gland toxicant.

scholarly journals The Effect of Intratesticular Injection of Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cell (hADSC) on Testicular Oxidative Stress and Spermatogenesis Process in the Varicocele Rat Model

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Safendra Siregar ◽  
Bambang Sasongko Noegroho ◽  
Ricky Adriansjah ◽  
Akhmad Mustafa ◽  
Ananta Bonar
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Rat Model ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Therapy Group ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Testicular Tissue ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii

Abstract Introduction: Varicocele is the predominant cause of male infertility and was found in 19% - 41% of men with primary infertility and 45% - 81% of men with secondary infertility. Human adipose Derived Stem Cells (hADSC) can suppress oxidative stress in some oxidative injury model. Therefore, this study would like to investigate the effect of intratesticular hADSC injection on MDA level and spermatogenesis process by histopathological examination in the varicocele rat model.Method: This is an experimental study. A total sampling of 9 male Wistar rats were divided into three groups. Group I consist of 1 Wistar rats without any treatment or model (sham group), group II consist of 4 Wistar rats with varicocele model without hADSC therapy (control group), and group III consist of 4 Wistar rats with varicocele model and were given injections of 1.0x106 hADSC cells intratesticularly 30 days after model was made (therapy group). Testicular tissue was harvested for evaluation. Results: In all varicocele model rats (group II and III), the result of MDA level in therapy group (2.53 mol/liter) was significantly lower than the MDA level in control group (4.43 mol/liter) (p = 0.01). On histopathological examination, the average Johnson's Score in the therapy and control group was 9,77 and 9,18, respectively. The analysis showed Johnson’s score in the intervention group was significantly higher (p = 0.018). Conclusion: Intratesticular injection of hADSC can help reduce MDA levels and improve spermatogenesis process, which is damaged by varicoceles.

scholarly journals Experimental Evaluation of Prophylactic and Therapeutic Antioxidant Potential of Trimetazidine in Carbon Tetrachloride Induced Oxidative Stress in Rats

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vijay Haribhau Mate ◽  
Vijaya Anil Pandit ◽  
Pradnya Hemant Padalkar ◽  
Chetan Shrirang More ◽  
Kapil S Khade
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Carbon Tetrachloride ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Hepatoprotective Activity ◽  
Antioxidant Potential ◽  
Oxidative Stress Marker ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I

Introduction: Exposure to various drugs and chemicals lead to oxidative stress. Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl4) produces rise in oxidative stress leading to hepatic damage. The drug Trimetazidine (TMZ) shows hepatoprotective activity but its mechanism is not known. The present study would help in establishing antioxidant activity of TMZ as probable mechanism. Aim: To evaluate the antioxidant potential of TMZ in CCl4 induced oxidative stress when given prophylactically/therapeutically in rats. Materials and Methods: An experimental animal study was conducted on 80 adult Wistar rats of either sex (weight-150 to 200 gm) from March 2010 to December 2010 in Bharati Vidyapeeth Medical College, Pune, Maharashtra, India. Randomly, all animals were grouped into 10 equal groups. Group i was normal control (received only water). To induce oxidative stress CCl4 (0.5 mL/kg/d i.p.) was given to all the animals of Group ii to Group x for seven days. The TMZ was given in two doses, TMZ1 (5 mg/kg orally for Group iii and vii) and TMZ2 (10 mg/kg orally for Group iv and viii). Positive standard control (Group v and Group ix) received Liv.52 (1 mL/kg orally). Group vi and Group x received combination of TMZ1 (5 mg/kg orally)+Liv.52 (1 mL/kg orally). Drug treatment was given to animals in group iii, iv, v and vi for 1-14 days (preventive group) and in group vii, viii, ix and x from day 8 to day 14 (therapeutic group). On 15th day, rats were sacrificed and dissected for collection of liver. Part of the livers was homogenised to assess oxidative stress marker enzymes Malondialdehyde (MDA), Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) spectrophotometrically. Statistical analysis was done with one- way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) followed by post-hoc analysis (Dunnett’s test) using GraphPad Prism 5.0 software. Results: Trimetazidine (5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg) significantly reduced MDA levels and increased SOD levels when compared with CCl4 treated group suggested antioxidant activity. Combined administration of Liv.52 and TMZ1 also reduced oxidative stress and increased antioxidant activity. Conclusion: Results of the present study suggested that increased oxidative stress was significantly attenuated by drug TMZ in dose dependant manner when compared with the CCl4 group. The antioxidant potential of prophylactic and therapeutic administration of TMZ was comparable. The increased antioxidant effect by Liv.52+TMZ1 combination was only due to the additive antioxidant effects of Liv.52 and TMZ or any other mechanism was involved, needs to be further evaluated.

scholarly journals Antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation products in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis

2010 ◽  
Vol 63 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 450-453 ◽  
Author(s):  
Slavica Golubovic ◽  
Ivana Stankovic ◽  
Lidija Ristic ◽  
Vladan Cosic ◽  
Ivanka Djordjevic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Antioxidant Enzyme ◽  
Enzyme Level ◽  
Lipid Peroxidation Products ◽  
Group I ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Lipid Peroxidase ◽  
Group Ii

