scholarly journals Review Article: Laboratory Tests and Their Role for Detecting Covid 19 Infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-140
Author(s):  
Doaa Dawood Salman
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Rapid Spread ◽  
The World ◽  
Time Accuracy ◽  
Test Result

Corona Virus Disease or what is known (Covid 19) is pandemic spread quickly among most countries of the world, where the infections reached to 50 million humans, and more than 1.250.000 deaths. The reasons of the disease spread among people are the infected and not taking adequate preventive procedures. The delay of the laboratory test result to confirm infection also contributes in the disease spread. Examples of the test are RT-RPC, which requires a lot of time, accuracy in the work, and high experience techniques. These conditions are not available in almost countries, which do this test for limited people with clear symptoms. In this research, some Laboratory tests are concerned to show their role in detecting the virus, where the result of this study show that the results of RT-RPC test are inaccurate by 20%, and so most of the countries that suffered from the rapid spread of the virus resorted to relying on other laboratory tests that less cost and give a quick results to early detection of the virus infection, and these tests can identify false results of RT-RPC.

scholarly journals Coronavirus Disease 2019 Occupational Considerations for Surgeons: A Review Article

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-41
Author(s):  
Seyed Hesamaddin Banihashemi ◽  
Ahmadreza Karimi ◽  
Hasti Nikourazm ◽  
Behnaz Bahmanyar ◽  
Dariush Hooshyar
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Medical Staff ◽  
Review Article ◽  
World Health ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Rapid Spread ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
And Control

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 virus and its associated disease, called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), first appeared in Wuhan, China in December 2019 and quickly spread around the world. Coronavirus was officially named COVID-19 by the World Health Organization and was recognized as a pandemic due to its rapid spread worldwide. Based on the published data, it is hoped to provide a source for later studies and to help prevent and control the contagious COVID-19 and its characteristics, and considerations that surgeons and medical staff must observe during the epidemic.

scholarly journals The Ability of Zika virus Intravenous Immunoglobulin to Protect From or Enhance Zika Virus Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amelia K. Pinto ◽  
Mariah Hassert ◽  
Xiaobing Han ◽  
Douglas Barker ◽  
Trevor Carnelley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Polyclonal Antibody ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Polyclonal Antibodies ◽  
Antibody Therapeutics ◽  
The World ◽  
Flavivirus Infection

The closely related flaviviruses, dengue and Zika, cause significant human disease throughout the world. While cross-reactive antibodies have been demonstrated to have the capacity to potentiate disease or mediate protection during flavivirus infection, the mechanisms responsible for this dichotomy are still poorly understood. To understand how the human polyclonal antibody response can protect against, and potentiate the disease in the context of dengue and Zika virus infection we used intravenous hyperimmunoglobulin (IVIG) preparations in a mouse model of the disease. Three IVIGs (ZIKV-IG, Control-Ig and Gamunex®) were evaluated for their ability to neutralize and/or enhance Zika, dengue 2 and 3 viruses in vitro. The balance between virus neutralization and enhancement provided by the in vitro neutralization data was used to predict the IVIG concentrations which could protect or enhance Zika, and dengue 2 disease in vivo. Using this approach, we were able to define the unique in vivo dynamics of complex polyclonal antibodies, allowing for both enhancement and protection from flavivirus infection. Our results provide a novel understanding of how polyclonal antibodies interact with viruses with implications for the use of polyclonal antibody therapeutics and the development and evaluation of the next generation flavivirus vaccines.

scholarly journals Oral aspects related to SARS-CoV-2

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-160
Author(s):  
Akram Belmehdi ◽  
Saliha Chbicheb
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Diagnostic Value ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Rapid Spread ◽  
The World ◽  
Spanish Flu ◽  
Taste Disorders ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
The Relationship

The pandemic of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is considered as the biggest global health crisis for the world since the Spanish flu, also known as the 1918 flu pandemic. Driven by the SARS-CoV-2 novel coronavirus infection, the rapid spread of this disease and the related pneumonia COVID-19 are a challenge for healthcare systems in over the world, and it is a constantly evolving situation with new symptoms and prognostic factors. SARS-CoV-2 has lately been detected in infected patient’s oral cavity; the COVID-19 outbreak is an alert that all dental and other health professionals must be vigilant in defending against the infectious disease spread. This review summarizes an update from current medical literature about the relationship between oral cavity and coronavirus disease by presenting some oral aspects which was detected in infected patients such as the oral lesions related to this virus and its therapeutic protocol, taste disorders and also the diagnostic value of saliva for SARS-CoV-2.