Introduction. A lot of studies have dealt with the oxidative stress in pulmonary diseases, and some of them with tuberculosis as well. The aim of this study was to examine the antioxidant enzyme level (superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase) and the lipid peroxidation products in patients with tuberculosis. Material and methods. Forty patients with tuberculosis were included in the study. The examined parameters were measured before and three weeks after the beginning of the antituberculosis treatment (group I). The control group included 40 healthy persons (group II). Results. The superoxide dismutase level was significantly lower in group I in both measurements (p<0.001 and p<0.01) in relation to group II, but there were no significant changes in its level during the therapy. During the treatment, the glutation peroxidase level significantly increased (p<0.05), and in relation to group II, its level was significantly lower in both measurements in group I (p<0.001 and p<0.001). The catalase level significantly increased during the treatment, but there was no significant difference in relation to group II level. There was no significant difference in relation to the lipid peroxidase products between the groups. Discussion. Our study group had reduced antioxidant enzyme level and some of them showed significant improvement during the treatment. The lipid peroxidase product level was stable. Conclusion. In patients with tuberculosis the antioxidative status is lower and its level and possible development of the oxidative stress depend on the disease severity.

scholarly journals EVALUATION OF ANTIDEPRESSANT ACTIVITY OF TAPENTADOL IN SWISS ALBINO MICE

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 103
Author(s):  
Pradeep Be ◽  
Narendranath S ◽  
Shruthi Ks ◽  
Shashikala Gh ◽  
Krishnagouda Patil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Studies ◽  
Antidepressant Activity ◽  
Tail Suspension Test ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Swiss Albino Mice ◽  
Group I ◽  
Antidepressant Efficacy ◽  
Albino Mice ◽  
Post Hoc

Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate the antidepressant activity of tapentadol using forced swimming test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST) experimental models.Methods: A total of 36 Swiss albino mice (18 for each experimental model) were divided into 3 groups of 6 animals each. In both the experimental models, Group I received normal saline – 10 ml/kg (Control group), Groups II and III given tapentadol 20 mg/kg and tapentadol 40 mg/kg, respectively, for 7 days, intraperitoneally. On day 7, the drugs were given 40 minutes before conducting the experiment. The duration of immobility was noted and compared among all the 3 groups. The observations were analyzed using analysis of variance and Tukey’s post-hoc test.Results: The duration of immobility was significantly decreased in both the experimental models. Tapentadol groups when compared to control group showed statistically significant values, and better results were obtained with tapentadol 20 mg/kg groups in both the models. The mean duration of Immobility was 34.67 seconds in FST model and 101.00 seconds in TST model when treated with tapentadol 20 mg/kg compared to 102.33 seconds in FST control and 141 seconds in TST control groups. FST model demonstrates greater antidepressant efficacy of tapentadol (p<0.00) than with TST model (p<0.04).Conclusion: Tapentadol showed significant antidepressant activity at the dose of 20 mg/kg. The results should be further confirmed by animal studies with different experimental models for the evaluation of depression and by human clinical studies, and if found effective, tapentadol can be preferred for patients with chronic pain, such as cancer pain.

Evaluation and correlation of oxidative stress and haemato-biochemical observations in horses with natural patent and latent trypanosomosis in Punjab state of India

2018 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 733-743 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rahul Parashar ◽  
Lachhman Das Singla ◽  
Mayank Gupta ◽  
Suresh Kumar Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Negative Control Group ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Latent Group ◽  
Biochemical Indices ◽  
And Oxidative Stress

Abstract The haemato-biochemical indices and oxidative stress markers in horses naturally infected with Trypanosoma evansi were evaluated by analyzing the level of these parameters between T. evansi infected (microscopically positive patent group and PCR positive latent group) and infection free horses. To compare the hemato-biochemical indices and oxidative stress indicators, horses were divided into three categories based on diagnostic test employed and positive results obtained. These included Romanowsky stained slide positive group (Group I; n = 6), PCR positive group (group II; n = 28) and negative control group (group III, n = 30), revealing parasitologically positive patent, molecular positive latent and disease free status of horses. A significant reductions in total erythrocytes count (TEC, P = 0.01), haemoglobin (Hb, P = 0.01) and packed cell volume (PCV, P = 0.04) was noticed both in group I and group II while significant neutrophilia and lymphocytopenia was observed in group I when compared to negative control group. Substantial increase in creatinine (CRTN, P = 0.032) and gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT, P = 0.012) in group I while significant decrease in glucose (GLU, P = 0.04) and iron (Fe, P = 0.01) were noticed in both group I and group II in comparison to group III. A significant difference in lipid peroxides (LPO, P = 0.01) with highest level in patent group I (15.33 ± 0.53) followed by PCR positive latent group (14.09 ± 1.66) indicates higher lipid peroxidation in erythrocytes and oxidative stress in decreasing order when compared with infection free control horses (9.83 ± 0.97). Catalase (CAT, P = 0.01) was significantly lower in parasitological (0.82 ± 0.14) and molecular positive cases (1.27 ± 0.35) in comparison to control group (3.43 ± 0.96). The levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD, P = 0.01), reduced glutathione (GSH, P = 0.01) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP, P = 0.01) were significantly lower in parasito-molecular positive cases as compared to infection free control horses. An inverse correlation of RBC count with LPO and GSH and a direct correlation with catalase, SOD and FRAP was revealed. Overall, the observed substantial decreases in the oxidative parameters like catalase CAT, SOD, GSH and FRAP activities with remarkably elevated levels of LPO indicate high exposure of erythrocytes to oxidative damage in T.evansi infected horses.

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