scholarly journals Public health fault lines in the fight against COVID-19: Lessons from Africa

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 260-262
Author(s):  
Saikou Omar Sillah ◽  
Xu Yihua
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Care ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Health Care System ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Public Health Emergency ◽  
World Health ◽  
Rapid Spread ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

On 31st December 2019, the World Health Organization (WHO) was notified of a cluster of cases of pneumonia of unknown cause detected in the Wuhan, Hubei Province of China which eventually was named to be the Corona virus disease. In response to the rapid spread of the virus, WHO declared it a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC) on 30th January, 2020. As per the quest to recharge the COVID-19 response power, there is seemingly little or no tangible plans to help permanently reorient Africa’s health care system. In the wake of widespread vaccine nationalism, donor countries continue to secure large quantities of vaccines from developers and manufacturers, causing global disparity in access to COVID-19 vaccines.

scholarly journals Neurologic Manifestations of the World Health Organization's List of Pandemic and Epidemic Diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caleb R. S. McEntire ◽  
Kun-Wei Song ◽  
Robert P. McInnis ◽  
John Y. Rhee ◽  
Michael Young ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Hendra Virus ◽  
Marburg Virus ◽  
World Health ◽  
Neurological Manifestations ◽  
Valley Fever ◽  
The World

The World Health Organization (WHO) monitors the spread of diseases globally and maintains a list of diseases with epidemic or pandemic potential. Currently listed diseases include Chikungunya, cholera, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, Ebola virus disease, Hendra virus infection, influenza, Lassa fever, Marburg virus disease, Neisseria meningitis, MERS-CoV, monkeypox, Nipah virus infection, novel coronavirus (COVID-19), plague, Rift Valley fever, SARS, smallpox, tularemia, yellow fever, and Zika virus disease. The associated pathogens are increasingly important on the global stage. The majority of these diseases have neurological manifestations. Those with less frequent neurological manifestations may also have important consequences. This is highlighted now in particular through the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and reinforces that pathogens with the potential to spread rapidly and widely, in spite of concerted global efforts, may affect the nervous system. We searched the scientific literature, dating from 1934 to August 2020, to compile data on the cause, epidemiology, clinical presentation, neuroimaging features, and treatment of each of the diseases of epidemic or pandemic potential as viewed through a neurologist's lens. We included articles with an abstract or full text in English in this topical and scoping review. Diseases with epidemic and pandemic potential can be spread directly from human to human, animal to human, via mosquitoes or other insects, or via environmental contamination. Manifestations include central neurologic conditions (meningitis, encephalitis, intraparenchymal hemorrhage, seizures), peripheral and cranial nerve syndromes (sensory neuropathy, sensorineural hearing loss, ophthalmoplegia), post-infectious syndromes (acute inflammatory polyneuropathy), and congenital syndromes (fetal microcephaly), among others. Some diseases have not been well-characterized from a neurological standpoint, but all have at least scattered case reports of neurological features. Some of the diseases have curative treatments available while in other cases, supportive care remains the only management option. Regardless of the pathogen, prompt, and aggressive measures to control the spread of these agents are the most important factors in lowering the overall morbidity and mortality they can cause.

scholarly journals Loss of Smell and Taste: Potential of Using Them as Markers for Early Detection of Covid-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Early Detection ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Human Race ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Corona Virus ◽  
The World

The world is currently witnessing a severe health crisis of its time. Everyone is juggling and struggling to fight a viral disease named Covid-19 (Corona virus disease 2019) caused by SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2). The genome of newly identified virus is less than 30,000 letters long where pathogenesis involve from being asymptomatic to deadly in all age groups. Almost everybody is at a grave risk in such an unpredictable scenario where range of symptoms are so variable from people to people making this pandemic a threat to human race.

scholarly journals Literature Review of Epidemiological Phenomena: Corona Virus Disease Pandemic 2019

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yarmaliza Yarmaliza ◽  
Teungku Nih Farisni ◽  
Fitriani Fitriani ◽  
Zakiyuddin Zakiyuddin ◽  
Fitrah Reynaldi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Wuhan City ◽  
Corona Virus ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Type ◽  
The City

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) or Corona virus is a new type of coronavirus that is transmitted to humans. Corona virus infection called COVID-19 (Corona Virus Disease 2019) was first discovered in the city of Wuhan, China at the end of December 2019. Until March 2, 2020, more than 80 thousand confirmed cases have been reported in China. Of these cases, 49 thousand were identified in Wuhan City. Epidemiologically, the spread or distribution of this disease has a wide social and economic impact on the world. Many literature studies about the COVID-19 outbreak, such as causes, natural history of the disease, even to the preventive and medical treatment. Since the end of 2019 until April 2020, there have been many published literature or literature studies at both national and international levels, so this paper aims to examine literature studies related to COVID-19.

A Review on Covid 19 Pandemic and its Global Effects

2021 ◽  
pp. 242-246
Author(s):  
Kandra Naga Vishnu ◽  
Praveen Kumar Uppala ◽  
Yakaiah Vangoori ◽  
Siva Naga Koteswara Rao Gudhanti
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
World Health ◽  
World Population ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Rapid Spread ◽  
The World ◽  
Malaria Epidemic ◽  
Health Organization

The novel Corona Virus Disease popularly known as COVID-19 brought all sectors to a temporary standstill since its first outbreak in Wuhan China in 2019. The rapid spread of this disease to all countries of the world made it to be declared a pandemic by the world health organization in the first quarter of the year 2020. This pandemic exposed the world population to the understanding of immunity since that was the only remedy at present to this new pandemic. The morbidity and mortality of this new virus were estimated across the globe by many institutions and organizations. The tropical regions where malaria epidemic is more pronounced is less affected by COVID-19 probably due to high immunity already developed by the population as a result of frequent malaria disease and regular use of anti-malarial drug.

scholarly journals Development and Evaluation of an Early Detection of COVID-19 Pneumonia Using CT Images

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Eeswar Samhithan ◽  
C. Abarna ◽  
S. Anupama ◽  
S. Devi
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Respiratory Failure ◽  
Time Delay ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Diagnostic Method ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Ct Images ◽  
Chest Ct ◽  
High Rate ◽  
The World

In December 2019, an epidemic of a novel corona virus disease was indentified in Wuhan, China, which quickly spread across the world as a pandemic. This terrible virus had caused respiratory failure and alveolar damage in all, resulting in complete death. The use of a reverse transcription polymerase laboratory test to predict this virus results in a high rate of false positives and a significant time delay. As a result, chest CT images have become a valuable diagnostic method for the Covid-19. In this study, we propose using machine learning to detect and identify the corona, resulting in a timely and accurate report.

scholarly journals COVID-19, a Pandemic Situation: Symptoms and its Prevention Scenario

2021 ◽  
pp. 150-157
Author(s):  
Daksh Hardaswani
Keyword(s):  
Virus Disease ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Animal Virus ◽  
Therapeutic Drugs ◽  
Corona Virus ◽  
Rapid Spread ◽  
The World ◽  
Day By Day

The corona virus COVID-19 is the pandemic due to global health crisis among the world and greatest challenge that we have faced in 21ST century. The novel corona virus disease COVID-19 has become the 5th pandemic which is reported in Wuhan, China and gradually spread into worldwide. This virus is a spillover of an animal virus and then also adapted the ability of transferring human to human. This virus is highly contagious due to rapid spread and constantly evolves in the human population. This virus has spread to every continent of the world and the death ratio is staggering. The COVID-19 pandemic is a lot more than just a health calamity, but it is also socio-economic because people are losing jobs and income. The COVID-19 disease affects physical and mental health due to isolation. Moreover, more and more countries are affecting the cases of COVID-19 which are rising very rapidly day by day. Therefore, every country needs to several actions which accelerates their safety health, balance between the protection of health, prevent economic and social disruption due to this pandemic. In the spirit of the solidarity, we all need to be contributing our self to protect this situation. However, every country is equally responsible for determining the measures to prevent or decrease the viral transmission. Government authorizes also trying to act for reduce disease’s trajectory and they focus on develop the vaccination and therapeutic drugs.  

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